A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF 
AMERICAN  HISTORY 


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1 


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A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF 
AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Ireland's  Part  in  America's 
Struggle  for  Liberty 


BY 

MICHAEL  J.  O’BRIEN 

HISTORIOGBAFHER,  AMERICAN  IRISH  HISTORICAL  SOCIETT 


ILLUSTRATED  BY  PORTRAITS  FROM  THE  EMMET  COLLECTION, 
FACSIMILES  OF  DOCUMENTS  IN  ENGLISH  ARCHIVES, 
REPRODUCED  BY  ANNA  FRANCES  LEVINS 


“ There  is  America,  which  at  this  day  serves  for  little  more  than  to 
amuse  you  with  stories  of  savage  men  and  uncouth  manners,  yet  shall, 
before  you  taste  of  death,  show  itself  equal  to  the  whole  of  that  com- 
merce which  now  attracts  the  envy  of  the  world.” 

— Edmund  Burke,  Speech  on  Conciliation  of  America,  II,  116, 


NEW  YORK 

DODD,  MEAD  AND  COMPANY 


1920 


Copyright,  1919, 

By  DODD.  MEAD  AND  COMPANY,  iNa 


CONTENTS 

CHAFTEB  PAGE 

Introduction  . . J.  I.  C.  Clarke  xi 

I  Attitude  of  the  People  of  Ireland  To- 
ward THE  American  Colonists  ...  1 

II  Benjamin  Franklin’s  Visits  to  Ireland  ‘ . 25 

III  Irish  Sympathy  for  the  Revolting  Colo- 

nies   38 

IV  Efforts  to  Conciliate  the  Irish  Catholics  54 

V  History  by  Suppression 66 

VI  Ireland’s  Share  in  America’s  Fight  for 

Freedom 74 

Vn  False  Statements  Refuted 98 

VIII  Irish  Names  in  American  Muster-Rolls  . 118 

IX  The  Friendly  Sons  of  Saint  Patrick  . . 148 

X  “The  Line  of  Ireland” 173 

XI  More  History  by  Suppression  . . . .186 

XII  Marion,  Lacey,  and  McClure  ....  200 

XHI  Irishmen  Flock  to  the  Standard  of  Wash- 
ington   210 

XrV  Irish  Immigration  Prior  to  the  Revolu- 
tion   241 

XV  Vast  Irish  Immigrations  to  Pennsylvania  253 

XVI  The  “Scotch-Irish”  Myth 286 

XVII  Early  Irish  Settlements  in  New  York  . 295 

XVIII  The  “Irish  Donation” 306 

XIX  Early  Irish  Settlers  in  Virginia  . . . 322 

XX  More  Light  on  the  “Scotch-Irish”  Myth  336 
XXI  Early  Irish  Settlers  in  the  Carolinas  . 350 

XXII  Pre-Re\  olutionary  Irish  in  Georgia  . . 363 

XXIII  The  First  Census  of  the  United  States  . 373 

XXIV  America’s  Debt  to  Ireland 385 

Appendix 443 

Index 527 


O -'7  P'--  -- 

r rj 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


FACINQ 

PAGS 

General  George  Washington  ....  Frontispiece 

General  John  Sullivan 4 

Edmund  Burke 16 

Charles  Thomson 26 

Isaac  Barr6 36 

Facsimile,  part  of  Pennsylvania  Packet  of  November  27, 

1775  46 

James  Duane 62 

Facsimile,  Testimony  of  Joseph  Galloway,  from  New 

York  Royal  Gazette  of  October  27,  1779  ...  78 

Facsimile,  Testimony  of  General  James  Robertson, 

from  Parliamentary  Register 90 

Facsimile,  Testimony  of  General  James  Robertson, 
from  A View  of  the  Evidence  Relative  to  the  Con- 
duct of  the  American  War,  as  Given  Refore  a Com- 
mittee of  the  House  of  Commons 102 

Facsimile,  Letter  of  Ambrose  Serle 106 

Facsimile,  Letter  of  General  Sir  Henry  Clinton  . . 110 

Facsimile,  Letters  of  Joseph  Galloway 118 

George  Read 128 

General  William  Irvine 136 

George  Bryan 150 

Facsimile,  part  of  New  York  Packet  of  June  19, 1783  . 162 

Facsimile,  George  Washington’s  signature  to  the  mem- 
bership roll  of  the  Society  of  the  Friendly  Sons  of 

Saint  Patrick 172 

Colonel  Walter  Stewart  . . . . . , . . . 184 

vii 


viii  ILLUSTRATIONS 

FACIKO 

PAGE 

Count  Arthur  Dillon  . . . . 202 

Colonel  John  Shoe  . . . ' . . ~ 212 

General  Richard  Montgomery 222 

General  Edward  Hand 230 

James  Smith 244 

Colonel  Stephen  Moylan 260 

Facsimile,  part  of  Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  August  11, 

1773  274 

Thomas  Lynch,  Jr 286 

Edward  Rutledge 296 

Major  James  McHenry 306 

Commodore  John  Barry 316 

General  Andrew  Lewis 328 

Charles  Carroll 346 

George  Taylor 356 

Matthew  Thornton 366 

Thomas  McKean 376 

General  Richard  Butler 386 


TO 

THOMAS  ADDIS  EMMET,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  K.ST.G. 
IRISH  SCHOLAR  AND  AMERICAN  PATRIOT 
THIS  BOOK  IS  DEDICATED  BY 
THE  AUTHOR 


INTRODUCTION 


IT  has  fallen  to  the  lot  of  the  author  of  this  research 
into  the  quality  and  volume  of  Irish  participation 
in  the  struggle  for  American  Independence  to  accom- 
plish more  at  a stroke  than  ail  who  have  preceded  him. 
Mr.  O’Brien  has  indeed  vindicated  his  title  as  Historiog- 
rapher of  the  American  Irish  Historical  Society  in  put- 
ting forth  a work  so  clear,  so  luminous,  so  convincing 
that  it  may  be  said  to  be  the  last  word  on  the  subject, 
save  as  he  himself  may  choose  to  add  to  it. 

In  boldly  traversing  the  statements  of  such  American 
historians  as  George  Bancroft  and  Henry  Cabot  Lodge, 
he  has  in  all  cases  quoted  their  own  words  on  the  related 
points,  and  proceeded  therefrom  to  the  utter  demolition 
of  their  premises  and  conclusions  with  a crushing  weight 
of  evidence,  marshalled  with  care,  argued  with  acumen, 
and  presented  in  admirable  order.  These  statements 
derogatory  to  the  part  played  by  the  Irish  race  in  Ire- 
land and  Ajnerica  during  the  War  of  the  Revolution, 
although  frequently  challenged,  have  long  stood  without 
conclusive  answer.  Mr.  O’Brien  has  found  the  answer 
absolute.  In  this  matter  rhetoric  has  been  set  against 
rhetoric  times  out  of  mind.  For  the  first  time,  an  in- 
disputable array  of  cogent  facts,  stated  without  flourish, 
points  to  inevitable  conclusions  fatal  to  the  misstate- 
ments of  the  historians  named.  This  might  be  glory 
enough  for  the  author,  but  he  does  not  halt  there. 


XI 


Xll 


INTRODUCTION 


The  real  value  of  the  triumph  lies  in  the  constructive 
and  demonstrative  nature  of  the  work.  Valuable  as  it 
might  be  in  its  phase  of  convicting  certain  widely  ac- 
cepted writers  of  misinformation,  unfairness,  injustice, 
or  prejudice,  as  the  case  may  be,  its  importance  inheres 
in  establishing  certain  standards  of  fact  concerning  the 
part  played  by  the  Irish  in  the  ranks  of  the  Continental 
army  which  must  stand  for  all  time.  Intensive  re- 
search may  add  corroboration  to  Mr.  O’Brien’s  aver- 
ments ; the  Irish  race  may  rest  assured  that  nothing  dis- 
coverable will  shake  his  conclusions.  The  reason  for  this 
sweeping  substantiation  of  our  Historiographer’s  argu- 
ment resides  in  the  method  with  which  he  has  wrought. 
It  is  simplicity  itself,  but  it  involves  such  close,  persis- 
tent, patient,  indefatigable  examination  and  study  of 
the  records  that  the  conclusions  reached  are  patent.  I 
may  say  he  establishes  unequivocally  that  thirty-eight 
per  cent,  of  the  Revolutionary  army  that  w^on  American 
independence  was  Irish!  And  it  is  a fascinating  story. 
His  massing  of  fact  upon  fact,  and  record  upon  record, 
is  as  surprising  as  it  is  masterly.  Anyone,  of  whatever 
race,  w'ho  loves  a brilliant  argument  deftly  driven  home 
will  rejoice  in  the  reading  of  it. 

The  work  divides  itself  easily  into  three  parts — one 
devoted  to  laying  bare  the  heart  of  the  Irish  race  in 
Ireland  during  the  W ar  for  Independence  as  beating  in 
sympathy  with  the  revolted  Colonies  in  America,  and 
therein  refuting  the  statements  of  Bancroft  founded 
upon  one-sided  quotation  and  misread  information,  and 
involving  suppression  of  important  historical  facts.  In 
its  way  it  is  as  conclusive  as  the  other  parts  of  the  work, 


INTRODUCTION 


xm 


and  will  be  read  by  the  Irish-born  and  Irish-descended 
with  real  gusto.  The  second  part  of  the  work  is  devoted 
to  the  Irish  in  the  Revolutionary  army,  to  whom  I have 
already  referred. 

The  third  part  deals  most  importantly  with  the  early 
Irish  immigration  into  the  American  Colonies,  evolving 
remarkable  conclusions  based  on  attainable  facts.  While 
these  facts  are  spread  out  to  the  confusion  of  ignorant 
or  prejudiced  historians,  they  mightily  contribute  to  the 
self-respect  and  add  to  the  knowledge  of  the  American 
Irish.  We  are  no  new-comers  in  these  United  States, 
as  is  well  proven  in  this  book.  Not  the  least  engaging 
portion  of  this  section  of  the  book  is  the  author’s  caustic 
treatment  of  the  use  of  the  absurd  term  “Scotch-Irish.” 
So  often  applied  by  callow  ethnologists,  the  lamentable 
fact  is  that  it  has  constituted  the  last  resort  of  snob- 
bery, an  apology  by  a snob  for  what  indicated  his  real 
claim  to  consideration — his  Irish  blood.  Of  great  co- 
gency and  sharp  interest  also  is  Chapter  XXIII, 
in  its  remorseless  exposure  of  the  erroneous  figures  re- 
lating to  the  Irish  in  America  in  1790,  as  set  forth  in 
a certain  United  States  Government  publication. 
Homer  nodded  badly  that  time,  and  Mr.  O’Brien  prods 
him  with  the  point  of  Achilles’  sword — more,  however, 
in  sorrow  than  in  anger,  and  without  a trace  of  the  mode 
of  Thersites. 

Here,  then,  are  the  credentials  of  the  Irish  for  a high 
place  in  the  American  Pantheon,  for  a continuing  station 
of  prominence  among  the  stalwart  builders  of  the  Re- 
public, those  intrepid  men  who  cemented  the  foundations 


XIV 


INTRODUCTION 


of  its  structure  with  their  blood  and  laid  its  stones  with 
their  brain  and  brawn. 

To  Michael  Joseph  O’Brien,  the  Irish  race  in  Amer- 
ica will  forever  be  a debtor.  It  is  not  in  the  curriculum 
of  his  school  of  elfort  to  consider  for  a moment  the  per- 
sonal equation.  Without  other  thought,  he  has  worked 
in  sincerity  for  the  good  name  of  his  race  on  the  Ameri- 
can continent.  The  publication  of  this,  his  latest  com- 
plete effort,  is  his  great  compensation.  It  is  the  apex  of 
much  work  on  similar  lines  which  has  brought  him  high 
consideration  among  historical  writers  and  his  country- 
men, and  it  is  something  more  than  usual,  too,  from  the 
fact  that  all  this  and  other  historical  research  has  been 
carried  on  in  the  time  that  means  leisure  to  others  cir- 
cumstanced like  himself. 

What  can  and  should  be  done  concerning  this  by  his 
compatriots  is  a question  well  worth  consideration,  but 
one  thing  should  be  done  eagerly  and  at  once,  and  that 
is  to  see  to  the  circulation  in  large  successive  editions  of 
this  book.  There  are  at  least  five  thousand  libraries  in 
the  United  States  in  which  it  should  be  placed  for  con- 
tinued reference  by  students,  and  there  are  many  thou- 
sands of  Irish  homes  in  which  it  should  be  a treasured 
possession.  Those  fortunate  enough  to  get  it  in  their 
hands  should  promote  its  circulation  by  all  means  in  their 
power;  for,  besides  being  an  historical  work  of  capital 
importance,  based  upon  data  gathered  with  prodigious 
labor  from  unimpeachable  sources,  it  is  such  an  inspiring 
record  of  heroic  deeds  and  sacrifices  by  the  high-souled 
men  of  an  earlier  day,  gloriously  crowned  by  the  estab- 
lishment of  free  government  upon  this  continent,  that 


INTRODUCTION 


XV 


it  will  fill  with  a just  pride  the  heart  of  every  true  Ameri- 
can and  of  every  Irishman  in  the  liberty-loving  little 
nation  beyond  the  sea. 

Joseph  I.  C.  Clarke, 
President-General, 
American  Irish  Historical  Society, 
December,  1918. 


s 


) 


CHAPTER  I 


ATTITUDE  OF  THE  PEOPLE  OF  IRELAND  TOWARD 
THE  AMERICAN  COLONISTS 

How  Bancroft  misstated  the  faets.  The  “Address  to  the  King” 
forced  through  Parliament  at  the  command  of  the  Lord  Lieu- 
tenant. Resultant  anger  of  the  people.  How  the  Irish  patriot 
leaders  opposed  the  address.  Burke,  Barre,  and  Conolly  among 
the  staunchest  friends  of  America  in  the  English  Parliament. 
Lord  Chatham  deelared  that  “the  whole  Irish  nation  favour 
the  Americans.”  Barre’s  famous  speech  characterizing  the 
revolting  Colonists  as  “Sons  of  Liberty.”  The  Stamp  Act. 
Rejoicings  in  Ireland  over  its  repeal. 

History  is  the  high  court  of  humanity,”  wrote 
Bancroft,  “where  truth  must  be  heard  and  justice 
must  be  pronounced.”  But,  in  so  far  as  the  history  of 
the  War  of  the  Revolution  is  concerned,  much  of  it  has 
been  written  by  one-sided  practitioners  in  that  “court” ; 
the  testimony  which  they  offered  has  not  been  analyzed 
by  the  jury,  nor  adjudicated  upon  by  impartial  judges; 
so  that  an  unbiased  verdict  has  never  been  rendered,  the 
result  being  that  much  ignorance  prevails  as  to  certain 
details  of  the  history  of  that  eventful  period. 

It  cannot  be  said  that  even  Bancroft  himself,  in  all 
cases,  observed  the  strictest  nicety  in  adhering  to  the 
spirit  of  his  own  aphorism,  for  there  are  many  statements 
in  his  work  which,  when  compared  with  the  authentic 
records,  are  irreconcilably  at  variance  therewith,  and  for 
these  inaccuracies  he  has  been  criticized  severely  by  other 

1 


2 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


historians.  Of  course,  no  man  is  infallible,  nor  are 
historians  exempt  from  the  possibility  of  error ; and  while 
George  Bancroft  proved  no  exception  to  that  rule,  he 
has  also  been  charged  with  “suppression  of  facts,”  “mis- 
representation,” and  the  creation  of  “false  impressions.” 
And  there  is  one  feature  of  his  work  wherein,  either  by 
withholding  from  his  readers  a full  narration  of  the  facts, 
or  through  his  lack  of  knowledge  of  the  facts,  he  has  not 
afforded  them  the  means  of  testing  the  accuracy  of  his 
assertions  or  the  justice  of  his  judgments.  By  this  I 
mean  his  animadversions  upon  the  attitude  of  the  people 
of  Ireland  toward  the  American  Colonists  during  the 
War  of  the  Revolution. 

In  Bancroft’sHwfor?/  of  the  JJnitedStates,  the  author 
says : “When  the  news  from  Lexington  and  Bunker  Hill 
arrived,  the  Irish  Parliament  voted  that  it  heard  of  the 
rebellion  with  abhorrence  and  was  ready  to  show  to  the 
world  its  attachment  to  the  sacred  person  of  the  King.” 
And  further,  “the  people  [of  Ireland]  sent  against 
them  [the  Americans]  some  of  their  best  troops  and  their 
ablest  men.”  ^ 

These  statements  do  not  enhance  the  reputation  for 
impartiality  which  Bancroft  has  enjoyed.  In  fact,  there 
are  three  distinct  reasons  for  saying  that  they  are  mis- 
statements of  fact,  because  (1)  the  Irish  Parliament  did 
not  vote  as  Bancroft  said;  (2)  it  took  no  action  what- 
ever on  American  affairs  until  November,  1775,  which 
was  several  months  after  “the  news  from  Lexington 
and  Bunker  Hill”  was  known  in  Ireland;  and  (3)  not 
only  did  “the  people  of  Ireland”  not  send  troops  against 


^ History  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  V,  pp.  474,  504. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


3 


the  Americans,  but  throughout  the  war  they  remained 
the  steadfast  friends  of  the  American  cause.  The  pre- 
cise facts,  as  furnished  by  the  records  of  the  time,  are 
as  follows: 

The  inspiring  news  from  Lexington  had  reached  Ire- 
land as  early  as  the  last  week  of  May,  1775,  and  not 
only  was  the  fact  also  known  in  that  country  that  Amer- 
ica had  struck  a blow  for  freedom  six  months  before  the 
battle  of  Lexington,  when  Sullivan  and  his  fellow  pa- 
triots seized  the  guns  and  ammunition  at  Fort  William 
and  Mary,^  but  the  press  of  Dublin  in  the  summer  of 
1775  rang  with  the  praises  of  the  valiant  sons  of  Morris 
O’Brien  ® for  winning  “the  Lexington  of  the  Seas.”  ^ 
On  the  11th  of  October,  1775,  a proposed  “Address  to 
the  King”  by  the  Irish  Parliament  stated  they  had 
“heard  with  abhorrence  and  feel  with  indignation  of  the 
Rebellion  existing  in  a part  of  your  American  Domin- 
ions”; but,  corrupt  and  slavish  though  that  Parliament 
was,  this  language  was  found  to  be  objectionable  and, 
after  debate,  it  was  stricken  from  the  Address  before 
the  question  was  put  to  a final  vote.  In  the  seventeenth 
volume  of  the  Journals  of  the  House  of  Commons  of 
the  Kingdom  of  Ireland,  published  at  Dublin  in  1776, 


* In  September,  1774. 

® Morris  O’Brien  was  a native  of  Dublin. 

* The  first  naval  battle  of  the  American  Revolution,  fought  off 
Machias,  Maine,  on  June  12,  1775.  Cooper,  in  his  History  of  the 
United  States  Navy,  calls  it  “the  Lexington  of  the  Seas.’’  For 
a full  account  of  the  remarkable  exploit  of  the  O’Briens,  see  Life 
of  Captain  Jeremiah  O’Brien,  Commander  of  the  First  Flying 
Squadron  of  the  American  Revolution,  by  Dr.  Andrew  M.  Sherman, 
Morristown,  New  Jersey,  1902. 


4 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


it  is  shown  that  the  ‘Address  to  the  King,”  as  originally 
framed,  was  rejected  by  ninety-tw^o  “noes”  to  fifty-two 
“ayes,”  The  language  quoted  was  used  in  the  third  par- 
agraph of  the  Address,  but  an  amendment  was  proposed 
“to  read  the  third  paragraph  a second  time,”  and,  on  the 
vote  on  “the  question,”  the  record  shows  “the  House 
divided”  and  the  amendment  was  passed  in  the  follow- 
ing month  by  a vote  of  ninety  to  fifty-four.®  The  words 
“we  hear  with  abhorrence  and  feel  with  indignation  of 
the  Rebellion  existing  in  a part  of  your  American  Do- 
minions” were  changed  by  the  amendment  to  read: 

“It  is  with  the  deepest  Concern,  that  we  hear  of  the  Dissensions 
that  have  unfortunately  arisen  between  Great  Britain  and  her 
Colonies,  and  we  beg  Leave  to  assure  your  Majesty  that  we  shall 
at  all  times  be  ready  to  manifest  our  Zeal  and  attachment  to  your 
Majesty’s  Person  and  Government,  relying  upon  the  Wisdom, 
Justice  and  Mercy  of  your  Majesty’s  Councils  for  terminating 
those  Dissensions  in  the  Manner  most  advantageous  for  every  part 
of  the  British  Empire.” 

So,  after  all,  the  Irish  Parliament  did  not  vote  as 
Bancroft  said;  they  did  not  view  the  rebellion  “with 
abhorrence,”  and  I leave  it  to  the  judgment  of  impartial 
readers  to  say  whether  Bancroft  had  some  ulterior  mo- 
tive in  omitting  all  reference  to  the  amendment,  or 

® As  a matter  of  fact,  the  opposition  to  the  “Address  to  the  King” 
was  greater  than  the  vote  indicates.  Lecky  remarks  upon  “the 
abstention  of  more  than  one-half  the  members  of  the  House  of 
Commons  on  a question  so  vitally  important,”  and  states  that  “it 
was  probably  in  some  degree  due  to  the  American  sympathies  of 
many  members  who  owed  their  seats  to  great  borough-owners  now 
in  alliance  with  the  government,  and  who  were,  therefore,  accord- 
ing to  the  received  code  of  parliamentary  honour,  precluded  from 
voting  against  the  Ministers.”  (^History  of  Ireland  during  the 
Eighteenth  Century,  Vol.  II,  London,  1892.) 


IMAOOR  GENERAL  AOHN  SULLIVAN 

OF  THE  CONTINENTAL  ARMY,  SON  OF  JOHN  SULLIVAN 
OF  LIMERICK  AND  MARJERY  SULLIVAN  OF  CORK,  IRELAND. 


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OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


5 


whether  it  was  simply  because  this  part  of  the  record 
escaped  his  notice.  Standing  alone  and  without  qual- 
ification, the  language  used  by  Bancroft  in  describing 
the  action  of  the  Irish  Parliament  was  utterly  unworthy 
of  a great  historian,  for  if  he  had  only  explained  the 
status  of  the  Irish  Parliament  as  a legislative  body,  or  its 
relationship  to  the  people  of  Ireland,  the  “sting”  might 
have  been  removed.  His  chapter  on  the  Penal  Laws, 
and  their  resultant  misery  and  injustice  to  the  Irish 
people,  clearly  indicates  that  he  was  thoroughly  con- 
versant with  the  situation  in  Ireland,  and  by  no  stretch 
of  the  imagination  can  we  suppose  that  when  examin- 
ing the  proceedings  of  the  House  of  Commons,  he  failed 
to  notice  the  record  of  the  above  quoted  amendment  to 
the  Address  to  the  King,  which  made  a very  material 
change  in  its  original  language. 

As  Lecky  says,  “Usually,  such  addresses  passed  un- 
opposed, but  on  this  occasion  a most  earnest  and  per- 
sistent opposition  was  made,”  and  Earl  Harcourt,  who 
“had  no  illusions  about  the  strength  of  American  feeling 
in  Ireland,”  wrote  that  “the  debate  was  conducted  with 
great  violence  on  the  part  of  the  Opposition.”  “It  was 
in  this  manner,”  declares  Lecky,  “and  to  the  bitter  in- 
dignation of  the  small  group  of  independent  members, 
that  Ireland  was  committed  to  the  American  struggle.”  ® 

But  Bancroft  committed  an  even  more  serious  error, 
or,  rather,  it  might  be  said  he  brought  a more  serious 
charge  against  the  Irish  people,  in  his  statement  rela- 
tive to  the  troops  sent  from  Ireland  to  fight  the  Ameri- 

® W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  History  of  Ireland  during  the  Eighteenth 
Century,  Vol.  II,  p.  l60. 


6 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


cans,  and  this  portion  of  his  history  may,  in  truth,  be 
described  as  “the  writing  of  history  by  suppression.” 

On  November  23,  1775,  as  stated  in  the  Journals  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  Earl  Harcourt,  “Lord-Lieu- 
tenant-General and  Governor- General  of  Ireland,”  ap- 
peared before  the  Irish  Parliament  at  the  express  com- 
mand of  the  King  and  said : 

“I  have  His  Majesty’s  Commands  to  acquaint  you  that  the 
Situation  of  Affairs  in  Part  of  His  American  Dominions  is  such 
as  makes  it  necessary  for  the  Honour  and  Safety  of  the  British 
Empire,  and  for  the  support  of  His  Majesty’s  Just  Rights,  to 
desire  the  Concurrence  of  His  Faithful  Parliament  of  Ireland  in 
sending  out  of  this  Kingdom  a Force  not  exceeding  Four  Thousand 
Men,  Part  of  the  Number  of  Troops  upon  this  establishment,  ap- 
pointed to  remain  in  this  Kingdom,  for  its  Defence,  and  to  declare 
to  you  His  Majesty’s  Most  Gracious  Intention,  that  such  Part  of 
his  Army  as  shall  be  spared  out  of  this  Kingdom,  to  Answer  the 
present  Exigency  of  Affairs,  is  not  to  be  continued  a Charge  upon 
this  Establishment,  so  long  as  they  shall  remain  out  of  the  Kingdom. 
I am  further  commanded  to  inform  you,  that  as  His  Majesty  hath 
nothing  more  at  Heart,  than  the  Security  and  Protection  of  His 
People  of  Ireland,  it  is  His  Intention,  if  it  shall  be  the  desire  of 
Parliament,  to  replace  such  Forces  as  may  be  sent  out  of  this 
Kingdom,  by  an  equal  Number  of  Foreign  Protestant  Troops,  as 
soon  as  His  Majesty  shall  be  enabled  so  to  do,  the  Charge  for  such 
Troops  to  be  defrayed  without  any  Expense  to  this  Kingdom.” 


Unthinking  persons,  or  those  unacquainted  with  the 
true  status  of  the  Irish  Parliament  as  then  constituted, 
would  naturally  conclude,  on  reading  Baneroft,  that  the 
Irish  people  willingly  sent  troops  to  fight  against  Ameri- 
can liberty.  In  fact,  Bancroft  leaves  no  room  for  doubt 
on  that  score  when  he  says:  “The  cause  of  the  United 
States  was  the  eause  of  Ireland.  Among  the  fruits  of 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


7 


their  battles  was  the  recovery  for  the  Irish  of  her  equal 
rights  in  trade  and  legislation.  Yet  such  is  the  compli- 
cation in  human  affairs,  that  the  people  who  of  all  others 
should  have  been  found  taking  part  with  America  sent 
against  them  some  of  their  best  troops  and  their  ablest 
men.”  That  statement  is  not  only  misleading,  but  the 
facts  on  record  show  it  to  be  utterly  false,  for  the  people 
of  Ireland  had  neither  hand,  act  nor  part  in  sending 
troops  out  of  Ireland.  The  despatches  published  in  the 
newspapers  of  the  time  and  the  proceedings  of  the  Eng- 
lish Parliament  clearly  indicate  that  all  official  orders 
relating  to  the  troops  in  Ireland  destined  for  America, 
even  such  relatively  unimportant  orders  as  those  con- 
cerning the  transfer  of  troops  from  one  military  station 
to  another  within  the  British  Isles,  emanated  from  Lon- 
don, and  that  no  orders  concerning  movements  of  troops 
originated  with  the  Irish  Parliament  or  with  the  mili- 
tary authorities  in  Ireland. 

From  the  official  reports  of  the  incident  the  infer- 
ence is  plain  that  the  British  government,  before  the 
appearance  in  Parliament  of  the  King’s  emissary,  had 
already  determined  to  send  troops  from  Ireland  to 
America,  and  although  they  asked  for  the  formal  “con- 
currence” of  the  Irish  Parliament,  it  is  perfectly  obvious, 
in  case  that  concurrence  was  not  forthcoming,  they 
would  have  carried  out  their  intention  in  any  event.  In 
a speech  in  the  English  Parliament  on  February  15, 
1776,  the  Secretary  of  War,  Lord  George  Germain, 
stated  that  the  request  to  the  Irish  Parliament  was 
merely  “a  formality,”  saying:  “His  Majesty  might  have 
ordered  the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  troops  in  Ireland 


8 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


to  any  part  of  the  British  Dominions  he  pleased  with- 
out applying  to  the  Parliament  of  either  Kingdom.”  ^ 
For  under  the  operation  of  “Poynings’  Law”  the  Brit- 
ish crown  and  Parliament  had  absolute  control  over 
the  Irish  Parliament  in  all  matters  affecting  “the  Em- 
pire.” As  a matter  of  fact,  the  Irish  Parliament,  con- 
stituted as  it  was,  could  not  be  expected  to  vote  other- 
wise than  as  the  King  commanded ; but  notwithstanding 
this,  we  find  that  on  many  occasions  some  of  its  intrepid 
spirits  manifested  a sturdy  independence,  and  on  the 
question  of  sending  troops  to  America  they  registered 
their  solemn  “no”;  for  of  the  one  hundred  and  sixty-one 
members  who  voted  on  the  proposition,  no  less  than  fifty- 
eight  “noes”  were  recorded  against  it.® 

As  soon  as  the  people  of  Dublin  began  to  realize  what 
the  action  of  Parliament  meant,  a deep  sense  of  igno- 
miny took  possession  of  them;  an  angry  mob  stormed 
the  House,  and  the  residence  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant 
was  attacked  and  was  saved  only  by  the  timely  inter- 
ference of  the  soldiers.  The  city  was  stirred  to  its 
depths,  and  we  read  in  the  despatches  how  “the  coffee 
houses  of  Dublin  abound  with  the  most  violent  abuse 
against  the  Ministerial  favourites”;  and  after  some 
representative  citizens  had  signed  a call  for  a public 
meeting  of  protest,  a multitude  of  people  met  in  Phoenix 
Park  and  expressed  themselves  in  no  uncertain  tones  as 
to  how  they  felt  toward  the  American  revolt.  A con- 
crete instance  of  the  manifestation  of  this  feeling  is  re- 

’’  Parliamentary  Register,  Vol.  HI,  p-  323. 

® Journals  of  the  House  of  Commons  of  the  Kingdom  of  Ireland, 
Vol.  XVII,  p.  208;  Dublin,  1776. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


9 


ported  in  the  Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  June  5,  1776, 
in  a despatch  from  London  dated  March  14th,  read- 
ing: “Advices  from  Dublin  say  this  capital  will  soon  be 
too  hot  for  the  Viceroy  to  remain  much  longer,  so  that 
another  must  speedily  be  appointed  in  his  room.” 

“There  were  great  numbers  of  people  in  Ireland,” 
says  Lecky,  “who  regarded  the  American  cause  as  their 
own.  Already  the  many  disastrous  circumstances  of 
Irish  history  had  driven  great  bodies  of  Irishmen  to 
seek  a home  in  the  more  distant  dominions  of  the  Crown, 
and  few  classes  were  so  largely  represented  in  the  Amer- 
ican army  as  Irish  emigrants.”  ® It  is  not  surprising, 
then,  to  learn  that  when  the  news  of  the  action  of  Par- 
liament reached  the  country,  the  indignation  of  the  pop- 
ulace could  not  be  restrained;  riots  broke  out  all  over 
Ireland,  attacks  were  made  on  many  of  the  members  on 
their  return  home,  and  in  the  Journals  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  under  date  of  April  4,  1776,  may  be  read 
references  by  the  Lord  Lieutenant  to  “those  atrocious 
offenders  who  have  committed  such  barbarous  outrages 
in  some  of  the  Counties”  and  who  had  been  “effectually 
intimidated  and  restrained.”  In  fact,  these  riots  de- 
veloped into  serious  proportions,  and  in  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Gazette  of  November  15,  1775,  I find  among  the 
news  from  London  an  item  reading:  “Insurrections  of 
a very  alarming  and  dangerous  nature  are  dreaded  in 
Ireland  in  the  course  of  the  ensuing  spring,  if  troops 
be  not  sent  over  from  this  country  to  replace  the  Irish 
regiments  serving  in  America.”  And  in  the  same  paper 

® W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  History  of  Ireland  during  the  Eighteenth 
Century,  Vol.  II,  p.  l60. 


10 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


of  November  27,  1775,  in  the  news  from  London  under 
date  of  August  15th,  we  read  how  “Orders  have  been 
despatched  to  the  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ireland  and  to 
the  Commander-in-Chief  there  to  put  that  Kingdom  in 
the  best  posture  of  defence  without  delay  and  to  execute 
tbe  Laws  for  disarming  the  Roman  Catholics  with  great 
strictness.”  It  made  not  the  slightest  difference,  there- 
fore, how  the  Irish  Parliament  voted  on  this  question, 
for  it  is  the  will  of  the  Irish  people  that  should  be  con- 
sidered, not  that  of  a corrupt  and  venal  Parliament,  the 
same  which,  twenty  years  later,  bartered  away  for  a 
price  the  last  shred  of  Irish  liberty. 

The  racial  composition  of  the  Irish  Parliament,  at 
that  time,  in  itself  shows  that  it  was  in  no  way  repre- 
sentative of  the  Irish  people.  On  the  roster  of  its  three 
hundred  and  seven  members  in  the  year  1775  only  forty- 
four  Irish  names  appear,  the  remainder  being  English 
“nobles,”  place-hunters,  and  other  descendants  of  the 
Cromwellian  soldiers  and  adventurers  who  had  planted 
themselves  in  Ireland  only  a century  before,  and  they 
were  as  alien  to  the  native  Irish  as  were  their  hated 
ancestors.  Only  seventy-two  of  the  three  hundred  and 
seven  members  were  elected  by  the  people,  the  others 
being  appointed  by  the  English  Lord  Lieutenant.  ISIore 
than  three  of  the  four  millions  constituting  the  popula- 
tion of  the  island  were  Roman  Catholics,  and,  as  such, 
had  no  more  voice  in  elections  or  appointments  than  had 
the  natives  of  the  Fiji  Islands;  and  of  the  remaining 
twenty-five  per  cent,  of  the  people,  not  less  than  one- 
half,  under  the  operation  of  the  “Test  Act,”  were  also 
excluded  from  the  privilege  of  the  franchise.  So  that 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


11 


the  Irish  people  were  in  no  way  represented,  and  were 
not  responsible  for  any  act  of  the  so-called  “Irish”  Par- 
liament, for  the  ruling  powers  in  that  body  stood  in  the 
same  relationship  to  the  people  of  Ireland  that  the  his- 
torically clownish  triumvirate  known  as  “the  Three 
Tailors  of  Tooley  Street”  bore  to  “the  People  of  Eng- 
land.” 

But  that  the  little  handful  of  Irishmen  in  that  Par- 
liament stood  by  their  own  people  and  on  many  occa- 
sions expressed  their  unalterable  sympathy  with  the 
American  Colonists,  abundant  testimony  is  afforded  by 
the  records,  some  of  which  has  been  furnished  by  no  less 
an  authority  than  Benjamin  Franklin.  The  leaders  of 
the  patriot  party  are  all  on  record  in  strong  speeches 
opposed  to  the  British  government  sending  troops  out 
of  Ireland  “to  suppress  the  cause  of  American  independ- 
ence.” “In  the  Irish  Parliament,”  says  John  Mitchel, 
“most  of  the  leading  men  of  the  Opposition  opposed 
the  war  upon  principle;  they  inveighed  against  the  un- 
constitutional exactions  of  the  Ministry,  and  in  their 
debates  went  very  little  short  of  formally  justifying  the 
American  Rebellion.  The  analogy  between  America 
and  Ireland  was  too  close  to  pass  unnoticed,  and  the 
defection  of  the  American  Colonies  produced  a strong 
effect  upon  Ireland.”  Especially  did  “the  incorrupti- 
ble Grattan,”  after  his  entry  into  Parliament  in  the 
winter  of  1775,  denounce  the  proposition  in  one  of  his 
History  of  Ireland,  by  John  Mitchel,  p.  114;  Glasgow,  1866. 
In  his  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Irish  Nation,  Sir  Jonah  Barrington, 
who  lived  in  Ireland  during  the  American  Revolution,  also  testifies 
to  the  natural  sympathies  of  the  Irish  toward  the  struggling 
Colonists. 


12 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


most  impassioned  speeches,  and  his  terrible  arraignment 
of  Flood  for  his  craven  conduct  on  that  occasion  was  one 
of  the  most  brilliant  and  fiery  addresses  ever  delivered 
by  the  great  orator.  America  he  described  as  “the  only 
hope  of  Ireland  and  the  only  refuge  of  the  liberties  of 
mankind.” 

The  Journals  of  the  House  of  Commons  show  that 
the  sessions  of  the  Irish  Parliament  in  the  spring  and 
autumn  of  1775  were  wholly  spent  in  a vigorous  struggle 
between  a minority,  supported  by  the  almost  unanimous 
voice  of  the  Irish  nation,  and  a corrupt  majority  which 
held  itself  in  readiness  to  carry  out  every  whim  and 
mandate  of  the  English  ministry,  in  reckless  disregard 
of  national  feeling  in  Ireland.  Among  the  leading  spir- 
its of  the  small  but  active  body  of  Irish  patriots  who 
voiced  the  true  sentiments  of  the  people  on  the  subject 
of  “the  American  war,”  were  such  men  as  Yelverton, 
Bushe,  Hussey  Burgh,  Ponsonby,  Ogle,  Conolly,  and 
Daly,  historic  figures  who  are  mentioned  in  Irish  annals 
of  the  jjeriod  with  the  same  reverence  as  Grattan  and 
Charlemont. 

Dr.  MacNevin,  himself  a witness  to  the  events  of  the 
time,  in  his  history  of  the  Irish  Volunteers,  speaks  au- 
thoritatively of  “the  analogies  which  existed  between  the 
case  of  America  and  Ireland,”  and  in  referring  to  the 
formative  period  of  Irish  public  opinion  which  resulted 
in  the  organization  of  the  famous  Irish  military  body, 
he  says:  “We  have  now  arrived  at  the  period  of  the 
American  Revolution,  the  giant-birth  of  a new  world 
of  liberty.  The  great  questions  involved  in  the  dispute 
between  England  and  her  colonies  were  also  the  subject 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


13 


of  discussion  between  England  and  Ireland.  It  is  not, 
therefore,  at  all  surprising  that  the  development  and 
progress  of  the  Revolution  were  watched  with  great  anx- 
iety by  the  Irish  people,  and  that  they  desired  to  view 
the  triumph  of  their  own  principles  in  the  success  of 
the  American  arms,  and  to  read  the  final  issue  of  their 
own  etforts  in  the  establishment  of  a free  government 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic.  The  example  of 
America  was  contagious,  and  Ireland  was  not  long  Avith- 
out  showing  some  of  the  symptoms  of  the  Revolution.”  “ 
When  the  question  of  raising  troops  in  Ireland  for  the 
American  service  was  first  broached  in  Parliament,  the 
proposition  was  met  with  vehement  resistance.  Under 
the  head  of  “Parliamentary  Intelligence”  in  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Gazette  of  January  17,  1776,  there  is  a despatch 
dated  “Dublin,  October  14th,”  paraphrasing  the  debate 
in  the  Irish  Parliament,  during  which  one  of  the  mem- 
bers repeated  a statement  of  Lord  Chatham  in  the  Brit- 
ish Parliament  that  “Ireland  to  a man  is  in  favour  of  the 
Americans.”  He  said  it  was  “the  general  sense  of  the 
Irish  Nation,  expressed  by  their  representatives,  that  the 
present  dispute  is  not  between  Ireland  and  the  Colonies, 
with  whom  she  hath  no  connection,  but  between  Great 
Britain  and  her  Colonies,  and  it  would  be  as  absurd  to 
take  part  as  it  would  be  if  they  w ere  told  a rebellion  was 
broke  out  in  the  East  Indies.  It  was  indeed  an  impor- 
tant subject,  as  great  as  came  before  any  Senate,  and  it 
would  be  highly  imprudent  to  interfere.  It  was  not 
the  business  of  this  House  to  decide  that  the  Americans 

History  of  the  Volunteers  of  1782,  by  Thomas  MacNevin; 
Dublin,  1853. 


14 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


are  rebels,  without  any  means  of  judging  that  they  are 
so,  that  they  had  a perfect  right  to  resist  an  unjust  tax.” 
Barry  Yelverton,  one  of  the  most  powerful  speakers  in 
the  House,  delivered  a bold  and  eloquent  speech  against 
sending  troops  out  of  Ireland.  He  justified  fully  the 
revolt  of  the  Colonists,  declaring  “no  slavery  could  be 
more  perfect  than  where  men  were  taxed  without  being 
represented,”  that  “the  Ministry  had  cut  off  the  rights 
of  Thirteen  Colonies  at  once,  that  Ireland  would  be  next, 
and  then,  when  Liberty  had  but  one  neck,  that  too  would 
be  lopped  off  at  one  stroke.” 

In  a fiercely  conducted  debate,  Irish  Commoners  as- 
serted that  “Ireland  had  neither  dispute  with  nor  griev- 
ance against  the  Americans,”  that  “the  question  was 
solely  between  Britain  and  her  Colonies,  and  that  Ire- 
land should  not  interfere.”  The  speech  of  John  Fitzgib- 
bon  is  thus  summarized  in  Force’s  American  Archives: 
“Before  we  took  any  part  in  the  war  we  should  examine 
whether  it  was  just.  He  then  entered  into  a recapitula- 
tion of  all  that  had  passed  between  Great  Britain  and  her 
Colonies  from  the  last  war  to  the  present  time,  and  con- 
cluded that  the  war  was  unjust  and  that  Ireland  had  no 
reason  to  be  a party  therein.”  He  was  followed  by 
Newenham,  who  declared  that  “he  could  not  agree  to 
send  troops  to  butcher  men  wlio  were  fighting  for  their 
liberty,”  that  “though  America  might  be  conquered,  the 
spirit  of  Liberty  there  could  never  be  subdued.”  Hus- 
sey Burgh  said  that  “if  America  were  brought  to  her 
knees  Ireland  too  would  be  enslaved,”  and  he  declared 
himself  “wholly  opposed  to  taxing  the  Americans  with- 
out their  consent.”  He  condemned  all  aggression 


OF  AI^IEIIICAN  HISTORY 


15 


against  the  Americans  as  “a  violation  of  the  law  of  na- 
tions, the  law  of  the  land,  the  law  of  humanity,  the  law 
of  nature ; and  he  would  not  vote  a single  sword  against 
them.”  Ponsonby  said  “if  troops  are  sent  abroad  with- 
out our  consent  we  should  not  be  made  parties  to  the 
quarrel,”  and  he  warned  his  colleagues  that  “if  we  give 
our  consent,  we  take  part  against  the  Americans,  but  to 
do  this  would  be  unjust.”  George  Ogle,  a staunch  pa- 
triot, in  the  course  of  a fiery  speech  shouted:  “We  shall 
not  be  intimidated  by  threats,  we  shall  not  send  men  to 
cut  the  throats  of  the  Americans.  ...  If  men  must  be 
sent  to  America,  let  them  send  their  foreign  mercenaries, 
not  the  brave  sons  of  Ireland.” 

Bushe,  Daly,  and  Conolly  argued,  on  the  ground  of 
Ireland’s  own  interests,  that  “the  members  of  the  Irish 
Parliament  should  not  make  themselves  tools  of 
Britain,”  that  “the  next  step  would  be  to  tax  Ireland  in 
the  British  House  of  Commons.”  But  it  was  all  of  no 
avail,  for  the  British  ministry  and  crown  had  determined 
to  coerce  the  Irish  Parliament,  and  the  bill  passed  the 
House  by  a majority  of  three  to  one.  From  self-inter- 
est alone  it  was  entirely  natural  that  the  Irish  should 
sympathize  with  the  American  cause,  for  they  had  a deep 
interest  in  the  success  of  the  Colonists.  There  were 
great  hopes  for  Ireland  if  the  Americans  were  success- 
ful, while  if  America  lost,  Ireland  would  have  but  little 
prospect  of  relief.  “Lord  Chatham’s  clear  mind  at  once 
saw  the  closeness  of  interest  between  the  two  countries. 

These  speeches  were  also  printed  in  the  New  York  Packet  of 
February  22  and  29,  1776,  in  despatches  dated  Dublin,  November 
25,  1775. 


16 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


and  there  were  also  those  in  the  Irish  Parliament  who 
did  not  fail  to  perceive  the  same  relationship.  A few 
years  later,  stimulated  by  the  moral  influence  of  the 
American  Revolution,  the  Catholics  joined  themselves 
into  an  association  for  the  purpose  of  agitating  complete 
independence.  Lord  Kenmare  joined  the  association, 
but  he  was  loyal  to  England,  and  when  he  proposed  to 
certain  influential  Catholics  that  they  raise  a representa- 
tive body  of  troops  for  the  American  service,  his  propo- 
sition was  scornfully  rejected  by  all  but  a few  other 
landlords.”  So  writes  Lecky,  in  his  History  of  the 
American  Revolution. 

And  in  the  English  Parliament,  among  the  staunchest 
friends  of  America  were  three  Irishmen,  Burke,  Barre, 
and  Conolly,  who  were  “ever  on  the  side  of  liberty  and 
justice,”  and  were  the  most  fearless  and  intelligent  op- 
ponents of  the  coercive  measures  introduced  by  the 
supporters  of  the  government  to  subdue  the  Americans. 
And  that  these  Irish  members  correctly  interpreted  the 
feeling  of  their  countrymen  is  seen  from  the  debates  in 
the  English  House  of  Commons,  as  reported  in  the  Par- 
liamentary Register,  in  which  it  is  shown  that  Burke  and 
Barre  on  many  occasions  arraigned  the  conduct  of  the 
administration  toward  the  Americans  in  the  most  severe 
and  scathing  language.  In  a speech  delivered  by 

^^Pennsylvania  Gazette,  February  1,  1775. 

Several  speeches  on  American  affairs  by  Burke  and  Barre  may 
also  be  read  in  the  Philadelphia  newspapers  of  the  year  1774  and 
1775.  Edmund  Burke  was  the  agent  in  England  for  the  Province 
of  New  York,  and  in  the  Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  February  2S, 
1771,  in  referring  to  his  reappointment  to  that  post,  the  editor 
said;  “This  Gentleman’s  distinguished  abilities  and  firm  attach- 


f?£PffODUC£D  BY  PPA/VCBS  LSV/A/S 

EDMUND  BURKE 

THE  LEADING  ADVOCATE  OFAMERICAN  RIGHTS  IN  THE  ENGLISH  PARLIAMENT, 
BORN  IN  DUBLIN,  IRELAND. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


17 


Lord  Chatham  in  the  English  Parliament  in  January, 
1775,  he  deprecated  the  coercive  measures  being  taken 
against  the  Americans,  saying  that  “the  sending  of 
armed  troops  was  not  the  way  to  make  them  good  sub- 
jects, for  that  three  millions  of  people  were  not  likely  so 
soon  to  give  up  their  most  valuable  rights  and  undoubted 
privileges.”  “Nay,  what  do  I talk  of  three  millions  of 
people,”  said  his  lordship;  “many  more,  for  Ireland  is 
with  them  to  a man,  and  as  for  every  Whig  in  this 
country,  the  rights  of  America  are  so  connected  with  his 
own,  that  his  hand  and  heart  must  co-operate  with  their 
measures.”  One  year  later,  Chatham,  in  warning  Eng- 
land that  war  with  France  was  imminent,  said:  “The 
whole  Irish  Nation  favour  the  Americans.” 

During  the  Revolutionary  War,  so  utterly  fearless 
were  Burke  and  Fox  in  their  advocacy  of  American 


ment  to  the  American  Cause  will,  no  doubt,  render  his  appointment 
very  disagreeable  to  our  enemies  at  home.”  A despatch  from 
London  on  American  affairs  as  discussed  in  Parliament,  printed 
in  the  Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  June  27,  1771,  closed  with  these 
words : “It  would  raise  an  honest  Indignation  in  you,  to  hear  some 
members  of  Parliament  haranguing  about  ‘our  American  Planta- 
tions,’ as  though  the  absolute  Disposal  of  every  Thing  there  was 
vested  solely  in  themselves.  Those  members  who  most  warmly 
espouse  our  Cause  are  Burke,  Barre,  Sir  George  Saville,  and  Mr. 
Pownal;  to  these  Gentlemen  the  Colonies  are  much  indebted  for 
many  excellent  Defences.” 

Printed  in  the  Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  April  12,  1775. 

^^Parliamentary  Register,  Vol.  II,  p.  9.  Lord  Chatham,  who  was 
in  the  English  Parliament  the  protagonist  of  American  rights  and 
liberties,  became  a hero  in  Ireland,  and  two  streets  built  in  Dublin 
about  this  time  were  named  Chatham  Street  and  Pitt  Street  in  his 
honor.  When  Chatham’s  son  resigned  his  commission  in  the  army 
as  a protest  against  the  war,  many  Irish  oflScers  joined  him. 


18 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


rights,  that  “they  openly  proclaimed  in  Parliament  their 
correspondence  with  Franklin,  and  they  united  with 
Chatham  in  holding  that  every  British  and  Hessian  vic- 
tory was  a victory  over  English  freedom  and  in  pub- 
licly giving  encouragement  to  the  American  in- 
surgents.” Burke  expressed  his  delight  at  America’s 
victories,  and  he  advised  his  own  countrymen  “not  to 
join  the  army  while  the  American  war  continued”  ; and, 
as  one  newspaper  said,  “the  Ministry  trembled  under  his 
terrible  invective  and  the  walls  of  Parliament  never  be- 
fore resounded  under  such  thunderous  eloquence.” 
Conolly,  who  was  a conspicuous  member  of  the  Irish 
Parliament  and  was  also  a member  of  the  British  Par- 
liament, warned  his  colleagues  in  the  latter  body  that 
“if  the  French  landed  in  the  South  of  Ireland  every  man 
there  will  join  them,  and  if  the  Americans  land  in  the 
North  they  will  be  just  as  gladly  received  there.” 

It  is  an  important  fact  generally  acknowledged  by 
impartial  historians,  that  from  the  public  utterances  of 
these  Irish  members  the  American  patriots  received 
much  hope  and  encouragement.  Barre  especially  was 
an  old  and  trusted  friend  of  the  Americans.  “The  best 
friend  you  have  here  is  Colonel  Barre,”  wrote  Arthur 
Lee  to  Samuel  Adams  from  London  on  J une  10, 1771. 
“Barre  was  our  great  friend  in  Parliament  and  was  more 

Wharton’s  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution, Vol.  I,  p.  77. 

Barre  was  of  the  old  Franco-Irish  family  of  Barry,  descended 
from  De  Barrie  who  came  to  Ireland  with  the  Norman  invasion 
in  1172.  He  was  born  in  Dublin  in  the  year  1728  and  died  in  1802. 

Life  of  Arthur  Lee,  by  Richard  Henry  Lee,  Vol.  I,  p.  2l6; 
Boston,  1829. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


19 


dreaded  than  any  other  orator  of  the  Opposition.” 
He  had  lived  for  some  years  in  this  country  and  formed 
a close  friendship  with  several  leading  men,  and  some  of 
his  public  addresses  show  that  after  his  return  to  Eng- 
land he  carried  on  a correspondence  with  his  American 
friends  and  was  intimately  acquainted  with  the  causes 
for  American  discontent.  On  the  seventh  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1765,  when  the  Stamp  Act  was  introduced  in 
Parliament,  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  Charles 
Townshend,  denounced  the  Americans  for  their  refusal 
“to  contribute  their  mite  to  relieve  us  from  the  heavy 
weight  of  that  burden  which  we  lie  under.”  Barre  re- 
sponded to  the  speech  of  Townshend,  and  in  one  of  the 
most  powerful  addresses  of  his  career,  and  to  the  utter 
amazement  of  the  government  supporters,  he  charac- 
terized the  struggling  Americans  as  "Hhose  Sons  of 
Liberty”  When  copies  of  Barre’s  speech  were  cir- 
culated in  America  and  organized  opposition  to  the 
Stamp  Act  had  begun,  Barre’s  shibboleth  was  at  once 
adopted  by  the  patriots  and  thenceforward  the  various 
patriotic  associations  began  to  call  themselves  the  “Sons 
of  Liberty.” 

The  organizations  which  thus  came  to  be  known  as 
the  “Sons  of  Liberty”  receive  much  credit  in  history  for 
their  activities  in  arousing  the  people  to  a proper  under- 

The  True  History  of  the  American  Revolution,  by  Sidney 
George  Fisher,  p.  219;  Philadelphia,  1902. 

Barre’s  famous  speech  may  be  read  in  Lossing’s  Field  Booh  of 
the  Revolution,  Vol.  I,  pp.  462-463.  See  also  Mrs.  Martha  J. 
Lamb’s  History  of  the  City  of  New  York,  Vol.  I,  pp.  715-717,  for 
an  interesting  account  of  the  electrical  effect  which  it  produced  in 
America. 


20 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


standing  of  their  political  situation,  and  it  is  generally 
conceded  that  it  was  the  Sons  of  Liberty  who  began 
the  agitation  which  culminated  in  the  Revolution.  For 
several  years  they  had  an  uphiU  fight  because  of  the  fact 
that  the  officials  of  the  country  were  almost  exclusively 
English,  or  native  sympathizers  with  the  British  govern- 
ment, and  it  was  not  until  after  the  passage  of  the  Stamp 
Act  that  the  “Liberty  Boys”  began  to  attract  any  spe- 
cial notice  among  the  people  at  large.  Prior  to  this  time, 
because  of  the  primitive  modes  of  travel,  the  patriotic 
feeling  of  the  country  was  practically  unorganized  and 
whatever  local  associations  did  exist  had  no  actual  af- 
filiations with  one  another,  except  on  the  part  of  indi- 
viduals who  carried  on  an  irregular  correspondence.  But 
psychology  sometimes  plays  a curious  part  in  men’s  lives, 
and  the  psychological  moment  for  action  by  the  patriots 
arrived  with  the  circulation  of  Barre’s  speech  by  the 
Colonial  newspapers.  And  it  is  a circumstance  worth 
recording  that  it  was  an  Irishman  who  originated  the 
name  and  thus  gave  a tremendous  impetus  to  the  Revo- 
lutionary movement  in  America. 

The  first  publication  in  America  of  Barre’s  famous 
speech  was  in  a New  London  newspaper,  and  an  inter- 
esting circumstance  in  connection  therewith  is  that  it 
was  an  Irishman  who,  recognizing  its  importance  and  its 
possibilities  for  rousing  the  people,  brought  a copy  of  the 
speech  from  New  York  to  New  London.  This  was  “the 
Irish  gentleman  friendly  to  the  cause”  mentioned  by  the 
historian  Gordon,  “who  happened  to  be  in  New  York 
when  the  celebrated  Virginia  Resolutions  of  1765  were 
being  handed  about  with  great  privacy.  The  Irish 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


21 


gentleman  alluded  to,  being  there,  inquired  after  them 
and  with  much  precaution  was  permitted  to  make  a copy. 
He  carried  them  to  New  England,  where  they  were  pub- 
lished and  circulated  far  and  wide  in  the  newspapers  and 
proved  eventually  the  occasion  of  those  disorders  which 
afterwards  broke  out  in  the  Colonies.”  The  “Irish 
gentleman”  referred  to  was  John  McCurdy,  a wealthy 
merchant  and  shipowner  of  Lyme,  Connecticut,  an  emi- 
grant from  Armagh,  Ireland,  in  the  year  1745.  We 
are  told  “he  had  a hereditary  sense  of  wrong  against 
the  British  government,  which  was  quickly  roused  when 
oppressive  measures  were  inaugurated  against  the 
American  colonies,  and  he  was  fearless  in  his  wish  to 
meet  the  crisis  with  determined  and  outspoken  opposi- 
tion.”^* He  was  the  type  of  Irishman  who  served 
America  well  in  that  crisis,  but  whose  history  is,  un- 
fortunately, almost  totally  unknown  to  the  American 
people  of  the  present  day. 

Most  people  seem  to  think  that  the  American  Revolu- 
tion began  with  the  battle  of  Lexington,  or,  at  any  rate, 
that  its  beginning  was  the  action  of  the  “Boston  Tea 
Party”  of  the  year  before.  This  is  an  erroneous  assump- 
tion, however;  for,  as  a matter  of  fact,  the  Revolution 
was  an  evolution  which  was  going  on  in  the  minds  of  men 
for  several  years  before  these  historic  events,  or,  to  be 


History  of  the  Rise,  Progress  and  Establishment  of  the  Inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States,  by  William  Gordon;  New  York,  1801. 

See  Records  of  the  Town  of  Lyme,  Connecticut,  and  Genealog- 
ical and  Biographical  Monographs,  compiled  by  Professor  and 
Mrs.  Edward  E.  Salisbury  of  New  Haven,  Connecticut. 

Ibid. 


22 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


precise,  since  the  passage  of  the  Stamp  Act  in  1765. 
The  New  York  newspapers  of  this  time  furnished  ample 
evidence  of  the  sympathy  of  the  people  of  Ireland  with 
the  cause  of  the  disturbed  colonies.  In  Hugh  Game’s 
New  York  Gazette  and  Weekly  Mercury  of  February 
10,  1766,  I find  an  “extract  of  a letter  from  Philadel- 
phia,” which  said:  “Captain  Jackson  left  Kingroad  the 
15th  of  November  and  Captain  Ashmead  the  Cove  of 
Cork  the  12th  of  December,  but  bring  no  later  papers 
from  Cork  than  the  25th  of  November.  The  People  of 
Ireland  say  we  are  fine  fellows,  and  most  heartily  wish  us 
Success  in  our  Opposition  to  the  Laws  of  TjTanny. 
Their  toast  is.  Destruction  to  the  Stamp  Act  and  Suc- 
cess to  the  Free  Sons  of  Liberty  in  America.  Captain 
Ashmead  says  that  it  is  spoke  with  great  Positiveness 
that  the  Stamp  Act  will  be  repealed.”  The  same  paper 
of  March  31,  1766,  printed  a despatch  from  Philadel- 
phia, containing  “the  most  agreeable  intelligence”  that 
“a  vessel  was  arrived  from  Cork  at  Oxford,  in  Maryland, 
the  Captain  of  which  brought  a Cork  News  Paper,  in 
which  was  a Paragraph  taken  from  one  printed  in  Dub- 
lin, containing  a Letter  from  a Member  of  Parliament 
to  his  Friend  in  Ireland,  dated  about  the  last  of  January, 
the  Substance  of  which  was,  ‘that  every  thing  relating  to 
the  AfF airs  of  America  was  settled,  that  the  Stamp  Act 
was  to  be  repealed.’  These  glad  tidings  spread  a general 
Joy  all  over  the  City,  our  Bells  were  set  aringing,  at 
Night,  Bonfires  were  lighted  and  the  Evening  was  spent 
most  agreeably  by  the  Inhabitants.” 

In  the  same  paper  of  April  21,  1766,  with  an  account 
of  the  arrival  of  the  ship  Hibernia  from  Ireland,  there 


OF  Ai^IERICAN  HISTORY 


23 


were  published  several  “extracts  of  letters  from  London- 
derry,” one  of  which  reads:  “March  9,  this  day  the 
Packet  brought  the  agreeable  news  to  this  town  of  the 
Stamp  Act  being  repealed,  which,  be  assured,  has  given 
us  all  here  infinite  pleasure.  This  goes  by  the  Hibernia, 
Captain  Keith,  by  whom  we  have  the  pleasure  to  inform 
you  of  the  Repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act.”  The  Act  was 
repealed  by  the  House  of  Commons  on  February  22, 
1766 ; and  it  is  an  interesting  circumstance  that  the  first 
account  of  this  welcome  news  was  brought  to  America 
on  a vessel  named  Hibernia  which  sailed  from  an  Irish 
Port.  In  addition  to  these  significant  statements, 
there  may  be  seen  in  the  newspapers  two  letters  from 
Irish  merchants  in  Cork  and  Dublin  to  their  correspond- 
ents in  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  encouraging  the 
Colonists  to  renewed  exertions  for  a repeal  of  the  Stamp 
Act,  and  a despatch  from  Philadelphia  in  the  Mercury 
of  June  2,  1766,  said:  “From  the  different  parts  of  Ire- 
land our  Accounts  are  that  the  Rejoicings  on  account  of 
the  Repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act  were  very  general  as  well 
as  very  great  there.” 

Thus  we  have  first-hand  evidence  of  the  strong  sym- 
pathy exhibited  by  the  people  of  Ireland  toward  the 


Several  historians  say  that  the  first  news  of  the  repeal  of  the 
Stamp  Act  reached  this  country  “on  a ship  owned  by  John  Han- 
cock which  arrived  at  Boston  on  May  13,  1766,”  but  the  above 
account  from  the  New  York  Gazette  and  Weekly  Mercury  proves 
that  the  news  was  brought  by  the  Hibernia  nearly  a month  before. 
The  Hibernia  sailed  from  Lough  Swilly  on  March  15,  1766,  and 
her  arrival  in  New  York  is  listed  in  that  paper  among  “Vessels 
registered  at  the  New  York  Custom  House”  under  date  of  April 
21,  1766. 


24  A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY 


patriot  cause  in  America,  and  that  this  feeling  was  not 
confined  to  any  particular  section  of  the  country.  And 
that  it  was  not  a spasmodic  outburst  we  are  told  by  no 
less  eminent  an  authority  than  Benjamin  Franklin. 


CHAPTER  II 


BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN’S  VISITS  TO  IRELAND 

His  letters  show  the  friendliness  of  the  people  toward  the  American 
cause.  His  “Address  to  the  Good  People  of  Ireland  on  behalf 
of  America.”  The  Continental  Congress  sympathizes  with  the 
people  of  Ireland  and  acknowledges  their  “friendly  disposi- 
tion.” Congress  promises  to  grant  Ireland  her  freedom. 
Cessation  of  American  trade  with  Ireland.  Indignation  in 
England  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution. 

WHEN  Franklin  went  to  Europe  in  the  capacity 
of  diplomatic  agent  of  the  United  Colonies  he 
visited  Ireland  twice,  the  first  time  in  the  year  1769  and 
again  in  1771.  He  received  very  cordial  receptions 
everywhere  from  the  people,  and,  as  related  by  himself, 
he  “met  the  principal  patriots”  and  “a  great  dinner” 
was  given  in  his  honor  by  the  citizens  of  Dublin;  all  of 
which  was  in  direct  contrast  to  the  receptions  he  received 
in  England.  ^ Franklin’s  impressions  from  his  visits 
to  Ireland  are  related  in  his  letters,  now  in  the  custody 
of  the  society  which  he  founded  in  Philadelphia,  the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  and  were  published  in 
the  year  1906,  under  the  title  of  The  Writings  of  Ben- 
jamin Franklin,  with  a Life  and  Introduction,  by  Al- 

^ Jared  Sparks,  in  his  Life  of  Franklin,  p.  326,  says  that  Frank- 
lin was  much  abused  by  government  officials  and  newspapers  in 
England,  and  in  the  London  post-office  “some  of  his  letters  to 
America  were  clandestinely  obtained  and  forwarded  to  the  Min- 
isters,” who  threatened  his  expulsion  from  the  country. 

25 


26 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


bert  Henry  Smith  and  edited  by  John  Bigelow.  From 
these  letters  I have  made  the  following  extracts : 

In  a letter  from  Franklin  to  Dr.  Samuel  Cooper  of 
Boston,  dated  London,  April  27, 1769,  he  said:  “All  Ire- 
land is  strongly  in  favour  of  the  American  cause.  They 
have  reason  to  sympathize  with  us.  I send  you  four 
Pamphlets  written  in  Ireland  or  by  Irish  Gentlemen 
here,  in  which  you  will  find  some  excellent,  well  said 
things.” 

In  another  letter  to  Samuel  Cooper,  dated  London, 
April  4,  1770,  Franklin  said:  “I  send  you  a late  edition 
of  Molyneux’s  Case  of  Ireland,  ^ with  a new  Preface, 
shrewdly  written.  Our  part  is  warmly  taken  by  the 
Irish  in  general,  there  being  in  many  points  a similarity 
in  our  cause.” 

In  a letter  from  London,  dated  January  13,  1772, 
Franklin  wrote  James  Bowdoin:  “In  Ireland  among  the 
Patriots  I dined  with  Doctor  Lucas.  ^ They  are  all 
friends  of  America,  in  which  I said  everything  I could 
think  of  to  confirm  them.  Lucas  gave  I\Ir.  Bowdoin  of 
Boston  for  his  toast.” 


^ In  referring  to  this  book,  Lecky,  in  his  History  of  England 
during  the  Eighteenth  Century  (Vol.  II,  p.  158),  says:  “The 
treatise  of  Molyneux  in  defence  of  Irish  Liberty  was  becoming 
the  text-book  of  American  freedom.” 

® This  was  Dr.  Charles  Lucas,  the  noted  Irish  patriot,  who  was 
well  known  in  America.  He  is  thus  referred  to  in  the  Boston  Town 
Records:  “At  a town  meeting  in  Boston  on  March  12,  1771,  a 
Letter  from  that  celebrated  Patriot,  Dr.  Lucas  of  Ireland,  owning 
the  receipt  of  one  transmitted  to  him  by  a Committee  of  this  Town 
together  with  the  Pamphlet  relative  to  the  horrid  Massacre  in 
Boston,  March  5,  1770,  was  read  and  attended  with  the  greatest 
satisfaction.” 


CHARLES  THOMSON 

SECRETARY  OF  THE  CONTINENTAL  CONGRESS,  BORN  IN  COUNTY  DERRY,  IRELAND. 


/^£P/^OOUC£D  BY  P/^A'P  PPAA'CBS  I BY/ /VS 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


27 


On  the  same  date  Franklin  wrote  Thomas  Cushing, 
afterward  Speaker  of  the  Massachusetts  General  As- 
sembly and  Delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress:  ‘T 
have  now  returned  again  to  London  from  a Journey  of 
some  months  in  Ireland  and  Scotland.”  In  this  letter 
he  gave  an  account  of  his  tour  in  Ireland  and  of  the 
civilities  he  received  there.  Describing  his  visit  to  the 
Irish  Parliament  House,  he  said: 

“Before  leaving  Ireland  I must  mention  that,  being  desirous  of 
seeing  the  principal  Patriots  there,  I staid  till  the  opening  of  their 
Parliament.  I found  them  disposed  to  be  friends  of  America,  in 
which  I endeavoured  to  confirm  them,  with  the  Expectation  that 
our  growing  weight  might  in  time  be  thrown  into  their  Scale,  and, 
by  joining  our  Interest  with  theirs,  might  be  obtained  for  them,  as 
well  as  for  us,  a more  equitable  Treatment  from  this  Nation. 
There  are  many  brave  Spirits  among  them.  The  Gentry  are  a 
very  sensible,  polite,  friendly  and  handsome  People.  Their  Parlia- 
ment makes  a most  Respectable  Figure,  with  a number  of  very 
good  Speakers  in  both  Parties,  and  able  Men  of  Business.  And 
I must  not  omit  acquainting  you,  that,  it  being  a standing  Rule 
to  admit  Members  of  the  English  Parliament  (tho’  they  do  not  vote) 
in  the  House  among  the  Members,  while  others  are  only  admitted 
into  the  Gallery,  my  Fellow  Traveler,  being  an  English  Member, 
was  accordingly  admitted  as  such.  But  I supposed  I must  go  to 
the  Gallery,  when  the  Speaker  stood  up  and  acquainted  the  House 
that  he  understood  there  was  in  town  an  American  Gentleman  of 
(as  he  was  pleased  to  say)  distinguished  Character  and  Merit,  a 
Member  or  Delegate  of  some  of  the  Parliaments  of  that  Country, 
who  was  desirous  of  being  present  at  the  Debates  of  this  House; 
that  there  was  a Rule  of  the  House  for  admitting  Members  of  the 
English  Parliament  and  that  he  did  suppose  the  House  would 
consider  the  American  Assemblies  as  English  Parliaments,  but  as 
this  was  the  first  Instance,  he  had  chosen  not  to  give  any  Order 
in  it  without  receiving  their  Directions.  On  the  Question  the  whole 
House  gave  a loud  unanimous  Aye;  when  two  Members  came  to 
me  without  the  Bar,  where  I was  standing,  led  me  in  and  placed 


28 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


me  very  honourably.  This,  I am  more  particular  to  you,  as  I 
esteemed  it  a mark  of  respect  for  our  Country,  and  a piece  of 
politeness  in  which  I hope  our  Parliament  will  not  fall  behind 
theirs,  whenever  an  occasion  shall  offer.” 

How  vastly  different  from  this  was  the  reception 
which  Franklin  received  from  the  government  officials 
in  London  on  the  occasion  of  his  appearance  before  the 
Privy  Council  in  the  month  of  February,  1774!  The 
Massachusetts  General  Assembly  sent  to  Franklin  a pe- 
tition to  the  King  complaining  of  the  actions  of 
Governor  Hutchinson,  and  when  the  King  referred  the 
petition  to  the  Privy  Council  for  investigation,  Frank- 
lin was  summoned  before  it  to  present  evidence  in  sup- 
port of  the  petition.  The  Pennsylvania  Gazette  of 
April  22,  1774,  printed  a report  of  these  proceedings 
in  this  wise : 

“London,  February  19,  1774. — The  Ministerial  People  here  are 
outrageously  angry  with  Dr.  Franklin.  They  took  occasion,  when 
he  attended  the  Council  with  the  Petition  of  the  Massachusetts- 
Bay,  to  set  the  Solicitor-General  upon  him,  who,  leaving  the  business 
there  was  before  their  Lordships,  in  a virulent  Invective  of  an 
Hour,  filled  with  Scurrility,  abused  him  personally,  to  the  great 
Entertainment  of  Thirty-five  Lords  of  the  Privy-Council,  who  had 
been  purposely  invited  as  to  a Bull-Baiting,  and  not  one  of  them 
had  the  Sense  to  reflect  of  the  Impropriety  and  Indecency  of  treat- 
ing, in  so  ignominious  a Manner,  a Public  Messenger,  whose 
Character  in  all  Nations,  savage  as  well  as  civilized,  used  to  be 
deemed  sacred,  and  his  Person  under  Protection,  even  when  coming 
from  an  Enemy.  Nor  did  one  of  them  check  the  Orator’s  Extrava- 
gance and  recall  him  to  the  Point  under  Consideration,  but  generally 
appeared  much  delighted,  chuckling,  laughing,  and  sometimes  loudly 
applauding.” 


Said  the  writer  of  the  despatch; 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


29 


“I  did  not  before  think  it  possible  for  any  Persons  in  their 
Stations  to  behave  in  a manner  so  extremely  unbecoming,  especially 
when  sitting  in  a Judicial  capacity.  I never  was  in  America,  but  I 
do  not  believe  that  any  Judges  or  Justices  of  any  of  your  Inferior 
Courts,  in  the  back  Countries,  would  have  conducted  themselves 
with  so  little  Dignity,  or  have  disgraced  themselves  so  much,  as 
to  suffer  a Lawyer  to  treat  even  a Criminal  at  their  Bar  with  so 
much  Outrage.” 

It  was  natural  that  this  news  should  be  received  with 
indignation  in  America,  and  in  the  Pennsylvania  Ga- 
zette of  May  4,  1774,  there  is  an  account  of  the  burning 
at  Philadelphia  of  the  effigies  of  Governor  Hutchinson 
and  of  the  English  Solicitor-General,  “convicted  of  tra- 
ducing the  American  Colonies  and  insulting  their  Agent 
before  His  Majesty’s  Privy  Council  for  doing  his 
duty.”  “The  effigies  were  exposed,”  says  this  account, 
“for  several  hours,  then  hung  and  burnt  amidst  a vast 
concourse  of  People,  who  testified  their  Resentment 
against  the  Originals  with  the  loudest  Acclamation.” 

That  Franklin  appreciated  fully  the  friendliness  of 
the  Irish  toward  the  American  cause  is  further  proved 
by  his  letter  to  his  son,  Governor  William  Franklin  of 
New  Jersey,  dated  London,  June  30,  1774,  in  relation 
to  the  “Non-Importation  Agreement”  then  about  to  be 
introduced  by  the  Continental  Congress.  In  that  letter 
he  said:  “I  should  be  sorry  if  Ireland  is  included  in  your 
agreement,  because  that  country  is  much  our  Friend, 
and  the  want  of  flax  seed  may  distress  them  exceedingly, 
but  your  Merchants  can  best  judge.  It  can  only  be 
meant  against  England  to  ensure  a change  of  measures, 
and  not  to  hurt  Ireland,  with  whom  we  have  no  quarrel.” 

During  the  third  year  of  the  war,  Benjamin  Franklin 


30 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


again  addressed  the  Irish  people,  and  in  language  whose 
sincerity  cannot  be  misunderstood.  Franklin  was  then 
in  France,  and  from  Versailles  on  the  4th  of  October, 
1778,  he  wrote  “An  Address  to  the  Good  People  of  Ire- 
land on  behalf  of  America.”  This  document  begins  with 
these  words : 

“The  misery  and  distress  which  your  ill-fated  country  has  been 
so  frequently  exposed  to,  and  has  so  often  experienced,  by  such 
a combination  of  rapine,  treachery  and  violence,  as  would  have 
disgraced  the  name  of  government  in  the  most  arbitrary  country  in 
the  world,  has  most  sincerely  affected  your  friends  in  America, 
and  has  engaged  the  most  serious  attention  of  Congress.” 

He  explained  at  length  that  the  Colonies  were  not 
merely  fighting  for  constitutional  liberty,  but  for  com- 
mercial liberty  as  well,  and  drew  attention  to  the  analogy 
which  existed  between  the  cause  of  Ireland  and  that  of 
America.  He  went  on  to  say : 

“I  have  in  my  commission  to  repeat  to  you,  my  good  friends, 
the  cordial  concern  that  Congress  takes  in  everything  that  relates 
to  the  happiness  of  Ireland;  they  are  sensibly  affected  by  the  load 
of  oppressive  pensions  on  your  establishment;  the  arbitrary  and 
illegal  exactions  of  public  money  by  King’s  letters;  the  profuse 
dissipation  by  sinecure  appointments,  with  large  salaries,  and  the 
very  arbitrary  and  impolitic  restrictions  of  your  trade  and  manu- 
factures, which  are  beyond  example  in  the  history  of  the  world, 
and  can  only  be  equalled  by  that  illiberal  spirit  which  directs  it, 
and  which  has  shown  itself  so  abundantly  in  petitions  from  all 
parts  of  their  islands,  and  in  the  debates  of  their  House  of  Commons, 
when  you  had  been  lately  amused  with  the  vain  hope  of  an  exten- 
sion of  your  trade,  and  which  were  conducted  with  such  temper 
and  language  as  might  be  supposed  to  suit  their  copper-coloured 
allies  in  America,  but  must  fix  a stain  on  the  character  of  a civilized 
nation  for  ever.” 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


31 


But  the  most  striking  passage  of  this  remarkable  docu- 
ment is  Franklin’s  statement  that  if  the  British  govern- 
ment did  not  remove  the  restraint  on  Irish  trade  and 
manufactures,  “means  will  be  found  [i.  e.,  by  the  Ameri- 
can Congress]  to  establish  your  freedom  in  this  respect 
in  the  fullest  and  amplest  manner.” 

“But  as  for  you,  our  dear  and  good  friends  of  Ireland,  we  must 
eordially  reeommend  to  you  to  continue  peaceable  and  quiet  in 
every  possible  situation  of  your  affairs,  and  endeavour  by  mutual 
good  will  to  supply  the  defects  of  administration.  But  if  the 
government,  whom  you  at  this  time  acknowledge,  does  not,  in  con- 
formity to  her  own  true  interest,  take  off  and  remove  every  restraint 
on  your  trade,  commerce  and  manufactures,  I am  charged  to  assure 
you,  that  means  will  be  found  to  establish  your  freedom  in  this 
respect,  in  the  fullest  and  amplest  manner.  And  as  it  is  the  ardent 
wish  of  America  to  promote,  as  far  as  her  other  engagements  will 
permit,  a reciprocal  commercial  interest  with  you,  I am  to  assure 
you,  they  will  seek  every  means  to  establish  and  extend  it;  and  it 
has  given  the  most  sensible  pleasure  to  have  those  instructions  com- 
mitted to  my  care,  as  I have  ever  retained  the  most  perfect  good 
will  and  esteem  for  the  people  of  Ireland.” 


It  is  strange  that  this  interesting  document  has 
eseaped  the  notice  of  American  historians  and  is  not 
printed  in  any  of  the  editions  of  Franklin’s  works,  but 
that  may  have  been  because  his  biographers  did  not  ex- 
amine the  records  of  the  Public  Record  Office  at  Lon- 
don, where  the  original  printed  copies  of  the  address  are 
on  file.  ^ In  an  account  of  the  address  published  by 
Paul  Leicester  Ford  in  the  year  1891,  he  explains  that 
“a  large  number  of  the  broadside  were  put  on  board  a 
Dutch  smuggler  at  Brest  to  carry  to  Ireland,”  that 


^ Among  State  Papers,  Ireland,  Vol.  CCCCLXI. 


32 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


“they  were  discovered  by  an  English  privateer  whose 
commander  delivered  them  to  the  captain  of  his 
Majesty’s  ship  Portland,  by  whom  they  were  forwarded 
to  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty,  and  thence  transferred 
to  the  Public  Record  Office.”  ® Thus  Franklin  was 
thwarted  in  his  design  to  circulate  this  document  among 
the  people  of  Ireland,  but  only  temporarily,  for  by  some 
means  a copy  of  it  was  secured  by  the  editor  of  the  Hi- 
bernian Journal,  who  published  it  in  the  issue  of  that 
paper  of  November  2-4,  1778.  ® 

The  patriot  leaders  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic  were 
fully  apprised  by  Franklin  of  the  kindly  feeling  of  the 
Irish  toward  their  cause,  and  that  this  fact  was  fully 
recognized  is  shown  by  the  historic  “Address  to  the  Peo- 
ple of  Ireland”  adopted  at  a meeting  of  the  Continental 
Congress  at  Philadelphia  on  July  28, 1775.  The  address 
is  of  too  great  length  to  insert  here,  but  the  following 
passage  will  serve  to  show  what  mutual  bonds  of  sympa- 
thy existed  at  that  time  between  the  American  and  the 
Irish  people.  After  relating  the  causes  which  led  to 
the  defection  of  the  Colonies  from  England,  and  their 

® A copy  of  this  address  may  be  seen  among  the  Revolutionary 
Broadsides  in  the  “Reserve  Room”  of  the  New  York  Public  Library, 
or  at  the  Library  of  Congress.  When  collecting  the  material  for 
this  work,  the  author  received  permission  from  the  Secretary  of  the 
Public  Record  Office  in  London  to  have  a facsimile  made  of  Frank- 
lin’s “Address,”  but  when  the  photographer  applied  on  July  4,  1918, 
at  the  Public  Record  Office,  he  was  informed  that  “the  document  has 
been  withdrawn  by  order  of  the  Government  until  further  notice.” 

® Lecky,  in  his  History  of  Ireland  during  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury (Vol.  II,  p.  226),  says:  “Franklin’s  Address  was  widely 
circulated  in  Ireland,”  doubtless  through  the  medium  of  tL‘ 
Hibernian  Journal. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


83 


reasons  for  suspending  all  trade  with  that  country  as 
well  as  with  Ireland,  the  address  proceeds : 

“And  here  permit  us  to  assure  you  that  it  was  with  the  utmost 
reluctance  we  could  prevail  upon  ourselves  to  cease  our  commercial 
connection  with  your  island.  Your  Parliament  has  done  us  no 
wrong.  You  had  ever  been  friendly  to  the  rights  of  mankind;  and 
we  acknowledge,  with  pleasure  and  gratitude,  that  your  nation  has 
produced  patriots  who  have  nobly  distinguished  themselves  in  the 
cause  of  humanity  and  America. 

“On  the  other  hand,  we  were  not  ignorant  that  the  labour  and 
manufactures  of  Ireland,  like  those  of  the  silk-worm,  were  of  little 
moment  to  herself ; but  served  only  to  give  luxury  to  those  who 
neither  toil  nor  spin.  We  perceived  that  if  we  continued  our  com- 
merce with  you,  our  agreement  not  to  import  from  Britain  would 
be  fruitless,  and  were,  therefore,  compelled  to  adopt  a measure 
to  which  nothing  but  absolute  necessity  would  have  reconciled  us. 
It  gave  us,  however,  some  consolation  to  reflect  that  should  it  oc- 
casion much  distress,  the  fertile  regions  of  America  would  aff’ord 
you  a safe  asylum  from  poverty,  and,  in  time,  from  oppression 
also;  an  asylum  in  which  many  thousands  of  your  countrymen  have 
found  hospitality,  peace,  affluence,  and  become  united  to  us  by 
all  the  ties  of  consanguinity,  mutual  interest,  and  aflPection.” 

And  again: 

“Accept  our  most  grateful  acknowledgments  for  the  friendly 
disposition  you  have  always  shown  to  us.  We  know  that  you  are 
not  without  your  grievances.  We  sympathize  with  you  in  your 
distress,  and  are  pleased  to  find  that  the  design  of  subjugating  us 
has  persuaded  the  administration  to  dispense  to  Ireland  some 
vagrant  rays  of  ministerial  sunshine.  Even  the  tender  mercies 
of  government  have  long  been  cruel  toward  you.  In  the  rich 
pastures  of  Ireland  many  hungry  parricides  have  fed,  and  grown 
strong  to  labour  in  its  destruction.  We  hope  the  patient  abiding 
of  the  meek  may  not  always  be  forgotten;  and  God  grant  that 
the  iniquitous  schemes  of  extirpating  liberty  by  the  British  Empire 
may  soon  be  defeated.”  ^ 


'^Journals  of  the  Continental  Congress,  Vol.  II,  pp.  212-218. 


34 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


The  address  was  signed,  “John  Hancock,  President,” 
and  was  prepared  by  a committee  comprised  of  James 
Duane,  William  Livingston,  and  John  and  Samuel 
Adams.  (The  italics  in  the  foregoing  are  as  they  ap- 
pear in  the  original. ) 

And  again,  on  October  2,  1775,  the  following  resolu- 
tion, introduced  by  the  Committee  on  Trade,  was  passed 
unanimously  by  the  Continental  Congress : 


“As  the  cessation  of  the  American  trade  with  Ireland  originated 
in  policy  dictated  by  principles  of  self-preservation  and  may  be 
attended  with  distress  to  a people  who  have  always  manifested  a 
noble  regard  to  the  rights  of  mankind  and  have  been  friendly  to 
these  much  injured  Colonies,  your  committee  are  of  opinion  that 
great  kindness  and  attention  ought  to  be  paid  to  such  of  that 
oppressed  nation  as  have  or  may  come  to  settle  in  America,  and 
that  it  be  earnestly  recommended  by  this  Congress  to  the  good 
people  of  these  Colonies  to  let  them  have  lands  at  a cheap  rate, 
and  on  easy  terms,  and  that  tlie  several  conventions  and  assemblies 
and  committees  throughout  these  confederate  countries  afford  them 
aid  and  do  them  every  friendly  office.  And  it  having  been  repre- 
sented to  your  committee  that  the  withholding  flax  seed  from 
Ireland  will  be  attended  with  a much  greater  degree  of  distress 
and  ruin  to  the  poor  of  that  Kingdom  than  the  Congress  appre- 
hended, they  are  of  opinion  that  our  friends  and  fellow  subjects 
in  Ireland  should  be  permitted  to  take  flax  seed  from  these  Colonies 
in  exchange  for  all  such  powder  or  other  military  stores  and 
woollen  yarn  of  their  manufacture  as  they  shall  bring  to  America.”  ® 

This  resolution  was  of  the  greatest  significance,  as  not 
alone  exhibiting  the  fellow-feeling  which  existed  between 
these  two  struggling  peoples,  but  also  as  an  indication 
of  the  great  desire  of  the  representatives  of  the  Ameri- 
ean  people  in  Congress  to  induce  as  many  Irishmen  as 


^Journals  of  the  Continental  Congress,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  269* 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


35 


possible  to  come  hither  and  settle  in  the  new  country, 
knowing  well  that  they  could  depend  on  them  as  faith- 
ful colonists  and  defenders  of  America.  The  senti- 
ments thus  expressed  were  not  by  any  means  a mere  sud- 
den outburst  or  bid  for  sympathy  or  aid ; for,  as  shown 
by  the  correspondence  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  the 
thorough  identification  of  Irish  feeling  with  American 
success  had  been  of  long  standing. 

Some  historical  writers  endeavor  to  make  George  Hit 
the  scapegoat  of  English  politics  of  the  time.  They  as- 
sert that  the  misgovernment  of  the  American  Colonies 
was  the  outcome  of  “the  mistaken  policy  of  King 
George,”  that  “the  English  people  as  a whole  were  not 
only  apathetic  to  the  American  revolt,  but  numbers  of 
them  sympathized  with  their  American  brethren.”  And 
it  has  become  the  fashion  in  late  years  for  our  public  men 
to  extol  “the  stand  taken  by  the  English  people  during 
the  War  of  the  Revolution”  and  to  “excuse”  the 
Colonists  on  the  ground  that  their  uprising  was  against 
“a  crazy  English  King  of  alien  blood,”  not  against  “the 
English  Democracy,  with  whom  they  had  everything  in 
common.”  There  is  no  denying  the  fact  that  certain 
liberal  minds  in  England  before  the  war  regarded  the 
questions  agitating  the  Colonists  with  much  sympathy, 
and  in  some  instances  public  men  went  so  far  as  to  en- 
courage the  leaders  on  this  side  of  the  water.  And  in 
the  official  Register  of  the  proceedings  of  Parliament 
may  be  found  references  to  the  attitude  of  these  English 
Whigs,  who  vainly  tried  to  defend  the  Colonists  against 
the  overwhelming  strength  of  the  supporters  of  the 
government.  But  from  contemporary  accounts  we  learn 


36 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


that  after  the  news  of  the  revolt  reached  England  it  set 
the  whole  country  in  a blaze  of  resentment,  and,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  Roman  populace  of  old  who  wished  to  de- 
stroy their  enemy,  the  significant  cry  of  Delendo  est 
Carthago  was  raised  in  the  House  of  Commons,  and,  as 
we  are  told,  “the  House  of  Lords  became  a seething 
caldron  of  impotent  rage” ! 

Meetings  were  held  in  many  places  throughout  Eng- 
land, from  which  addresses  and  petitions  “glowing  with 
loyalty  to  the  King  and  indignation  against  the  rebels” 
were  poured  in  upon  the  King  and  his  ministry,  and 
Lord  Chatham  declared  in  a speech  in  Parliament  in 
1775:  “There  is  scarcely  a man  in  our  streets,  though  so 
poor  as  scarcely  to  be  able  to  get  his  daily  bread,  but 
thinks  he  is  the  legislator  of  America.  ‘Our  American 
subjects’  is  a common  phrase  in  the  mouths  of  the  lowest 
order  of  our  citizens.”  “In  England,”  says  Spencer, 
“there  was  a general  sentiment  in  favour  of  compelling 
the  colonists  to  submission”;®  and  Taylor  states:  “The 
war  for  the  subjugation  of  the  Americans  was  at  first 
decidedly  popular  in  England.  From  the  habit  of  us- 
ing the  phrase,  "our  colonies/  there  was  not  an  English 
peasant  who  did  not  regard  the  colonists  as  rebels  against 
himself,  and  as  enemies  to  some  fancied  authority  and 
power  which  he  deemed  the  privilege  of  every  English- 
man by  his  bii’th-right.”  As  an  instance  of  this,  the 
Pennsylvania  Gazette  on  IMay  4,  1774,  published  an 
extract  of  a letter  from  London  dated  February  14, 

® Spencer,  History  of  the  United  States. 

William  G.  Taylor,  History  of  Ireland,  Vol.  II,  p.  238;  New 
York,  1836. 


"AMERICAS  GREAT  FRIEND  IN  PARLIAMENT  BORN  IN  DUBLIN,  IRELAND. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


37a 


which  said : “You  will  have  heard  before  this  reaches  you, 
how  infamously  Doctor  Franklin  has  been  treated  by 
Administration,  and  you  will  soon  see  in  what  light  they 
behold  American  Petitions.  There  is  not  a more  ob- 
noxious Character  here  at  present  than  that  of  a friend 
of  America.  The  Colonists  should,  therefore,  be  more 
particularly  attentive  to  cultivating  Union  and  Har- 
mony among  themselves.  The  Spirit  of  this  Country  is 
extremely  hostile  to  them,  and  they  have  nothing  to  de- 
pend upon  but  their  own  Union  and  Firmness.”  From 
all  of  which  we  can  understand  that  the  position  taken 
by  such  men  as  Chatham,  Fox,  Burke,  Barre,  and 
Conolly  at  the  outset  of  the  Revolution  was  an  especially 
hazardous  one. 

That  Franklin’s  interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  people 
of  Ireland,  as  exemplified  in  his  address  of  October  4, 
1778,  did  not  abate  after  this  time  is  shown  clearly  by 
his  correspondence  in  the  possession  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society.  He  fully  appreciated  the  fact 
that  Irish  sympathy  with  the  struggling  Colonists  was 
manifested  in  all  countries  where  the  Irish  exiles  had 
found  a home,  and  many  of  Franklin’s  correspondents 
during  the  period  of  the  war  were  Irish  military  officers 
in  the  armies  of  the  Continental  Powers,  anxious  to  fight 
for  American  freedom.  One  J ames  Shanley  wrote  him 
from  Paris  on  May  28, 1777,  saying  he  had  “left  Ireland 
about  six  weeks  before  to  offer  his  services  to  the  Ameri- 
can cause,”  and  stating  further  that  “there  are  many 
staunch  friends  of  that  cause  in  Ireland,  but  they  dare 
not  declare  themselves  openly.”  He  related  his  “ex- 
perience in  disciplining  troops,”  and  stated  that  “should 


37b 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Franklin  give  him  an  encouraging  answer  to  his  appli- 
cation for  a commission  in  the  American  army,  there 
are  many  in  Ireland  waiting  only  for  that  to  follow 
him.”  A Franco-Irish  officer  named  O’Meara  wrote 
Franklin  on  May  14,  1777,  expressing  his  “great  desire 
to  serve  the  American  cause,”  and  stating  that  “if  he 
should  receive  any  encouragement,  he  will  throw  up  his 
commission  in  France  and  set  out  immediately  for  the 
Congress.”  On  July  1,  1777,  Comte  O’Donnell,  then 
colonel  of  a Polish  regiment  at  Lemberg,  tendered  his 
sword  to  the  service  of  America;  and  on  September  4th 
of  the  same  year,  Baron  O’Cahill,  commandant  of 
French  troops,  wrote  from  Strasbourg,  stating  that  he 
was  “a  member  of  an  ancient  and  noble  family  of  Ire- 
land,” relating  his  military  experience,  and  offering  his 
services  to  the  same  cause.  From  Nancy,  on  February 
7,  1779,  Captain  O’Heguerty  wrote  that  he  “has  a pro- 
fession and  a fortune,  but  detests  idleness”  and  “desires 
to  enter  the  American  army.” 

Robert  O’Connell  vTote  Franklin  from  Paris  on 
August  26,  1779,  offering  “to  take  care  of  American 
Consular  interests  at  any  of  the  Spanish  ports,”  and 
Captain  MacCarthy  More  wrote  from  Boulogne  on 
July  4,  1781,  offering  “to  enter  the  service  of  the 
United  States.”  On  April  11,  1782,  Chevalier  O’Gor- 
man recommended  Dr.  John  O’Connor,  who  “desired  to 
serve  America,  either  in  the  army  or  in  the  hospitals.” 
In  his  application  for  a commission,  Henry  O’NeiU  in- 
formed Franklin  on  July  8,  1782,  that  “the  more  the 
Irish  are  ill  treated,  the  more  emigrants  will  flock  to 
America  and  France  to  fill  the  armies”;  but,  on  account 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


37c 


of  their  “miserable  situation  in  France,”  he  strongly  ad- 
vised Franklin  to  make  provision  for  Irish  officers  in 
the  American  army,  fearing  the  possibility  that  the  Eng- 
lish service  might  be  made  so  attractive  for  them  that 
they  would  be  induced  to  serve  the  enemy. 

Irish  officers  also  sought  employment  in  the  Amer- 
ican naval  service.  Jonathan  Williams  wrote  from 
Nantes  on  December  2,  1780,  recommending  to  Frank- 
lin ‘ ‘a  commission  for  Captain  James  Byrnes,”  com- 
mander of  a merchant  vessel.  In  a letter  from  John 
Torris  from  Dunkirk  on  October  8,  1779,  informing 
Franklin  that  the  American  privateer,  Black  Prince, 
had  been  put  under  the  command  of  Captain  Patrick 
Dowlin,^^  the  writer  “hoped  that  a title  in  the  United 

John  Torris  was  one  of  Franklin’s  agents  at  the  port  of  Dun- 
kirk and  was  engaged  in  fitting  out  American  privateers  to  prey  on 
English  commerce,  and  in  one  of  his  letters  to  Franklin  he  said: 
"The  crews  and  captains  were  generally  taken  from  the  Irish  and 
English  smugglers  which  crowded  the  port.”  Several  Irish  sea- 
captains,  anxious  to  take  part  in  the  war  against  England,  came  to 
Dunkirk  and  laid  before  Franklin’s  agents  plans  to  raid  enemy 
ports,  or  to  capture  English  merchantmen,  and  in  a report  from 
Francis  Coffyn  to  Silas  Deane  on  April  12,  1778,  he  requested  that 
he  "lay  before  Doctor  Franklin  the  plan  of  Captain  Christopher 
Farron,  a noted  Irish  smuggler,  who,  if  given  a commission,  would 
undertake  to  capture  a certain  rich  linen  ship  which  loads  at  Dub- 
lin four  times  a year  for  London.’’ 

This  officer  was  very  active  in  the  pursuit  of  enemy  shipping. 
Previous  to  this  time,  he  had  been  master  of  the  American  privateer. 
Black  Princess,  and  according  to  a letter  from  Franklin  to  Samuel 
Huntington,  President  of  Congress,  on  August  10,  1780,  "The 
Black  Prince  and  the  Black  Princess  greatly  harassed  the  English 
coasting  trade;  in  eighteen  montlis  they  captured  120  ships  belong- 
ing to  the  enemy.’’  The  Black  Prince  was  wrecked  off  the  Belgian 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


3Td 

States  Navy  can  be  obtained  for  the  brave  Mr.  Ryan, 
who  has  a new  cutter  being  built  for  him  at  Boulogne,” 
and  stated  that  “great  things  are  to  be  expected  from 
such  a ship  and  captain.”  Two  days  later,  Captain 
Luke  Ryan,  of  the  privateer  Fearnot,  wrote  Franklin 
from  Dunkirk,  saying  that  he  “expects  to  have  a large 
cutter  completed  in  four  months,  with  which  he  hopes 
to  do  great  damage  to  the  enemy ; and  if  his  abilities  de- 
serve Franklin’s  protection,  begs  for  a rank  in  the 
United  States  Navy,”  since  he  “regards  the  American 
cause  as  his  own.”  Captain  Ryan  again  wrote  Frank- 
lin saying  that  he  “waits  with  impatience  the  commis- 
sion for  his  ship  FearnotF  and  that  he  had  “refused  of- 
fers made  by  the  French”  because  he  “desires  to  serve 
only  under  the  American  flag.”  That  the  gallant  Cap- 
tain’s ambition  was  gratified  is  seen  from  a letter  to 
Franklin  from  John  Torris  on  June  7,  1780,  relating 
to  “Captain  Ryan’s  distinguished  conduct  in  the  Fear- 
nought,” then  in  the  American  service. 

All  told,  there  are  in  this  collection  nearly  one  hun- 
dred letters  to  Franklin  from  Irish  sympathizers,  and 
among  them  is  an  interesting  communication  dated 
Cologne,  August  25,  1781,  from  Rev.  William  Nixon, 
saying  that  he  “is  an  Irish  Catholic  priest,  taken  pris- 


coast  and  Captain  Dowlin  and  his  crew  were  captured  by  an  Eng- 
lish warship,  and,  when  reporting  the  incident  to  Franklin,  Torris 
said:  “Your  Excellency  has  had  their  names;  several  are  born 
Americans,  others  Irish,  but  all  sworn  subjects  of  the  United  States. 
I read  in  the  Kentish  Gazette  that  these  people  were  sent  to  Pen- 
zance to  be  tried  by  the  high  courts  of  Admiralty  for  piracy,  be- 
cause they  were  Irishmen  or  subjects  of  Great  Britain.” 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


37e 


oner  on  his  passage  home  from  England,  and  now  on 
parole”;  that  “if  he  can  obtain  his  liberty,  he  desires  to 
go  to  America” ; thanking  Franklin  “for  America’s  no- 
ble exertions,  seen  in  the  free  trade  granted  to  Ireland,” 
and  prophesying  “success  to  America.”  Eleven  of  these 
letters  are  from  Dr.  Ignatius  MacMahon,  of  Paris,  and 
forty-three  from  Sir  Edward  Newenham,  of  Dublin, 
the  noted  advocate  of  American  rights  in  the  Irish  Par- 
liament; and  one  of  the  interesting  documents  among 
Franklin’s  papers  is  a resolution  sent  to  him  from  Dub- 
lin on  April  26,  1784,  by  “The  Sons  of  the  Shamrock,” 
lauding  the  French  nation  for  its  support  of  America. 
Dr.  MacMahon  was  attached  to  the  Military  School  at 
Paris,  and  in  a letter  to  Franklin  on  December  19,  1777, 
he  said:  “The  gentlemen  of  this  house  are  well-wishers, 
to  the  American  cause  and  are  delighted  with  the  news 
of  Burgoyne’s  defeat,”  and  in  another  letter  from  Mac- 
Mahon dated  March  22,  1778,  he  congratulated  Frank- 
lin on  “the  results  of  the  negotiations  with  France,” 
saying  “America’s  independence  is  assured,”  and  plain- 
tively asking,  “When  will  poor  Ireland’s  turn  come?” 
Among  Sir  Edward  Newenham’s  letters  is  one  dated 
Marseilles,  January  2,  1779,  in  reference  to  “the  pro- 
tection and  assistance  he  rendered  to  Americans  in  Ire- 
land, particularly  Colonel  Ethan  Allen  and  those  who 
were  with  him,”  and  on  June  25,  1779,  Newenham  again 
advised  Franklin  of  “the  steps  he  had  taken  to  have 
American  prisoners  released,”  and  wished  Franklin  to 
write  him  “so  as  to  prove  to  his  countrymen  in  Ireland 
that  his  support  of  the  liberties  of  America  had  been 
noticed  by  Franklin.”  From  Dublin,  Newenham  wrote 


37f 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


on  November  6,  1780,  saying  that  “the  sympathy  of 
the  Irish  people  is  entirely  with  the  United  States,” 
and  detailing  certain  “attentions  given  to  American 
prisoners  in  Ireland,”  the  release  of  a number  of  whom 
he  had  already  secured;  and  the  importance  of  these 
“attentions”  may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that  at  the 
port  of  Kinsale  alone  at  this  time  four  hundred  Amer- 
ican prisoners  were  held  under  guard  by  English  sol- 
diers/^ 

In  one  of  Franklin’s  letters  to  Newenham,  ^vritten 
from  Passy  on  May  27,  1779,  in  relation  to  a request 
received  by  him  for  “passports  for  a great  number  of 
people  from  Ireland  who  were  desirous  of  going  to  set- 
tle in  America,”  he  said:  “I  admire  the  spirit  with 
which  I see  the  Irish  are  at  length  determined  to  claim 
some  share  of  that  freedom  of  commerce  which  is  the 
right  of  all  mankind,  but  of  which  they  have  been  so 
long  deprived  by  the  abominable  selfishness  of  their  fel- 
low-subjects.” It  is  evident  also  that  Franklin  was  in 
correspondence  with  the  INIarquis  de  Lafayette  on  this 
subject,  for  on  November  2,  1779,  Lafayette  vTote  him, 
saying  he  was  “glad  the  Irish  patriots  are  beginning  to 
stir.”  And  that  the  Irish  situation,  and  the  possible 
effect  which  a rising  of  the  patriots  would  have  on  the 
war,  were  watched  with  keen  interest  by  Lafayette  is 


Richard  Hare,  of  Cork,  wrote  Franklin  on  February  23,  1782, 
“on  behalf  of  nearly  two  hundred  prisoners  in  wretched  confine- 
ment,” stating  that  many  of  them  would  have  perished  but  for  the 
fact  that  some  citizens  of  Cork  had  raised  a subscription  for  their 
support,  and  he  asked  Franklin  to  try  and  have  their  exchange  ef- 
fected. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


37g 


shown  by  his  letter  to  John  Adams  on  February  7, 

1780,  wherein  he  said:  “The  troubles  in  Ireland,  if 
there  is  the  least  common  sense  amongst  the  first  patri- 
ots in  that  country,  are  not,  I hope,  at  an  end,  and  it 
seems  they  now  begin  to  raise  new  expectations.” 
Among  Franklin’s  papers  there  is  a memorandum  in 
his  handwriting  dated  November,  1779,  indicating  that 
“a  descent  on  Ireland”  was  seriously  contemplated,  and 
that  negotiations  toward  that  end  were  carried  on  be- 
tween Franklin  and  the  patriots  in  Ireland,  doubtless 
with  a view  not  only  of  diverting  England  from  her 
attack  on  the  Colonies,  but  of  bringing  about  the  free- 
dom of  Ireland.  One  of  the  interesting  eommunica- 
tions  on  this  subject  is  a letter,  signed  “Freedom,”  to 
William  Temple  Franklin, dated  Dublin,  June  17, 

1781,  in  which  the  writer  declared  that  “since  Irish  trade 
and  commerce  gets  no  protection  from  the  British  Gov- 
ernment, . . . now  is  the  time  for  France  and  the 
United  States  to  strike  a crushing  blow  at  England  to 
help  Ireland  to  seeure  her  independence.” 

In  a letter  to  Franklin  from  Marseilles  on  January 
6,  1783,  Sir  Edward  Newenham  referred  to  his  con- 
sistent “support  of  the  American  cause  in  Ireland,”  and 
related  an  “attempt  of  the  British  Government  to  secure 
an  address  of  support  from  the  citizens  of  Dublin  dur- 
ing the  war,”  but  “the  people  were  so  overwhelmingly 
opposed  to  it,  the  Government  feared  to  draft  many 
troops  out  of  Ireland — only  two  thousand  of  the  thir- 

Benjamin  Franklin’s  grandson,  who  was  with  him  in  France,, 
and  who  afterward  served  as  Secretary  to  the  American  Peace  Com- 
missioners. 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


STh 

teen  thousand  troops  in  Ireland  having  oeen  sent  to 
America.”  He  predicted  “a  great  future  for  the 
United  States,”  and  recalled  “the  Address  of  Congress 
to  the  People  of  Ireland,  signed  in  August,  1775,” 
which  had  been  sent  to  him  for  distribution  among  the 
people.  Toward  the  close  of  the  war,  the  question  of 
the  terms  of  the  peace  treaty  became  the  subject  of  cor- 
respondence between  Newenham  and  Franklin.  In  a 
letter  from  Marseilles  on  November  12,  1782,  Newen- 
ham said:  “It  is  feared  the  British  Janus  does  not  in- 
tend to  deal  fairly  by  the  Kingdom  of  Ireland  in  the  ex- 
pected Treaty  of  Peace.”  He  wished  to  know  “if  Ire- 
land is  particularly  mentioned,”  and  he  sent  Franklin 
“a  public  letter  written  by  him  to  the  men  of  Ireland, 
advising  them  to  demand  this  of  their  King.”  One 
year  later,  Newenham  again  wrote  Frankhn,  desiring 
“to  know  by  return  post  whether  Ireland  is  mentioned 
in  the  Treaty,”  and  stating  that  Franklin  was  “war- 
ranted in  demanding  this  information  from  Mr.  Hart- 
ley”;^® that  “the  Ministry  is  evading  this  question,”^® 
that  “public  expectation  is  high  and  Dublin  in  a state  of 


David  Hartley,  an  English  member  of  Parliament  and  “Com- 
missioner for  Negotiating  Peace  in  America.” 

At  the  very  hour  this  book  is  going  to  press,  “history  is  re- 
peating itself,”  for  it  is  a notorious  fact  that  “the  Ministry  is  evad- 
ing this  question”  by  their  palpably  dishonest  efforts  to  show  to 
the  world  that  “Great  Britain  is  ready  to  bestow  self-government 
upon  Ireland,”  but  that  “it  is  only  the  quarrels  and  disputes  between 
Irishmen  themselves  that  prevent  a solution  of  this  great  question.” 
— (Speech  of  Winston  Spencer  Churchill,  English  Cabinet  Minis- 
ter, at  Dundee,  Scotland,  December  11,  1918.) 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


37i 


the  greatest  anxiety,”  but  that  “the  people  place  de- 
pendence on  Franklin’s  assistance.” 

The  most  friendly  intercourse  continued  between 
Franklin  and  Newenham  for  several  years  after  the 
close  of  the  war.  Newenham’s  last  letter  to  Franklin 
on  the  subject  of  the  peace  treaty  seems  to  have  been 
on  January  14,  1784,  when  he  wrote  from  Carlow,  call- 
ing attention  to  his  “early  pleadings  for  the  rights  of 
America,”  and  stating  that  “what  Ireland  did  for 
America  deserves  very  warm  returns  in  national  con- 
nection and  friendship.”  While  there  is  no  record  of 
any  reply  from  Franklin  to  this  letter,  nor  any  indica- 
tion as  to  what  may  have  been  his  attitude  on  the  ques- 
tion of  Ireland’s  claims  for  American  support,  the 
Peace  Commissioners,  as  we  know,  did  not  present  Ire- 
land’s case;  and  unfortunately,  the  Irish  themselves 
failed  to  take  advantage  of  this  golden  opportunity! 
But  the  position  taken  by  the  people  of  Ireland  in  the 
war  was  not  forgotten  by  their  enemies,  and  in  one  of 
Newenham’s  letters  to  Franklin,  dated  November  12, 
1786,  he  said  that  “his  address  against  permitting  the 
Irish  army  to  be  sent  to  America  has  never  been  for- 
given by  the  enemies  of  American  independence.” 
These  letters  fully  corroborate  the  other  evidence  quoted 
in  this  work  as  to  the  uncompromising  attitude  of  the 
Irish  in  favor  of  the  cause  of  the  American  Colonies. 

Sec  extract  at  page  14  of  the  speech  of  Sir  Edward  Newenham 
in  the  Irish  Parliament. 


CHAPTER  III 


IRISH  SYMPATHY  FOR  THE  REVOLTING  COLONIES 

Bancroft  again  misstates  the  facts  as  to  the  troops  sent  from 
Ireland  to  fight  the  Americans.  Fruitless  efforts  to  raise 
recruits  in  Ireland.  Young  men  kidnapped  and  sent  on  board 
the  transports.  Important  statement  by  Arthur  Lee.  Extracts 
from  American  newspapers.  Irish  soldiers  deserted  to  the 
“rebels.”  Craven  Irish  Catliolic  landlords. 

IN  referring  to  the  triumph  of  the  Irish  Volunteers, 
Bancroft  says  it  was  one  of  “the  first  fruits  of  the 
American  Revolution,”  but  that  “the  gratitude  of  the 
Irish  took  the  direction  of  loyalty  to  their  King,  and  in 
1782,  their  legislature  voted  one  hundred  thousand 
pounds  for  the  levy  of  twenty  thousand  Seamen.”  ^ The 
manner  in  which  this  circumstance  is  related  by  the  his- 
torian makes  it  appear  that  the  Irish  made  a gratuitous 
gift  of  this  large  sum  of  money  to  the  English  nav>"  in 
its  fight  against  the  Americans.  But  Bancroft  did  not 
explain  that  the  Irish  Parliament  at  this  time  was  in- 
debted to  England  in  the  sum  of  nine  hundred  thou- 
sand pounds ; “ that  the  government,  on  account  of  the 
state  of  its  crippled  exchequer,  demanded  reimbursement 
in  order  to  strengthen  the  fleet  “against  a threatened  in- 
vasion by  the  French  fleet  on  the  coasts  of  England  and 
Ireland,”  and  that  the  amount  voted  was  only  in  part 

^ History  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  V,  p.  544. 

"^Journals  of  the  House  of  Commons,  May  27,  1782. 

38 


A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY  39 


payment  of  this  huge  loan.  The  proposition  to  aid  the 
government  in  this  emergency  was  made  by  Henry 
Flood,  who  proposed  “that  four  ships  of  one  hundred 
guns  each,  to  be  called  after  the  four  Provinces  of  this 
Kingdom,  be  presented  to  the  King  and  Parliament  of 
Great  Britain,”  and  in  doing  so  Flood  only  committed 
another  act  of  perfidy  to  his  country,  in  line  with  his 
notoriously  unpatriotic  part  since  the  beginning  of  the 
war.  While  the  Irish  Parliament  rejected  Flood’s  pro- 
posal to  vote  a gratuity  to  the  English  crown,  yet,  in 
view  of  the  then  generally  admitted  fact  that  the  Ameri- 
cans had  practically  won  their  independence,  ® the 
Journals  of  the  House  show  that  they  decided  to  make 
partial  refund  of  their  indebtedness  by  “loaning”  Eng- 
land “one  hundred  thousand  pounds,  with  interest  at 
three  pence  in  the  pound.” 

Bancroft  also  says  that  “the  people  [of  Ireland]  sent 
against  them  [the  Americans]  some  of  their  best  troops 
and  their  ablest  men,”  thereby  insinuating  that  the  Irish 
people  not  only  opposed  the  cause  of  the  Americans, 
but  virtually  fought  on  the  side  of  their  oppressors.  Let 
us  see  what  the  facts  are  from  the  journals  of  the  time 
and  other  current  sources  of  information. 

Holt’s  New  York  Journal  or  General  Advertiser  of 
June  22,  1775,  printed  a despatch  from  Cork  dated 
April  17,  stating  that  there  were  then  “16,000  regular 
troops  in  Ireland,  paid  for  by  this  poor,  taxed  country.” 
These  troops  were  comprised  of  English,  Scotch,  and 

® The  debates  in  the  English  Parliament,  as  reported  in  the 
Parliamentary  Register,  show  that  long  before  1782  the  English 
had  given  up  all  hope  of  defeating  the  Americans. 


40 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Irish  regiments  and  were  “quartered  on  Ireland  on  the 
pretence  of  protecting  the  people,  but  really  so  as  to 
relieve  England  of  the  expense  of  maintaining  them.”  ^ 
Although  every  Irish  soldier  in  the  English  army  was  an 
additional  link  strengthening  the  chain  which  bound  his 
country  to  England,  yet  the  pinch  of  poverty  drove  them 
into  the  army.  But  the  troops  despatched  from  Ireland 
to  America  in  1775  and  1776  did  not  enlist  for  service 
in  this  country,  for  these  regiments  had  already  been  in 
existence,  and  the  journals  of  the  time  plainly  show 
that  although  the  most  feverish  attempts  were  made  to 
raise  fresh  troops  in  Ireland  for  service  in  America,  they 
were  almost  entirely  unsuccessful.  Every  conceivable 
kind  of  subterfuge  was  adopted  to  stimulate  recruiting; 
recruiting  officers  went  among  the  farmers  and  told 
them  that  if  they  would  induce  their  sons  to  enlist  “they 
would  be  exempted  from  certain  taxes”;  the  youth  of 
the  country  had  held  up  to  them  all  “the  glorious  pano- 
ply of  war”;  liquor  flowed  like  water  in  almost  every 
town  and  hamlet  in  the  south  of  Ireland,  and  “bounties 
of  one  guinea  a head,  and  the  King’s  bounty,”  and  of- 
fers of  “larger  pay  than  they  could  possibly  earn  at 
home”  ® were  otFered  by  the  recruiting  officers.  Press- 
warrants  were  issued  authorizing  the  arrest  of  recal- 
citrants; the  recruiting  officers  even  visited  the  jails  and 
poorhouses  of  the  country  and  were  glad  to  accept  the 


* The  great  surprise  is  that  there  was  not  more  wide-spread 
sentiment  in  Ireland  in  favor  of  sending  these  troops  on  foreign 
service,  for  the  people  would  then  be  rid  of  one  of  the  most  burden- 
some forms  of  taxation  imposed  on  the  country. 

^Pennsylvania  Gazette,  November  29,  1775. 


or  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


41 


human  derelicts  whom  misfortune  had  driven  there.  In 
the  south,  appeals  were  made  on  the  ground  that  the 
Americans  were  Protestants,  and  in  the  north  that  they 
were  about  to  establish  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  in 
America ; yet  all  these  eff  orts  came  practically  to  naught, 
for  the  Irish  were  glad  that  the  Americans  had  revolted 
and  were  in  a delirium  of  joy  at  the  prospect  of  the 
government  being  compelled  to  send  such  large  bodies 
of  troops  out  of  the  country,  and  that  they  themselves 
would  at  last  have  a chance  to  strike  a blow  for  inde- 
pendence. 

In  Holt’s  paper  of  October  26,  1775,  there  is  an  ac- 
count from  Ireland  which  reads  in  part:  “Though  most 
of  the  people  here  wish  well  to  the  cause  in  which  you  are 
engaged,  and  would  rejoice  to  find  you  continue  firm 
and  steadfast,  yet  it  is  the  prevailing  opinion,  especially 
among  the  friends  of  Government  (so-called),  that  you 
will  at  last  be  frightened  into  submission  to  ministerial 
measures.  They  are  raising  recruits  throughout  this 
Kingdom.  The  men  are  told  they  are  only  going  to  Ed- 
inburgh to  learn  military  discipline  and  are  then  to  re- 
turn. The  common  people  are  industriously  kept  from 
the  knowledge  of  public  affairs.  They  know  nothing 
but  what  the  great  please  to  tell  them.  Newspapers 
since  the  Stamp  Act  are  so  high,  the  poor  and  middling 
people  cannot  purchase  them.”  ® 


* The  following,  which  is  printed  in  full  in  Force’s  American 
Archives  (^th  Ser.,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  619-620),  serves  as  an  instance 
of  the  emcouTaging  letters  sent  by  Irish  sympathizers  to 

mends  in  America  and  which  were  published  in  American  news- 
papers. The  letter  is  dated  September  1,  1775,  and  is  headed  by 


42 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


What  action  do  we  find  England  took  when  she 
managed  to  get  these  troops  safely  on  board  her  trans- 

Force,  “Letter  from  Ireland  to  an  acquaintance  in  New  York.” 
Among  other  things,  the  writer  said:  “Dear  countrymen  and  fellow- 
sufferers,  who  have  been  so  happy  as  to  have  your  lot  in  a land  of 
liberty,  though  now  persecuted  and  your  rights  invaded,  suffer  not 
your  most  precious  inheritance,  your  liberty  and  property,  your 
noble  constitution,  to  be  torn  from  you.  You  are  contending  for 
what  is  of  more  value  than  life;  fear  not  to  risk  your  lives,  freely 
in  defence  of  it.  Keep  your  presses  free,  that  the  people  may  know 
all  that  concerns  them  and  all  that  is  doing  against  them.  By  every 
means  in  your  power,  keep  corruption  from  influencing  any  of  your 
offices  of  public  trust.  You  cannot  possibly  be  too  much  guarded 
against  this  terrible  evil,  which  has  almost  undone  us  here.  Let 
not  arbitrary  power  and  despotism  hav'e  any  footing  among  you. 
Many  in  this  country,  who  groan  under  it,  would  be  glad  to  give 
their  utmost  assistance,  and  hope  to  be  over  with  you  before  the 
contest  is  ended.  In  my  opinion,  if  you  continue  firm,  you  will, 
without  doubt,  succeed  in  your  glorious  struggle;  justice  will  give 
strength  to  your  arms,  and  weaken  those  of  jmur  enemies.  God 
Himself  is  on  your  side  and  will  cause  them  to  fall  before  you. 
Meanwhile,  let  me  caution  you  against  the  least  appearance  of 
submission.  You  can  hardly  conceive  the  ill  effect  of  everything 
that  may  feed  the  hopes  of  your  enemies;  even  base  complaisance 
in  this  case  is  criminal,  for,  like  drowning  men,  they  are  ready  to 
catch  at  straws,  and  if  possible,  interpret  everything  you  say  or  do 
in  favour  of  their  own  designs,  whereby  they  are  encouraged  to 
continue  their  efforts  to  subdue  you.  It  behooves  you,  therefore,  to 
be  resolute,  plain,  and  absolute  in  your  refusal  of  every  proposal 
that  implies  giving  up  one  tittle  of  your  rights  and  liberties,  or 
might  bring  them  into  the  least  danger,  and  resist  every  attempt 
against  them  with  all  your  might.  The  least  slackness  or  com- 
pliance on  your  part  will  embolden  them  to  proceed  in  their  en- 
deavours to  enforce  their  laws,  to  tax  and  enslave  you.  May  God 
guide  and  protect  you ! 

“I  am  a sincere  friend  to  the  natural  rights  and  liberties  of* 
mankind. 


“(Signed)  M.  W." 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


43 


ports?  The  answer  is  found  in  Holt’s  paper  of  No- 
vember 23,  1775,  in  a despatch  dated  London,  Septem- 
ber 1,  1775,  saying:  “Five  thousand  troops  are  clan- 
destinely shipped  in  Ireland  and  are  absolutely  sailed  for 
Boston.”  This  system  of  kidnapping  Irishmen  for  the 
English  army  continued  for  several  years,  and  the 
Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  January  31, 1776,  in  a despatch 
from  London  dated  October  28,  said:  “We  hear  from 
Cork  that  on  Tuesday,  the  10th  ult.,  at  one  o’clock, 
when  the  army  were  in  their  beds,  without  previous 
notice  a draft  was  made  from  the  two  regiments,  and 
at  seven  o’clock  they  were  taken  to  Cove  and  embarked 
for  America.”  And  as  an  indication  that  many  of  the 
men  had  deserted,  the  statement  continues:  “We  are  as- 
sured the  23d  regiment  does  not  consist  of  more  than 
one  hundred  men.” 

And  the  fact  that  the  Irish  never  wavered  in  their 
sympathies,  even  when  the  fortunes  of  war  seemed  to 
be  going  against  the  Americans,  is  verified  by  newspa- 
per accounts  showing  that  many  of  the  soldiers  were 
“compelled  to  go  on  board  the  transports,  where  they 
were  chained  down  to  the  ring  bolts  and  fed  with  bread 
and  water;  several  of  them  suffered  this  torture  before 
they  could  be  made  to  yield  and  sign  the  paper  of  en- 
listment.” From  another  account  we  learn  that  “many 
of  them  openly  professed  their  resolution  of  firing  upon 
their  enemies  in  action,  if  reduced  to  that  necessity,  de- 
claring they  could  never  look  upon  the  people  of 
America,  among  whom  they  had  hoped  for  an  asylum 
from  heavy  taxes  and  oppression,  in  any  other  light  than 


44 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


true  friends,  and  therefore  could  never  think  of  treating 
them  as  enemies.”  All  of  which  was  confirmed  hy  Arthur 
Lee,  confidential  agent  in  Europe  of  the  “Secret  Com- 
mittee of  Correspondence,”  when  he  wrote  to  Washing- 
ton from  Berlin  on  June  15,  1777 : “The  resources  of  our 
enemy  are  almost  annihilated  in  Germany,  and  their 
last  resort  is  to  the  Roman  Catholics  of  Ireland.  They 
have  already  experienced  their  unwillingness  to  go,  every 
man  of  a regiment  raised  there  last  year  having  obliged 
them  to  ship  him  off  tied  and  bound,  and  most  certainly 
they  will  desert  more  than  any  troops  whatsoever.  They 
themselves  rely  upon  the  present  campaign,  so  that  if 
it  should  not  produce  something  very  decisive  in  their 
favour,  which  God  forbid,  we  may  depend  upon  their 
efforts  being  on  the  wane.”  ® 

Three  months  previous  to  that  time,  Lee  was  in  Spain, 
and  in  reporting  his  efforts  to  procure  supplies  of  am- 
munition and  clothing  for  the  American  army,  he  WTote 
from  Burgos  to  the  Secret  Committee  of  Correspond- 
ence on  March  8,  1777 : “It  will  also  be  my  endeavour  to 
procure  some  able  veteran  officers  from  the  Irish 
Brigades  in  this  service”;®  and  ten  days  later  we  find 
him  again  writing  to  the  committee  that  the  Spanish  au- 
thorities “have  promised  to  examine  whether  there  are 


^ This  committee  was  aiDpointed  by  the  Continental  Congress  in 
December,  1775,  “to  correspond  with  friends  in  Great  Britain, 
Ireland,  and  other  parts  of  the  world.” 

^Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the  American  Revolution,  edited 
by  Jared  Sparks,  Vol.  II,  p.  73;  Boston,  1829. 

Uhid.,  Vol.  II,  p.  40. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


45 


any  veteran  Irish  officers  fit  for  your  service,  and  if  there 
are  to  send  them.” 

The  despatch  above  quoted  from  Holt’s  paper  further 
said:  “The  people  of  Ireland  in  general,  we  hear,  are 
extremely  out  of  temper  and  displeased  with  the  Court 
on  many  accounts,  but  on  none  so  much  as  the  arming 
five  thousand  Irish  Papists  for  the  purpose  of  subduing 
their  fellow-subjects  in  America.”  In  the  same  issue  of 
Holt’s  paper  there  was  printed  “an  intercepted  letter 
from  Ireland”  to  an  English  army  officer  at  Boston, 
dated  August  20, 1775,  which  said  in  part:  “Great  prep- 
arations are  making  to  recruit  the  regiments  both  here 
and  in  America.  They  have  given  Lord  Kenmare  leave 
to  enlist  four  thousand  Catholics  for  the  latter  purpose, 
but  as  yet  they  have  but  little  success.  The  foolish  idea 
of  fighting  against  their  countrymen  prevents  them.” 
Says  another  account:  “The  service  is  so  disagreeable 
to  the  people  of  Ireland  in  general  that  few  of  the  re- 
cruiting officers  can  prevail  upon  the  men  to  enlist  and 
fight  against  their  American  brethren.”  “ 

In  the  Journals  of  the  New  York  Provincial  Con- 
gressj^  under  date  of  June  30,  1776,  there  is  an  entry 
relating  to  the  arrival  of  “Captain  Thompson  who  left 
Cove^®  in  Ireland  the  6th  of  May  last.”  In  referring 
to  four  regiments  about  to  leave  Cork  for  America,  Cap- 

Sparks,  p.  48.  It  does  not  appear  that  any  Irish  army  officers 
were  sent  from  Spain,  doubtless  for  the  reason  that  war  between 
Spain  and  England  was  then  imminent. 

Force’s  American  Archives,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1553. 

Vol.  II,  p.  45;  published  by  the  State  of  New  York;  Albany, 
1842. 

Now  called  Queenstown,  in  the  County  of  Cork. 


46 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


tain  Thompson  said:  “The  report  in  Ireland  was  that 
these  troops  had  been  wrote  for  by  persons  here.  The 
troops  in  general  disliked  the  service;  some  officers  had 
sold  out;  the  people  in  Ireland  in  general  are  well  af- 
fected to  the  Americans  and  are  averse  to  the  Americans 
being  taxed  by  the  Parliament  of  Great  Britain.” 

The  New  York  Royal  Gazette  of  January  3,  1778, 
published  “an  extract  from  a letter  from  Carlow  in  Ire- 
land,” saying  that  “four  regiments  of  Roman  Catholics 
will  be  immediately  raised  here  for  the  American  serv- 
ice, and  it  is  the  general  opinion  that  they  will  be  raised 
in  a few  weeks”;  but  in  a later  issue  of  the  paper  the 
editor  announced  “with  regret”  the  abandonment  of  the 
attempt  to  raise  these  troops  in  Ireland.  We  have  still 
another  important  witness  on  this  point  in  the  person 
of  the  famous  Horace  Walpole,  who  recorded  in  his 
LcLst  Journals,  under  date  of  August,  1775:  “The 
government  could  not  get  above  four  hundred  recruits 
and  failed  in  their  attempt  to  raise  a regiment  of  Roman 
Catholics.”  And  Lecky  states;  “Recruiting  agents 
traversed  the  Highlands  of  Scotland  and  the  most  re- 
mote districts  of  Ireland,  and  the  poor  Catholics  of 
Munster  and  Connaught  were  gladly  welcomed.  Re- 
cruits, however,  came  in  very  slowly.  There  was  no 
enthusiasm  for  a war  with  the  English  settlers.”  The 
efforts  of  government  failing  to  obtain  recruits,  the 
British  government  seems  to  have  resorted  to  the  for- 
lorn expedient  of  procuring  the  services  of  Irish  officers 
in  the  French  and  Austrian  armies  to  come  to  Ireland 
to  try  and  persuade  their  refractory  countrjunen  to  en- 


History  of  England,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  457. 


difgiaceful  and  id  din^erous.— Nt  vtr  did  ti;c  re- 
cruiting parties  nifCt  with  iuch  d*  tuccefs  tn  every 
part  ot  this  kingdom  as  at  prclent  ; lo  iiniacrbii 
is  the  diflikc  cf  ail  ranks  at  people  to  the  ^meti- 
can  fervicc.  , The  inh-ibitants  of  i'andon,  Ycu^- 
!hall,  Birr,  and  other  townc,  have  entered  into  a 
refolution  ntt  to  iu'Icr  .in)  among  Unnj  to  ii ddT. 
for  the  porpoi’e  -itf  enlUving  their  Arneriean  bre- 
thren. There  have  been  no  Icis  than  live  puties 
at  once  in  Charlevdie,  and  aiicr  iiurnmg  tie 
town,  -God  knows  how  long,  wi»h  tlrcir  fiks 
and  drums,  they  were  able  to  pick  up  only  one 
reernit,  who  was  under  Kir.  Roberts’s  iaduencr.  ; 
Though  the  priacipal  Romanitls  in  Cork  and  Li- 
nerick  have  formed  A ifociations  and  ciTered  bouc- 
tiss  to  iu®h  recruits  as  ftiall  hit  on  this  occailop, 
yet  have  they  very  lutie  luccels  ; for  though  the 
lieads  ot  that  communion  are  in  tl-.e  inrerert  of  go- 
vernment, the  lower  clafs,  who  h.ive  not  fagacity 
enough’to  make  propet  didin^Iions,  are,  to  a man, 
attached  to  the  Americans,  and  fay  plainly,  thelriiK 
ought  to  follow  their  cxarriplc.  Even  Lord  Ken- 
mare,  who  on  this  occafion  took  tne  lead,  l.-d  iiis  - 
rccruting  party  fevereiv  beatin  Tralee,  and  then- 
drum  broke  to  pieces.  The  .renowned  Captain 
Haricquin,  whofe  fuccefs  in  this  town  lalV  war 
has  tneouraged  him  to  rene.vv  his  antic  tricks  here 
now,  finds  hindelf,  with  all  his  biuTocnry,  laiiiy 
dilappointed,  and  feveral  of  thole  he  had  ircpan-: 
oed  have  already  deferfed.  Many  of  the  draughts  - 
that  are  come  here  to  fill  up  the  tegiments  order-  ^ 
ed  abroad,  f wear  they  will  never  draw  a trigger 
igainft  the  Americans  ; among  whom  they  have  ; 
ail  relations.  And  molt  of  the  Engfilh  and  Irilh 
r>ldiers  that  left  this  lift  April  and  May  expreiTcd 
fo  much  repugnance  to  the  fervice  they  were  or- 
dered 00,  that  I am  fully  perfuaded,  if  your  trmy 
was  not  (hut  up  ta  Boftoo,  it  muft  iuftcr  exceeds 
ingly  by  dereriton. 


/)£PffODUCED  BY  AN/<JA  EPAA/CES  LEV/ A/S 

FACSIMILE  OF  A LETTER  FROM  CORK,  PUBLISHED 
IN  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  PACKET  OF  NOVEMBER  27,  1775. 


V 


■ ' i^liMvack 


fifc# 

mK  A'. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


47 


list.  “The  safety  of  the  State  depends  upon  two 
measures,”  wrote  Attorney-General  Wedderburn  to 
WiUiam  Eden  in  1778, — one  of  them  “a  strong  levy  of 
Irish  Catholics  under  French  and  Austrian  officers,” — 
but  there  is  no  evidence  that  even  this  attempt  met  with 
any  success. 

But  on  this  point  the  most  remarkable  testimony  of 
all  is  found  in  the  Pennsylvania  Packet  of  November  27, 
1775.  On  the  15th  of  that  month  a schooner  named 
The  Two  Sisters,  commanded  by  Captain  Robbins, 
bound  from  Ireland  to  Boston,  was  seized  by  a privateer 
in  the  service  of  the  United  Colonies  and  taken  into 
Beverly,  Massachusetts.  The  account  of  the  capture 
published  in  the  New  York  Journal  or  General  Adver- 
tiser of  November  23,  1775,  said  that  “Captain  Robbins 
left  Ireland  September  24th  and  brought  papers  to  the 
16th  of  September,  also  the  King’s  Proclamation  declar- 
ing the  Colonists  rebels.  Captain  Robbins  says  the  com- 
mon people  of  Ireland  were  almost  unanimous  in  favor 
of  the  Americans,  and  that  only  those  dependent  on 
Government  appeared  against  us.”  Among  the  papers 
seized  on  The  Two  Sisters  were  a number  of  letters 
from  army  officers  in  Ireland  to  their  friends  in  Bos- 
ton. These  letters  were  at  once  sent  to  the  Congress  at 
Philadelphia  and  were  printed  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Packet  of  November  27th,  accompanied  by  a statement 
signed  by  Secretary  Charles  Thomson,  to  the  effect  that 
they  were  “published  by  order  of  the  Congress.”  One  of 
these  letters  dated  “Corke,  September  8th,  1775”  read  as 
follows ; 


48 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


“People  are  much  divided  in  their  sentiments  about  the  Americans ; 
placemen^  pensioners,  Tories  and  Jacobites,  with  some  stupid,  ig- 
norant and  mercenary  Whigs,  are  violent  against  them,  but  the  bulk 
of  the  people  are  strongly  in  their  interest.” 

Referring  to  the  attempts  to  raise  troops  in  Ireland, 
the  writer  said : 

“Never  did  the  recruiting  parties  meet  with  such  ill  success  in 
every  part  of  this  Kingdom  as  at  present;  so  invincible  is  the  dis- 
like of  all  ranks  of  people  to  the  American  service.  The  inhabitants 
of  Bandon,  Youghall,  Birr  and  other  towns  have  entered  into  a 
resolution  not  to  suffer  any  among  them  to  enlist  for  the  purpose 
of  enslaving  their  American  Brethren.  There  have  been  no  less 
than  five  parties  at  once  in  Charleville,  and  after  stunning  the 
Town,  God  knows  how  long,  with  their  fifes  and  drums,  they  were 
able  to  pick  up  only  one  recruit,  who  was  imder  Mr.  Roberts’  in- 
fluence. Though  the  principal  Romanists  in  Corke  and  Limerick 
have  formed  Associations  and  offered  bounties  to  such  recruits  as 
shall  list  on  this  occasion,  yet  they  have  very  little  success;  for 
though  the  heads  of  that  communion  are  in  the  interest  of  govern- 
ment, the  lower  class,  who  have  not  sagacity  enough  to  make  proper 
distinctions,  are,  to  a man,  attached  to  the  Americans,  and  say 
plainly  the  Irish  ought  to  follow  their  example.  Even  Lord  Ken- 
mare,  who  on  this  occasion  took  the  lead,  had  his  recruiting  party 
severely  beat  up  in  Tralee,  and  their  drums  broken  to  pieces.  The 
renowned  Captain  Harlequin,  whose  success  in  this  Town  last 
war  has  encouraged  him  to  renew  his  antic  tricks  here  now,  finds 
himself,  with  all  his  buffoonery,  sadly  disappointed,  and  several  of 
those  he  had  trepanned  have  already  deserted.  Many  of  the 
draughts  that  have  come  here  to  fill  up  the  regiments  ordered 
abroad,  swear  they  will  never  draw  a trigger  against  the  Americans, 
among  whom  they  all  have  relations.  And  most  of  the  English 
and  Irish  soldiers  that  left  this,  last  April  and  May,  expressed  so 
much  repugnance  to  the  service  they  were  ordered  on  that  I am 
fully  persuaded  if  your  army  was  not  shut  up  in  Boston,  it  must 
suffer  severely  by  desertion.” 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


49 


The  writer  of  this  letter  was  surely  a prophet,  for 
events  proved  that  many  of  the  Irish  soldiers  in  Eng- 
lish regiments  did  desert  and  went  over  to  the  Ameri- 
cans, and  this  is  shown  by  the  repeated  advertisements 
printed  in  the  New  York  newspapers  of  the  year  1776 
from  regimental  and  company  commanders  off ering  re- 
wards for  the  capture  of  deserters.  Descriptions  were 
given  in  these  advertisements  of  the  personal  appearance 
of  the  men,  and  in  most  cases  their  nativity  was  stated, 
and  a large  proportion  of  these  were  said  to  be  “na- 
tives of  Ireland.”  General  Howe  wrote  the  Earl  of 
Dartmouth  from  Boston  on  November  26,  1775,  send- 
ing him  an  estimate  of  the  number  of  recruits  which 
he  would  need  in  the  following  spring,  but  stating  that 
if  these  recruits  were  “chiefly  composed  of  Irish  Roman 
Catholics,  they  are  certain  to  desert  if  put  to  hard 
work.”  This  is  also  shown  by  a letter  dated  Sep- 
tember 5,  1779,  to  General  Cleveland  from  General 
Pattison,  commandant  of  the  Royal  Artillery,  in  which 
he  said:  “I  must  desire  that  no  Partys  may  be  sent  to 
Ireland  to  recruit  for  my  Battalion.  I have  more  al- 
ready than  I could  wish  from  that  country,  and  I am  in- 
formed by  Captain  Chapman  that  forty-nine  of  the  men 
enlisted  there  have  deserted.”  The  Royal  Gazette  of 
October  18,  1780,  contained  a proclamation  from  Gen- 
eral Sir  Henry  Clinton  about  “the  several  deserters  from 
the  British  and  Foreign  Troops  under  my  Command 

American  Archives,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  1673. 

New  York  Historical  Society  Collections,  year  1875,  p.  105; 
see  also  references  to  the  Irish  “who  deserted  to  the  rebels”  at 
page  190. 


50 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


who  are  serving  with  the  Enemy  or  are  concealed  in  the 
rebel  Country,”  and  he  offered  them  “a  free  and  im- 
limited  pardon”  on  their  return.  Among  these  deserters 
he  mentioned  “Daniel  McCarty,  a native  of  Ireland”; 
“James  Torren,  a native  of  Ireland”;  “Hugh  McQuaid, 
born  in  County  Down,  Ireland” ; “Thomas  Hynes,  born 
in  the  Province  of  Munster  in  Ireland,  and  Bryan  Con- 
ner, born  in  the  Province  of  Leinster  in  Ireland”;  “John 
Gilly,  John  Kennedy,  Daniel  Denhany  and  William 
Ross,”  all  “born  in  Cork”;  “Richard  Shay,  James  Mc- 
Munnigan,  James  Doherty,  Jerry  Fahane,  David 
Crowley,  John  Murphy,  John  Collins,  William  Finley, 
and  Edmund  Ryan.” 

There  were  numerous  other  similar  instances,  and 
these  individual  cases  are  pointed  out  merely  to  il- 
lustrate the  statement  that  Irish  soldiers  in  England’s 
army  had  no  heart  in  the  fight  against  American  liberty, 
and  that  many  of  them  took  advantage  of  their  oppor- 
tunities to  “desert  to  the  enemy.” 

From  the  regretful  tone  of  the  letter  above  quoted, 
as  to  the  failure  of  the  Irish  to  enlist  to  fight  the  Ameri- 
cans, it  is  quite  clear  that  the  writer  was  one  of  that  class 
known  in  Ireland  as  “shoneens”  and  was  himself  a sup- 
porter of  the  government,  which  is  all  the  more  reason 
for  accepting  it  as  a truthful  account  of  the  situation. 
His  reference  to  “the  principal  Romanists  of  Cork 
and  Limerick”  having  formed  associations  and  offered 
bounties  to  enlist,  is  verified  to  some  extent  by  other 
newspaper  accounts,  although  why  the  writer  referred 
to  them  as  “the  principal  Romanists”  is  very  much  of  a 
mystery.  A small  coterie  of  Irish  Catholic  landlords 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


51 


seeking  the  favor  of  the  King,  representing  nobody 
but  themselves,  but  deriving  energy  from  the  impudent 
assertion  that  they  reflected  the  sentiment  of  the  entire 
population  of  Ireland,  sought  to  persuade  their  country- 
men to  enlist  for  the  American  service.  This  precious 
band  of  “anti-Irish  Irishmen”  were  headed  by  Lord 
Kenmare.  How  successful  was  this  craven  element  in 
their  attempts  to  seduce  Irishmen  to  fight  against  their 
own  countrymen  who  had  taken  their  stand  by  the  side 
of  their  fellow  Colonists,  is  seen  from  the  results  of  the 
efforts  of  Lord  Cahir,  who  “offered  Administration  to 
raise  three  thousand  Irish  Roman  Catholics  to  support 
their  plan  against  the  Americans.”  As  in  the  case  of 
Lord  Kenmare,  referred  to  in  the  letter  above  quoted, 
the  hopes  of  “the  noble  lord”  from  the  beginning  were 
doomed  to  failure,  and  there  is  no  record  whatever  of 
the  existence  of  such  troops. 

To  explain  this  more  clearly.  It  had  been  the  com- 
mon custom,  when  soldiers  were  wanted  in  Ireland  for 
the  English  service,  to  commission  the  great  landed 
proprietors  to  raise  them  among  their  tenants  and  labor- 
ers. They  sent  their  agents  among  the  farmers  and 
through  the  villages  offering  bounties  for  recruits,  and 
in  the  case  of  the  laboring  and  artisan  classes,  w’here 
they  were  in  any  way  dependent  upon  the  landlords  for 
employment  and  they  refused  to  enlist,  the  landlords 

New  York  Journal  or  General  Advertiser,  October  12,  1775- 

The  Earl  of  Kenmare  and  the  Earl  of  Cahir  both  offered  “a 
bounty  of  a half  guinea  to  all  volunteers  enlisting  with  Major 
Roche,”  but  when  this  Major  Roche  tried  to  raise  recruits  in  Cork 
he  was  “driven  from  the  City  by  an  angry  mob.”  He  received  no 
better  treatment  in  Limerick. 


52 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


discharged  them  from  their  employ.  Arthur  Young, 
an  English  scientist  and  agriculturist,  who  made  a tour 
through  Ireland  in  the  years  1776  to  1779,  paints  a 
frightful  picture  of  the  misery  of  the  small  Irish  tenant- 
farmers  and  of  the  slavishness  of  the  poorer  classes  de- 
pendent for  support  on  the  word  of  the  bailiff  or  the 
land  agent.  “A  landlord  of  an  Irish  estate  inhabited  by 
Roman  Catholics,”  says  Young,  “is  a sort  of  despot  who 
yields  obedience,  in  whatever  concerns  the  poor,  to  no 
law  but  that  of  his  own  will.  He  can  scarcely  invent 
an  order  which  a servant-labourer  or  cottar  dares  to 
refuse  to  execute.  A long  series  of  oppressions,  aided 
by  many  very  ill-judged  laws,  have  brought  the  land- 
lords into  a habit  of  exerting  a very  lofty  superiority, 
and  their  vassals  into  that  of  an  almost  unlimited  sub- 
mission.” On  this  occasion  the  landlords  caused  the 
most  strenuous  and  unscrupulous  efforts  to  be  made  to 
secure  recruits,  and  even  formed  “press-gangs”  of  their 
own,  who  foreibly  dragged  out  of  their  beds  at  night  the 
young  Irishmen  who  had  not  fled  to  the  hills,  and 
brought  them,  “bound  hand  and  foot,”  to  the  military 
depots,  where  they  were  kept  in  close  eonflnement  until 
the  agents  were  ready  to  ship  them  off  like  cattle  to  the 
seaport  towns. 

In  September,  1775,  a committee  of  landlords  had  the 

A Tour  in  Ireland,  with  General  Observations  upon  the  Present 
State  of  that  Kingdom,  made  in  the  years  1776,  1777,  1778,  and 
1779,  Part  II,  p.  29;  London,  1780. 

Lecky  says:  “Recruits  in  Ireland  came  in  very  slowly,  for 
there  was  no  enthusiasm  in  Ireland  for  the  war,”  and  “the  press- 
gangs  met  with  an  unusual  resistance.”  (The  American  Revolution, 
p.  242.) 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


53 


audacity  to  say,  in  an  address  to  the  King:  “We  humbly 
presume  to  lay  at  your  feet  two  millions  of  loyal,  faith- 
ful, and  affectionate  hearts  and  hands,  zealous,  ready, 
and  desirous  to  exert  themselves  strenuously  in  defence 
of  your  Majesty’s  most  sacred  Person  and  Govern- 
ment.” They  described  “the  Loyalty  of  the  Irish  Catho- 
lies”  as  “unanimous,  constant,  and  unalterable,”  which 
sentiments  “they  well  knew  to  be  those  of  all  their  fellow 
Roman  Catholic  Irish  subjects.”  And  notwithstanding 
the  record  of  the  Irish,  known  to  all  the  world,  and  their 
age-long  fight  against  English  oppression,  Bancroft 
and  other  historians  have  allowed  themselves  to  be  en- 
trapped by  such  extravagant  and  false  assertions  I 


CHAPTER  IV 


EFFORTS  TO  CONCILIATE  THE  IRISH  CATHOLICS 

Horace  Walpole’s  Last  Journals.  Silas  Deane’s  interesting  sug- 
gestion. Extracts  from  speeches  in  the  English  Parliament. 
Funds  collected  in  Ireland  for  the  American  patriots.  The 
people  of  Cork  sent  provisions  and  clothing  for  Washington’s 
army.  The  “Society  of  Free  Citizens’’  of  Dublin  applaud  the 
Americans.  Testimony  of  Plowden  and  Barrington.  “All 
Ireland  America-mad.’’  Powder  shipped  from  Ireland  to 
America, 

^ I ^HAT  the  sympathies  of  the  Irish,  Catholic  as  well 
as  Protestant,  were  almost  wholly  inclined  toward 
the  Americans,  especially  after  they  had  proclaimed 
the  principle  of  “no  taxation  without  representation,” 
which  so  aptly  described  the  situation  in  Ireland,  is  ad- 
mitted by  an  English  historian.  As  stated  by  Amherst, 
“Lord  North  was  anxious  to  conciliate  the  Irish  Catho- 
lics in  order  to  unite  the  subjects  of  the  King  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  and  because  he  saw  that  the  maxims 
of  government,  especially  the  one  which  was  so  loudly 
proclaimed  in  America,  ‘no  representation,  no  taxa- 
tion,’ applied  rather  awkwardly  to  the  state  of  things  on 
the  other  side  of  Saint  George’s  Channel.  ...  It  be- 
came, therefore,  a matter  of  policy  to  conciliate  Ireland 
in  order  to  promote  union  at  home,  draw  off  the  sympa- 
thy of  the  Irish  for  the  Americans,  and  make  the  Irish 
more  inclined  to  enlist  in  the  regiments  which  it  would 

M 


A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY  55 


be  necessary  to  send  across  the  Atlantic.”  ^ Plowden 
verifies  this  when  he  says:  “The  British  Minister  sent 
positive  orders  that  some  Act  of  Legislature  should  be 
passed  in  that  session  of  conciliatory  tendency  to  the 
Catholics,  and  accordingly  the  Catholic  Relief  Act  was 
brought  in  and  passed  both  Houses  without  opposition.” 
How  the  Irish  Catholics  viewed  the  “favours  of  Govern- 
ment,” in  its  efforts  to  induce  them  to  enlist  to  fight  the 
Americans,  is  seen  from  the  evidence  already  quoted. 

“It  is  certain  that  the  Irish  Roman  Catholics  cannot 
be  tempted  into  the  service,”  says  a statement  in  Ameri- 
can Archives,  ^ and  Horace  Walpole  wrote  in  his  JLast 
Journals  ® that  “the  Government  declined  an  offer  made 
to  them  for  raising  Highland  regiments,  but  attempted 
to  raise  a regiment  of  Irish  Catholics,  but  these  would 
not  enlist,  nor  could  they  in  the  whole  summer  get  above 
four  hundred  recruits  in  England.” 

As  to  the  racial  composition  of  the  regiments  sent 
from  Ireland  to  America,  I question  very  much  that 
they  were  comprised  wholly  of  Irishmen,  or  that  they 
were  recruited  only  in  Ireland.  American  newspapers 
contain  several  despatches  from  London  indicating  that 
among  the  twenty  regiments  in  Ireland  at  the  beginning 
of  the  war,  there  were  English  and  Scotch  as  well  as 
Irish  troops,  and  in  the  Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  June 
19,  1776,  there  is  a despatch  from  London,  under  the 

^ Amherst,  History  of  Catholic  Emancipation,  p.  52.  This  sub- 
ject is  also  dealt  with  in  Wilfred  Ward’s  Life  of  Cardinal  Wiseman 
and  in  Fagan’s  Life  and  Times  of  Daniel  O’Connell. 

* 4th  Ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  368. 

® Vol.  I,  p.  472. 


56 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


head  of  “House  of  Commons,  March  26th,”  reading: 
“On  the  17th  inst.  six  sail  of  ships  from  Glasgow,  with 
new  raised  recruits,  and  several  transports  from  London, 
arrived  at  Cork,  where  they  are  to  take  in  their  lading 
of  provisions  and  proceed  to  America  under  convoy.” 
This  is  quoted  as  a sample  of  several  similar  accounts 
about  the  same  time,  but  the  fact  that  they  “came  from 
Ireland”  did  not  by  any  means  make  these  soldiers 
“Irishmen,”  as  some  historians  seem  to  think. 

In  the  same  paper  of  May  31, 1775, 1 find  an  “address 
sent  to  Ireland  for  publication  among  the  soldiers”  in 
March  of  that  year,  which  appealed  to  “the  glory  of 
British  soldiers,”  saying  “you  are  about  to  embark  for 
America  to  compel  your  fellow-subjects  to  submit  to 
Popery  and  slavery.”  This  address  ridiculed  a former 
“attempt  of  King  James  to  introduce  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic religion  into  Great  Britain”;  told  how  English 
soldiers  then  “rebelled  against  the  King,”  adding  that 
“you  gentlemen  will  soon  have  an  opportunity  of  show- 
ing equal  virtue  by  fighting  against  the  establishment  of 
Popery  in  America.”  Can  any  sane  person  imagine  the 
foolhardiness  of  distributing  such  a document  among 
Irish  Catholic  soldiers?  And,  why,  if  Irish  Catholics 
were  so  eager,  as  historians  assert,  to  enlist  for  the 
American  war,  did  Silas  Deane  suggest  “that  some 
Priests  be  sent  among  the  Irish  ‘Whiteboys’  to  em- 
barrass the  English,”  ^ for  it  must  be  assumed  that 

^ Deane  Papers  in  New  York  Historical  Society  Collections,  Vol. 
I,  p.  396.  See  also  Wharton’s  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the 
American  Revolution,  Vol.  II,  p.  213. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY  5^ 

Deane  considered  them  friendly  to  the  American  cause 
when  he  made  such  a suggestion? 

That  great  national  monument,  the  American 
Archives,  compiled  by  Peter  Force,  the  first  of  all 
students  of  our  Revolutionary  annals,  furnishes  much 
corroborative  testimony.  In  a report  of  the  debates  in 
the  English  House  of  Commons  on  October  26,  1775, 
upon  the  “Speech  from  the  Throne”  relating  to  the 
American  situation,  a speech  delivered  by  Governor 
George  Johnstone  is  printed  in  full.  In  dilating  upon 
“the  universal  report  and  opinion  of  all  men  with  whom 
I have  conversed  from  America,”  Johnstone  said:  “If 
any  one  disputes  the  truth  of  my  assertions,  I now 
defy  him  to  bring  any  evidence  to  contradict  me,  and  I 
now  undertake  to  bring  men  of  the  best  characters  in 
support  of  what  I aver.  But,  respecting  general  opin- 
ion, I shall  go  further.  I maintain  . . . that  three  to 
one  in  Ireland  are  on  the  side  of  the  Americans,  that 
soldiers  and  sailors  feel  such  an  unwillingness  to  the 
service  that  you  will  never  find  the  same  exertions 
in  spirit  in  this  as  in  other  wars.”  ® In  the  debates  in 
Parliament  on  November  8,  1775,  on  objection  being 
raised  to  Ireland  contributing  to  the  war,  an  Irish  mem- 
ber exclaimed : “Let  the  American  war  cost  what  it  will, 
Ireland  should  never  be  called  upon  to  contribute  a 
shilling  toward  defraying  the  expense.”  ® The  Duke 
of  Richmond  said  on  that  occasion:  “Attempts  have  been 
made  to  enlist  the  Irish  Roman  Catholicks,  but  the  Min- 

^ American  Archives,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  31.  See  also  Parlia- 
mentary Register,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  25. 

^American  Archives,  4tli  Ser.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  131. 


58 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


istry  know  well  that  these  attempts  have  proved  unsuc- 
cessful,” ’ all  of  which  verified  a “letter  from  Dublin,” 
dated  August  12,  1775,  and  published  in  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Gazette  of  October  18th,  which  stated  that  “the 
regiments  ordered  abroad,  which  are  to  be  augumented 
to  seven  hundred  rank  and  file,  with  difficulty  list  a 
man,  which  is  strange  considering  the  prospect  of  pre- 
ferment that  the  American  war  presents  to  them.”  And 
the  same  letter  refers  to  “a  sloop  from  Dublin  bound  to 
Cork,  with  twenty-two  recruits  for  the  American  service, 
put  into  Wicklow  by  stress  of  weather,  where  one-half 
of  them  deserted.”  The  Providence  (Rhode  Island) 
Gazette,  in  its  issue  of  February  24,  1776,  annoimced 
“the  arrival  from  Ireland,  but  last  from  Barbadoes,  of 
the  sloop  New  York  Packet,  Captain  John  Freer s,  who 
informs  that  the  people  in  Ireland  and  Barbadoes  are 
very  warm  in  the  cause  of  America.”  The  same  senfi- 
ment  prevailed  all  over  Ireland,  and  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Packet  of  April  29,  1776,  the  news  from  Providence 
said:  “Captain  Cook  from  Belfast  informs  that  recruit- 
ing parties  had  been  beating  up  there  from  September 
till  January,  to  reinforce  the  Ministerial  army  in 
America,  but  that  they  had  only  enlisted  ten  men.” 

The  attitude  of  the  Irish  people  on  this  question  was 
manifested  in  many  ways.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  war, 
“the  inhabitants  of  Belfast  were  the  very  first  European 
community  that  gave  open  expression  to  their  good 
wishes  for  the  American  cause.  Public  meetings  were 
held  throughout  the  country  to  encourage  the  “^rans- 


’’  American  Archives,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  131. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


59 


atlantic  resistance,  and  as  the  contest  went  on,  Ireland, 
catching  inspiration  from  the  example  of  the  New 
World,  took  that  noble  attitude  of  resistance  which 
gained  for  her,  in  1782,  under  the  guidance  of  Grattan 
and  his  patriot  associates,  the  legislative  and  commercial 
independence  which  was  destined  to  so  short  a life.”  ® 
Mooney  declares  that  “meetings  were  held  in  many 
parts  of  Ireland  to  cheer  on  the  Americans,”  and  at 
meetings  in  Belfast  approving  of  the  resistance  of  the 
Colonists,  “funds  were  collected  and  sent  to  the  Ameri- 
can patriots.”  ® “The  people  of  Cork  sent  a vessel  with 
provisions  and  clothing  for  Washington’s  army,  which 
vessel  got  safely  into  Boston.”  And  in  the  Irish  capi- 
tal, to  the  intense  alarm  of  the  government,  the  Com- 
mon Council  in  August,  1775,  voted  the  thanks  of  the 
city  to  Lord  Effingham  “for  having  thrown  up  his  com- 
mission in  the  army  rather  than  draw  his  sword  against 
the  Americans.”  “ 

In  the  Pennsylvania  Packet  of  October  9,  1775,  there 
is  an  account,  dated  “Dublin,  July  19th,”  of  a public 
dinner  given  by  the  “Society  of  Free  Citizens,”  presided 
over  by  James  Napper  Tandy,  afterward  one  of  the 
devoted  leaders  of  the  people  in  the  Rebellion  of  1798, 
and  among  the  toasts  drunk  on  that  occasion  we  find 
such  sentiments  as  these:  “Prosperity  to  Ireland,  and 
may  it  never  submit  to  be  taxed  by  the  British  Parlia- 

® “The  Irish  in  America,”  by  James  Boyd,  in  North  American 
Review,  January,  1841. 

^History  of  Ireland,  by  Thomas  Mooney,  p.  827;  Boston,  1845. 

Ihid.,  p.  831. 

Force’s  American  Archives, 


60 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


merit.”  “Our  fellow-subjects  in  America,  now  suffering 
persecution  for  attempting  to  assert  their  rights  and 
liberties.”  “The  Continental  Congress — unanimity  to 
their  councils  and  success  to  their  resolves.”  “The  19th 
of  April,  1775,  and  the  memory  of  the  brave  Americans 
who  fell  in  defending  the  liberties  of  their  country.” 

The  Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  August  16,  1775,  con- 
tains an  “extract  of  a letter  from  Dublin,”  saying  that 
“the  Post  Assembly,  which  is  to  be  held  tomorrow  for 
the  purpose  of  considering  an  Address  to  the  King  on 
behalf  of  our  oppressed  American  brethren,  is  likely 
to  be  the  fullest  meeting  ever  known.”  The  Pennsyl- 
vania Evening  Post  of  November  9,  1775,  published 
an  account  of  a meeting  of  the  “Post  Assembly”  at 
Dublin  on  August  28th,  comprised  of  the  “Lord  Mayor, 
Sheriffs,  Commons  and  Citizens,”  sympathizing  with 
“the  injured  inhabitants  of  that  continent  [America],” 
for  whom  they  felt  “the  most  poignant  grief,”  and 
deprecating  the  action  of  the  government  in  sending 
“our  brave  countrymen  on  the  unnatural  errand  of 
killing  their  fellow-subjects.”  And  an  article  in  the 
Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  October  30,  1776,  contained 
a despatch  from  Dublin,  dated  July  29th,  saying:  “We 
hear  that  instructions  from  the  Lords  Commissioners  of 
the  Admiralty  of  Great  Britain  arrived  here  by  the  last 
packet  for  the  condemnation  of  all  American  ships  and 
merchandise,  that  may  be  taken  by  any  ship  of  war  or 
privateer,  and  brought  into  any  port  of  this  Kingdom, 
and  confiscating  the  same  as  lawful  prizes.  It  is  not 
doubted  but  that  many  spirited  merchants  vill  fit  out 
cruizers,  to  enrich  themselves  at  the  expense  of  our 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


61 


rebellious  subjects,  notwithstanding  the  prevailing  fac- 
tious disposition  of  too  many  in  Ireland  who  seem  to  wish 
success  to  the  arms  of  their  transatlantic  friends.  We 
also  hear,  in  expectation  of  this  event,  the  free  citizens 
and  other  patriotic  societies  in  Dublin  are  raising  sub- 
scriptions for  the  use  of  such  American  crews  as  shall 
be  confined  in  the  gaols  of  this  Kingdom,  as  they  happen 
to  be  brought  in.” 

It  is  incidents  like  these,  recorded  by  men  who  were 
actual  observers  of  or  participants  in  the  affairs  of 
the  time,  that  reflect  the  true  conditions,  not  the  ex- 
parte  statements  of  historians  who  wrote  without  full 
knowledge  of  the  facts  or  whose  work  was  tinctured  by 
religious  or  racial  prejudices.  Walpole  recorded  in  his 
Last  Journals  that  after  “the  Guild  of  Merchants  at 
Dublin  thanked  Wilkes,  Lord  Effingham,  and  the  Eng- 
lish Peers  who  opposed  the  American  War,  ...  a re- 
monstrance was  sent  to  the  King  against  the  war  by  the 
Common  Council  of  Dublin.”  And  “the  great  Horace” 
also  recorded,  under  date  of  June,  1776,  that  “the  Irish 
Parliament  having  expired,  there  were  great  contests 
at  the  new  elections,  and  the  American  war  was  so 
unpopular  in  that  country,  that  the  Court  met  with 
sturdy  opposition.”^®  And  Plowden,  the  English  his- 
torian, relates  how  “the  Irish  sympathized  with  the 
American  ideas  of  freedom,”  and  that  “the  government 
was  seriously  alarmed  at  the  light  in  which  the  American 
struggle  was  viewed  in  Ireland.” 

Sir  Jonah  Barrington,  one  of  the  leading  members 


Under  date  of  August  and  September,  1775. 
Walpole’s  Last  Journals,  Vol.  II,  p.  562. 


62 


lA  HIDDEN  PHASE 


of  the  Irish  Parliament  during  the  period  of  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution,  in  referring  to  the  depressed  condition 
of  Ireland  resulting  from  the  operation  of  the  penal 
statutes,  shows  in  the  following  words  how  Ireland  was 
affected  by  the  American  uprising:  “The  spirit  of 
independence  had  crossed  the  Atlantic,  and  the  Irish 
people,  awakened  from  a trance,  beheld  with  anxiety 
the  contest  in  which  they  now  began  to  feel  an  interest. 
They  regarded  with  admiration  the  exertions  of  a colony 
combating  for  the  first  principles  of  civil  liberty  and  giv- 
ing to  the  world  an  instructive  lesson  of  fortitude  and 
perseverance.  . . . Ireland  became  every  day  a more 
anxious  spectator  of  the  arduous  conflict ; every  incident 
in  America  began  to  communicate  a sympathetic  im- 
pulse to  the  Irish  people.” 

The  numerous  sources  from  which  I have  gathered 
information  on  this  point  indicate,  without  the  shadow 
of  a doubt,  that  from  the  moment  the  news  of  the  revolt 
in  America  reached  Ireland,  that  country  was  seething 
with  enthusiasm,  and  when  the  “Address  to  the  People 
of  Ireland”  was  received  from  the  American  Congress 
we  are  told  “the  attention  of  the  country  was  still  more 
strongly  aroused.”  “All  Ireland  is  America-mad,” 
wrote  Horace  Walpole  to  the  Countess  of  Upper  Os- 
sory  on  June  25,  1776.^®  And  notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  Ireland  was  suffering  greatly  in  her  trade  by  the 
stoppage  of  imports  from  the  Colonies,  her  sympathy 
for  America  was  maintained  throughout  the  struggle. 

Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Irish  Nation,  p.  31;  New  York,  n.d. 

Letters  of  Horace  Walpole,  Fourth  Earl  of  Orford,  Toynbee 
ed.,  Vol.  IX,  p.  380;  Oxford,  1859- 


aAMES  DUANE 

MEMBER  OF  THE  CONTINENTAL  C0NGRESS,S0N  OF  ANTHONY  DUANE 
OF  COUNTY  GALWAY,  IRELAND, 


OF  AI^IERICAN  HISTORY 


63 


John  Mitchel  says:  “Nine-tenths  of  the  people  of  Ire- 
land regarded  the  American  cause  to  be  Ireland’s  own 
cause,”  for  “the  very  strong  analogy  which  existed  be- 
tween the  American  Colonies  and  the  Irish  was  quite 
sufficient  to  occasion  in  the  latter  country  not  only  an 
intense  interest,  but  a deep  sympathy  also  in  the  Ameri- 
can struggle.”^® 

It  is  very  evident  that  sympathy  for  the  Americans 
prevailed  among  all  classes  in  Ireland  except  the  land- 
lords and  their  agents  and  those  in  government  employ. 
And  it  was  no  mere  lip  service  that  they  rendered  to 
the  American  Revolutionists,  for  they  gave  earnest  of 
their  sincerity  by  committing  themselves  to  such  acts 
of  unneutrality  as  the  harboring  and  protection  of 
American  privateers,  the  succoring  of  American  prison- 
ers of  war,  and  the  sale  and  shipment  of  supplies  of 
powder  and  other  warlike  stores  while  the  Revolution 
was  at  its  height  and  when  such  acts  were  considered 
high  treason  to  England. 

In  the  Minutes  of  the  Committee  of  Safety  of  the 
Province  of  New  YorkN  under  date  of  January  4,  1776, 
I find  this  entry:  “Mr.  Thomas  McFarran  attending 
was  called  in.  The  Committee  conversed  with  him  on 
the  subject  of  shipping  flaxseed  to  Ireland  to  obtain 
gunpowder.  Thereupon,  a draft  of  a letter  to  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  was  read  and  approved  of.”  This 
letter  stated  that  the  committee  had  “engaged  two  ves- 
sels to  despatch  with  produce  to  Europe  for  the  purpose 

History  of  Ireland,  pp.  112,  119;  Glasgow,  1866. 

Vol.  I,  p.  236.  Published  by  the  State  of  New  York; 
Albany,  1842. 


64 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


of  procuring  arms  and  ammunition.  . . . As  our  safety 
depends  upon  the  country  being  well  supplied  with 
powder,  we  submit  it  to  you  whether  the  sense  of  Con- 
gi’ess  should  not  be  taken  without  delay,  on  our  export- 
ing two  cargoes  of  flaxseed  to  purchase  powder.  The 
measure  recommends  itself  by  several  considerations; 
there  is  the  highest  probability  of  procuring  powder  in 
Ireland  at  a moderate  price.”  It  would  appear  also 
from  communications  which  passed  between  IMarquis  de 
Noailles,  the  French  iVmbassador  to  England,  and 
Count  de  Vergennes,  French  Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  that  shipments  openly  went  from  Irish  to 
French  ports  and  that  they  were  reshipped  to  the  “Island 
of  Martinico”  (Martinique),  whence  they  reached 
America,  and  undoubtedly  were  intended  for  the  use 
of  the  Continental  army. 

So  bitter  were  the  patriots  in  Ireland  against  the 
British  government  that  they  sought  by  every  means 
in  their  power  to  injure  British  trade  by  the  application 
of  the  “boycott.”  In  April,  1779,  a great  meeting  was 
held  in  Dublin  at  which  the  people  pledged  themselves 
“not  to  purchase  any  goods  manufactured  in  England,” 
and  Lord  Buckingham,  the  Viceroy,  when  reporting  this 
meeting  to  the  English  Ministry  on  April  29,  1779,  said: 
“It  concerns  me  greatly  to  mention  that  the  discontent 
of  this  kingdom  seems  increasing,  fomented,  I appre- 
hend, by  French  and  American  emissaries.”  “The  Irish 
have  entered  into  combinations  against  purchasing 
English  goods,”  ’^vi’ote  Horace  Walpole  to  Horace 

Lettei's  in  Stevens’  Facsimile  Documents  in  European  Archives 
Relating  to  America,  1773-1783. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


65 


Mann  on  May  9,  1779;^®  and  on  June  16,  1779,  in  a 
letter  to  Henry  Seymour  Conway,  he  expressed  “the 
fear  that  the  Irish  will  be  tempted  to  unite  with  America, 
which  will  throw  all  that  trade  into  their  convenient 
harbours.” 

Letters  of  Horace  Walpole,  Fourth  Earl  of  Orford,  Toynbee 
ed.,  Vol.  X,  p.  408;  London,  1859. 

*0  Ihid. 


CHAPTER  V 


HISTORY  BY  SUPPRESSION 

Army  supplies  destroyed  in  Ireland.  American  privateers  succored 
in  Irish  harbors.  Protest  in  the  English  Parliament  against 
shipments  of  firearms  and  ammunition  from  Dublin  to  America. 
Ethan  Allen’s  Narrative.  His  treatment  by  the  citizens  of 
Cork  and  Dublin  an  index  to  Irish  feeling. 

several  oceasions  when  the  commissary  officers 
of  the  regiments  about  to  embark  from  Cork  pur- 
chased supplies,  the  consignments  were  seized  and  de- 
stroyed by  the  angry  populace.^  A concrete  instance 
of  this  was  an  incident  reported  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Packet  of  November  12,  1776,  to  this  effect:  “A  private 
letter  from  Cork  by  the  Endeavour  arrived  on  Wednes- 
day in  the  river,  the  IMaster  of  which  reported  that  a 
large  body  of  people  on  horseback  attacked  several 
carriages  which  were  coming  to  that  place  with  pro- 
visions for  the  government  ships,  that  they  took  all  the 
horses  out,  and  afterwards  the  proAusions,  sent  the 
drivers  back  with  the  horses  to  tell  their  OAvners  that  if 
they  ever  met  Avith  them  again  carrying  proAusions  off, 
they  Avould  murder  them  and  their  horses.  They  then 
set  fire  to  the  carriages  and  burnt  them  to  ashes.” 

What  a contrast  Avas  this  Avith  the  manner  in  which 

^ Arthur  Young,  in  his  Tour  in  Ireland,  says  that  “when  one 
Abraham  Lane  established  a large  manufactory  for  army  clothing 
and  shoes  at  Cork  in  1777,  it  was  burned  do^vn  by  a mob.” 

66 


A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY  67 


the  officers  of  American  privateers  which  put  into  Irish 
harbors  were  received  by  the  people,  for  so  strong  was 
the  sentiment  in  favor  of  the  Americans  that  in  several 
Irish  seaport  towns  the  people  afforded  shelter  and 
furnished  supplies  to  American  privateers.  In  the 
Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  March  5,  1777,  I find  a 
despatch  from  Dublin  under  date  of  October  19,  1776, 
to  the  effect  that  “an  American  privateer  had  anchored 
in  the  harbour  of  Newry,  and  demanded  provisions,  for 
which  payment  was  offered”;  and  in  the  same  issue  of 
the  paper  there  appeared  an  account  from  New  London, 
Connecticut,  dated  February  13,  1777,  that  “Captain 
Salter  who  came  out  of  Ireland  informs  that  the  Ameri- 
can privateer  which  put  into  Newry  (as  mentioned 
under  the  Dublin  head)  shipped  a number  of  hands 
there,  and  that  the  Irish  are  universally  in  favour  of  the 
Americans,  except  a few  placemen.”  A letter  from 
Galway,  Ireland,  published  in  the  Gazette  of  June  18, 
1777,  said:  “Two  American  privateers  put  in  here  to 
procure  some  fresh  water  and  provisions.  On  being 
supplied  with  such  provisions  as  they  wanted,  for  which 
they  paid  in  dollars,  they  weighed  anchor  and  sailed, 
after  being  in  the  bay  only  twenty-four  hours.”  And 
in  the  London  news  in  the  Gazette  of  May  14,  1777, 
there  appeared  a “Letter  from  Limerick,  January  31st, 
1777,”  to  the  effect  that  “a  large  American  privateer 
put  into  the  River  Shannon  and  sent  a boat  on  shore 
to  procure  some  fresh  provisions  and  fresh  water,  which 
they  were  readily  supplied  with,  but  sent  the  command- 
ing officer  word  that  his  stay  there  might  be  disagreeable, 
as  some  men  of  war  from  England  were  hourly  expected 


68 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


there,  upon  which  the  Captain  of  the  privateer  weighed 
anchor  and  sailed  away.”  From  England’s  point  of 
view,  this  action  was  nothing  short  of  high  treason,  yet 
the  authorities  of  the  city  of  Limerick  were  willing  to 
run  the  risk  of  imprisonment  and  perhaps  execution  in 
order  to  aid  the  American  sailors.  To  appreciate  fully 
the  risks  incurred  in  thus  giving  “aid  and  comfort  to 
the  enemy”  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  the  English 
charged  the  American  privateers  with  “piracy,”  and  that 
the  government  warned  the  authorities  of  all  Irish  sea- 
port towns  that  they  should  be  treated  accordingly  and 
that  they  “should  commit  to  prison  any  persons 
suspected  of  favouring  America.”  ^ 

It  is  reasonable  also  to  assume  that  on  these  occasions 
Irish  sailors  willingly  joined  the  crews  of  American 
privateers,  which  were  not  always  fully  manned,  and 
we  have  circumstantial  evidence  of  this  in  a report  dated 
March  27-28, 1777,  relative  to  “American  affairs,”  from 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Smith  ^ to  his  superiors  at  London, 
in  which  he  said  that  the  success  of  the  American  naval 
commander.  Captain  Lambert  Wickes,  in  the  Irish 
Channel,  “induced  the  Irish  and  French  to  enter  readily 
into  any  armed  vessel  against  our  Trade,  so  that  num- 
bers of  them  will  never  be  wanting  to  equip  anything 
Franklin  may  wish  to  put  to  sea.”^ 

During  the  war  merchants  in  Dublin  carried  on  an 
illicit  trade  with  American  ports,  and  in  their  trading 
with  the  West  Indies  they  adopted  every  pretext  to 

^ Wharton’s  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  394. 

® Smith  was  employed  as  a spy. 

^ Document  No.  670  in  Stevens’  Facsimiles. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


69 


carry  stores  to  America.  In  a speech  in  the  House  of 
Commons  on  February  17,  1777,  on  a bill  for  suspend- 
ing the  Habeas  Corpus  Act,  Colonel  Luttrell  declared 
that  “a  ship  loaded  with  fire-arms,  warlike  stores,  and 
ammunition  of  all  kinds,  intended  for  America,  was 
seized  in  the  port  of  Dublin.  The  merchants  who  were 
the  owners  of  the  stores,  and  the  actors  in  this  treason- 
able transaction,  were  apprehended.  Yet  the  traitors 
were  bailed  and  permitted  to  escape  with  impunity.  He 
wished  sincerely,  if  they  had  not  escaped  beyond  the 
reach  of  justice,  that  this  bill  might  take  cognizance 
of  their  crimes,  and  that  they  might  meet  that  ex- 
emplary and  condign  punishment  which  they  manifestly 
merited.”®  But  in  March,  1780,  Ireland’s  demand  for 
free  and  unrestricted  commerce  with  America  and  the 
West  Indies  was  granted  by  the  British  Parliament,  and 
the  acts  which  prohibited  carrying  gold  and  silver  coin 
into  Ireland  were  repealed  in  the  same  year.  Irish 
merchants  immediately  took  advantage  of  the  situation, 
and  thereafter  the  American  agents  procured  consider- 
able quantities  of  powder  in  Ireland;  indeed,  so  brisk 
did  this  trade  become,  and  so  openly  was  it  carried  on, 
that  English  war-ships  were  sent  to  patrol  the  coasts 
of  Ireland,  and  in  the  newspapers  of  the  time  several 
instances  are  narrated  of  the  capture  of  valuable  cargoes 
from  Irish  ports  destined  for  “the  American  rebels.” 

The  attitude  of  the  Irish  people  toward  the  Ameri- 
cans is  well  illustrated  by  an  incident  related  in  a letter 
from  Cork,  published  in  the  Pennsylvania  Packet  of 
May  5,  1776.  This  letter  reads  in  part: 


^Parliamentary  Register,  Vol.  VI,  p.  253. 


70 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


“The  following  occurrence  must  give  satisfaction  to  the  friends 
of  suffering  America.  When  Colonel  Ethan  Allen,  with  about 
fifty  other  prisoners,  arrived  in  the  Solebay,  two  gentlemen  went 
on  board  to  enquire  into  their  situation  and  to  assure  them  of  the 
disposition  of  several  gentlemen  in  this  City  to  alleviate  their  dis- 
tress. Colonel  Allen  was  so  affected  with  this  instance  of  un- 
expected generosity,  that  the  expression  of  his  gratitude  could  hardly 
find  utterance.  His  treatment  on  board  the  Solebay  is  far  different 
from  the  barbarous  and  cruel  usage  he  experienced  in  his  passage 
from  Quebec,  being  then  handcuffed  and  ironed  in  the  most  dreary 
part  of  the  vessel,  and  basely  insulted  with  cruel  and  immanly 
reflections  by  some  officers  of  the  ship,  whom  he  challenged  in 
Cornwall,  without  receiving  any  satisfaction.  A subscription  was 
begun  this  morning  among  some  friends  of  the  cause  and  near 
fifty  guineas  collected  to  buy  clothes  for  his  men  and  necessaries 
for  himself,  and  if  liberty  can  be  got  of  Capcain  Williams  to  put 
live  stock  on  board,  I can  assure  you  Colonel  Allen  will  be  exceed- 
ingly well  provided.  We  this  day  sent  a hamper  of  ■wine,  sugar, 
fruit,  chocolate,  etc.,  on  board  for  his  immediate  use,  and  to-morrow 
intend  to  prepare  the  sundry  articles  of  which  he  sent  a list.  I 
enclose  a rough  copy  of  his  answer  to  our  letter.  Should  he  have 
permission  to  come  on  shore,  he  will  be  entertained  by  some  of  the 
first  gentlemen  of  this  City.  I have  not  been  refused  by  a single 
person  on  the  subscription.” 

Colonel  Alien’s  response  is  as  follows: 

“Gentlemen ; 

“I  received  your  generous  present  this  day,  with  a joyful  heart. 
Thanks  to  God,  there  are  still  the  feelings  of  humanity  in  the 
worthy  citizens  of  Cork  towards  those  of  your  bone  and  your  flesh, 
who  through  misfortune  from  the  present  broils  in  the  empire,  are 
needy  prisoners. 

“Dated  Cove,  January  24,  1776.  E.  Allen.” 

The  sympathy  and  good  will  which  Ethan  Allen  ex- 
perienced in  Cork  and  in  other  places  from  Irishmen  is 
not  in  the  least  surprising,  for  it  is  one  of  the  holiest 
traditions  of  the  Irish  race  to  lend  a helping  hand  to  aU 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


71 


who  are  under  the  lash  of  tyranny.  The  city  of  Cork, 
in  1776,  only  repeated  the  action  of  the  people  of  the 
capital  city  of  Ireland  one  hundred  years  before,  when 
they  alone,  of  all  Europeans,  sent  a ship-load  of  pro- 
visions to  the  famishing  Colonists  of  New  England  in 
1676.  This  is  known  in  history  as  “The  Irish  Dona- 
tion.” Allen  himself  related  the  incident  referred  to 
in  the  letter  just  quoted  in  the  narrative  of  his  captivity, 
and  as  this  fact  receives  no  mention  from  American 
historians,  I quote  here  Allen’s  own  words : ® 

“It  was  soon  rumoured  in  Cork  that  I was  on  board  the  Solehay, 
with  a number  of  prisoners  from  America,  upon  which  Messrs. 
Clark  & Hayes,  merchants  in  company,  and  a number  of  other 
benevolently  disposed  gentlemen,  contributed  largely  to  the  relief 
and  support  of  the  prisoners,  who  were  in  very  needy  circumstances. 
Each  man  had  bestowed  on  him  a suit  of  clothes  from  head  to  foot, 
including  an  overcoat  and  two  shirts.” 

The  gifts  which  he  himself  received  were ; 

“Superfine  broadcloths,  sufficient  for  two  jackets  and  two  pair 
of  breeches,  overplus  of  a suit  throughout,  eight  fine  holland  shirts 
and  stocks  ready  made,  with  a number  of  pairs  of  silk  and  worsted 
hose,  two  pairs  of  shoes,  two  beaver  hats,  one  of  which  was  sent 
richly  laced  with  gold,  by  Mr.  James  Bonwell.  . . . The  Irish 
gentlemen,  furthermore,  made  a large  gratuity  of  wines  of  the  best 
sort,  old  spirits,  Geneva  loaf  and  brown  sugar,  coffee,  tea  and 
chocolate,  with  a large  round  of  pickled  beef,  and  a number  of  fat 
turkies,  with  many  other  articles  for  my  sea  stores,  too  tedious  to 
mention  here. 

“As  this  munificence  was  so  unexpected,  plentiful,  and,  I may 

® From  A Narrative  of  the  Captivity  of  Colonel  Ethan  Allen, 
from  the  time  of  his  being  taken  by  the  British,  near  Montreal,  on  the 
25th  day  of  September,  1775,  to  the  time  of  his  exchange,  on  the 
6th  day  of  May,  1778,  written  by  himself  and  published  at 
Burlington,  Vermont,  in  1779. 


72 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


add,  needful,  it  impressed  on  my  mind  the  highest  sense  of  gratitude 
towards  my  benefactors;  for  I was  not  only  supplied  with  neces- 
saries and  conveniences  of  life,  but  with  the  grandeurs  and  super- 
fluities of  it.  Mr.  Hayes,  one  of  the  donators  before  mentioned, 
came  on  board,  and  behaved  in  the  most  obliging  manner,  telling 
me  that  he  hoped  my  troubles  were  past:  for  that  the  gentlemen 
of  Cork  determined  to  make  my  sea  stores  equal  to  that  of  the 
Captain  of  the  Solehay’s.  He  made  an  offer  of  live  stock  and 
wherewith  to  support  them;  but  I knew  this  would  be  denied.  And 
to  crown  all,  did  send  me  by  another  person  fifty  guineas,  but  I 
could  not  reconcile  receiving  the  whole  to  my  own  feelings,  as  it 
might  have  the  appearance  of  avarice;  and,  therefore,  received  but 
seven  guineas  only,  and  am  confident,  not  only  from  the  exercise 
of  the  present  well-timed  generosity,  but  from  a large  acquaintance 
with  gentlemen  of  this  nation,  that  as  a people  they  excel  in  lib- 
erality and  bravery. 

“All  of  the  provisions  were  conveyed  on  board  during  the  absence 
of  the  captain  and  by  the  connivance  of  a friendly  lieutenant.  . . 

He  goes  on  to  relate : 

“Two  days  after  the  receipt  of  the  aforesaid  donations.  Captain 
Symonds  came  on  board,  full  of  envy  towards  the  prisoners,  and 
swore  by  all  that  is  good,  that  the  damned  American  rebels  should 
not  be  feasted  at  this  rate  by  the  damned  rebels  of  Ireland.  He, 
therefore,  took  away  all  my  liquors  before  mentioned,  and  all  the 
tea  and  sugar,  except  some  wine,  which  was  secreted,  and  confiscated 
them  to  the  use  of  the  ship’s  crew. 

“Soon  after  this  there  came  a boat  to  the  side  of  the  ship,  and 
Captain  Symonds  asked  a gentleman  who  was  in  it,  in  my  hearing, 
what  his  business  was.  He  answered  that  he  was  sent  to  deliver 
some  sea  stores  to  Colonel  Allen,  which,  if  I remember  right,  he 
said  were  sent  from  Dublin;  but  the  captain  damned  him  very 
heartily,  ordered  him  away  from  the  ship,  and  would  not  suffer 
him  to  deliver  the  stores.  I was  further  informed  that  the  gentle- 
men in  Cork  requested  of  Captain  Symonds  that  I might  be  allowed 
to  come  into  the  City,  and  that  they  would  be  responsible  I should 
return  to  the  frigate  at  a given  time,  which  was  denied  them. 

“We  sailed  from  the  Cove  of  Cork  on  the  12th  of  February,  the 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


73 


prisoners  having  been  distributed  among  the  different  war  ships. 
The  fleet  consisted  of  forty-five  sail,  carrying  several  thousand 
troops,  and  their  destination  was  the  American  coast.  When  we 
had  reached  Madeira  and  anchored,  sundry  gentlemen,  with  the 
captain,  went  on  shore,  who,  I conclude,  gave  the  rumor  that  I was 
in  the  frigate,  upon  which  I soon  after  found  Irish  generosity  was 
again  excited,  for  a gentleman  of  that  nation  sent  his  dark  on 
board,  to  know  of  me  if  I would  accept  a sea  store  from  him, 
particularly  of  wine.”  ^ 

And  so  the  evidence  accumulates,  for  much  more  of  the 
same  character  can  be  adduced,  and  from  sources  just 
as  trustworthy  as  those  here  quoted.  I submit  that  con- 
temporary accounts  such  as  those  here  presented  are 
far  more  worthy  of  credence  than  the  theories  of  histor- 
ians, unsupported  by  facts  or  by  any  reasonable  evidence 
as  to  their  historic  truth,  Bancroft’s  method  of  treating 
the  subject  cannot  but  be  regarded  as  exhibiting  the 
case  under  a deceptive  aspect;  and  as  he  selected  the 
people  of  Ireland  alone  as  the  object  of  his  abuse,  it 
is  evident  that  he  had  some  ulterior  purpose  in  so  doing. 
His  statements  are  impugned  by  the  unimpeachable  rec- 
ords of  the  time,  and  as  all  of  these  must  have  been 
accessible  to  the  historian,  it  seems  only  fair  to  assume 
that  he  deliberately  suppressed  “the  evidence  in  the 
case.”  From  this  “sin  of  omission”  we  see  no  way  of 
exculpating  him,  nor  can  we  regard  as  unprejudiced 
those  other  historians  who  have  denied  to  the  Irish  in 
America  the  glory  of  the  part  they  played  in  the  War 
of  the  Revolution. 

^ The  Diary  of  John  Adams  also  mentions  the  hospitable  treat- 
ment he  received  in  Spain  from  two  Irish  merchants  located  in  one 
of  its  maritime  cities. 


CHAPTER  VI 


IRELAND’S  SHARE  IN  AMERICA’S  FIGHT  FOR 
FREEDOM 

The  proportion  of  Irish  soldiers  in  the  Army  of  the  Revolution. 
Statements  of  Galloway,  Robertson,  Clinton,  and  other  English 
ofBcers.  Parliamentary  inquiry  into  the  conduct  of  the  war. 
Galloway’s  interesting  testimony.  “Deserters”  from  the 
American  army.  How  the  term  “deserter”  is  misunderstood. 

IF  a tabulation  could  be  made  showing  the  number 
of  soldiers  of  Irish  birth  or  descent  who  enlisted  in 
the  patriot  army,  and  a comparison  of  the  same  wxre 
made  with  the  other  racial  elements  represented  on  the 
muster-rolls,  it  w’ould  form  a much  more  striking  and 
convincing  exhibit  of  the  contribution  of  the  Irish  to  the 
achievement  of  American  independence  than  all  the 
literature  that  has  been  printed  on  the  subject.  But 
even  if  it  be  now  impracticable  to  obtain  exact  data  for 
the  compilation  of  such  figures,  there  is  sufficient  ma- 
terial available  to  enable  us  to  form  an  estimate,  with 
reasonable  accuracy,  of  the  importance  of  that  contribu- 
tion. There  are  many  sources  from  which  much  inter- 
esting and  reliable  information  on  this  question  can  be 
procured,  but  none  furnish  it  with  so  much  “silent 
eloquence”  as  the  letters  from  the  English  military  com- 
manders in  America  to  their  superiors  in  England,  the 
rosters  of  the  American  regmients,  and  other  official 
papers  of  the  Revolutionary  period  that  have  been 

74 


A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY  75 


published  by  the  different  States,  in  addition  to  which 
we  also  obtain  occasional  glimpses  of  the  activities  of 
the  Irish  from  local  town  and  county  histories  and  the 
publications  of  historical  societies. 

For  many  years  there  have  been  “going  the  rounds” 
vague  references  to  a statement  said  to  have  been  made 
“before  a loyalist  commission”  sometime  “after  the  Rev- 
olutionary War,”  to  the  effect  that  “one-half  of  Wash- 
ington’s army  were  Irish.”  There  seems  to  be  con- 
siderable misunderstanding  as  to  what  were  the  exact 
circumstances  under  which  this  assertion  was  made,  and 
not  all  who  make  use  of  it  are  in  agreement  as  to  the 
time  and  place.  Some  printed  versions  of  it  that  I have 
seen  were  more  or  less  incomplete  and  confusing,  and 
the  proof  that  such  a statement  actually  was  made,  in 
the  manner  in  which  it  is  usually  quoted,  has  been  very 
unsatisfactory ; for,  with  one  or  two  possible  exceptions, 
apparently  no  one  has  been  able  to  say  that  he  had 
consulted  an  original  source  of  information  or  could  re- 
fer to  an  official  copy  of  this  remarkable  utterance. 

Statements  as  to  the  racial  composition  of  the  Rev- 
olutionary army  were  made  by  several  English  officials 
and  army  officers.  The  one  just  referred  to  was  part 
of  the  testimony  given  by  Joseph  Galloway,  an  Ameri- 
can Tory,  before  a Parliamentary  inquiry  held  in  the 
English  House  of  Commons,  not  “after  the  Revolution- 
ary War,”  as  has  so  often  been  stated,  but  during  its 
fourth  year,  or,  to  be  more  precise,  in  the  months  of 
May,  June,  July,  and  August  of  the  year  1779.  While 
some  historians  have  made  use  of  portions  of  Galloway’s 
testimony  and  have  quoted  passages  from  it  in  support 


76 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


of  certain  historical  facts,  they  have  disregarded  entirely 
that  part  of  it  relating  to  the  racial  elements  constitut- 
ing the  American  army, — on  the  assumption,  I suppose, 
that  it  was  so  exaggerated  as  to  be  unworthy  of  con- 
sideration. Some  have  cast  so  much  doubt  upon  it 
that  the  general  belief  among  students  of  American 
history  is  that  no  such  statement  was  ever  made,  and 
even  a well  known  historian  with  Irish  S5’'mpathies  not 
only  attaches  no  importance  to  it,  but  has  counselled 
against  the  continued  use  of  a statement  which,  he  said, 
‘cannot  stand  the  light  of  investigation.” 

On  the  other  hand,  there  are  many  Americans  of 
Irish  descent  who,  while  believing  there  must  have  been 
some  justification  for  Galloway’s  estimate,  yet,  never 
having  seen  any  proof  in  support  of  it,  have  regarded 
it  as  a sort  of  tradition  and  one  which,  like  other  tradi- 
tional tales,  has  become  distorted  by  time.  Like  others, 
I have  been  somewhat  skeptical  of  the  importance  of 
the  Galloway  testimony,  especially  as  we  are  told  by  one 
historian  of  probity  and  standing  that  Galloway,  in 
making  his  estimate,  had  in  mind  only  the  Pennsylvania 
regiments  of  the  Continental  Line,  and  not  the  American 
army  as  a whole.  But  that  idea  is  dissipated  on  examin- 
ing Galloway’s  testimony  in  full  and  other  evidence 
that  supports  it. 

Some  have  said  that  the  testimony  was  printed  origi- 
nally in  a “Government  Blue  Book,”  but  if  that  be 
so,  no  one  seems  to  have  had  the  enterprise  to  search  for 
it  and  publish  the  facts;  so  we  have  had  to  rely  on  the 
garbled  versions  that  have  been  given  to  us  from  time 
to  time  by  historical  writers,  or  orators  on  publie 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


77 


occasions,  who,  we  know,  are  not  always  reliable.  On 
this  account,  I have  been  at  some  pains  to  find  the  true 
facts  of  the  case.  The  few  pages  here  presented  give 
for  the  first  time  an  explanation  of  the  circumstances 
under  which  Galloway  testified,  and  certain  phases  of 
the  story,  drawn  from  the  best  known  sources  of  in- 
formation, are  dealt  with  in  more  detail  than  heretofore. 
I shall  present  concisely  certain  facts  tending  to  show 
that  even  if  Galloway  may  not  have  been  fully  justified 
in  his  estimate  of  the  numerical  strength  of  the  Irish  in 
the  Revolutionary  army,  he  had  good  grounds  for  believ- 
ing he  was  right. 

If  there  is  any  “Government  Blue  Book”  in  existence 
containing  this  evidence,  it  is  not  in  the  Library  of 
Congress,  as  far  as  I am  able  to  ascertain,  and  a com- 
munication on  the  subject  addressed  to  the  British 
l^Iuseum  failed  to  bring  forth  any  response.  I am  of 
the  opinion,  however,  that  the  publication  is  not  an  offi- 
cial “Blue  Book,”  but  a pamphlet  printed  at  London, 
“for  J.  Wilkie,  no.  71  in  St.  Paul’s  Churchyard, 
MDCCLXXIX,”  the  full  title  of  which  is:  “The  Ex- 
amination of  Joseph  Galloway,  Esq.,  Late  Speaker  of 
the  House  of  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania,  Before  the 
House  of  Commons  in  a Committee  upon  the  American 
Papers.”  As  may  be  seen  from  other  official  publica- 
tions of  the  time,  still  extant,  Wilkie  was  known  as 
“the  Parliamentary  Printer,”  which  fact  supports  the 
theory  that  there  was  no  such  thing  as  a “Government 
Blue  Book,”  but  that  Wilkie’s  pamphlet  was  the  official 
channel  through  which  it  was  given  originally  to  the 
people  of  England. 


78 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


It  now  appears,  however,  that  this  was  really  the 
second  appearance  of  Galloway’s  testimony  as  a printed 
document;  for,  strange  though  it  may  seem,  I find  that 
its  first  publication  was  in  the  city  of  New  York.  Re- 
cently, when  examining  some  papers  of  the  Revolution- 
ary period  at  the  Library  of  Congress,  I had  the  good 
fortune  to  find  some  original  issues  of  the  Royal  Gazette 
published  in  New  York  in  the  year  1779,  containing  a 
copy  of  “The  Examination  of  Joseph  Galloway.”  The 
publisher  of  the  Gazette  seems  to  have  lost  no  time  in 
reproducing  the  testimony,  for  he  began  to  print  it  only 
five  weeks  after  the  Parliamentary  inquiry  had  ad- 
journed, or  about  the  length  of  time  that  it  took  the 
packet  ship  to  cross  the  Atlantic.  He  announced  that 
it  was  printed  from  transcripts  of  the  evidence  given 
out  by  the  committee,  and  that  this  was  so  is  shown  by 
the  fact  that  two  instalments  are  missing,  which,  the 
publisher  explained,  was  due  to  the  fact  that  “they  did 
not  arrive  in  the  London  mail.”  It  is  evident  that  Wil- 
kie’s publication  was  printed  from  a duplicate  of  the 
same  document,  for  on  comparing  the  copy  in  the  Royal 
Gazette  with  the  pamphlet  bearing  Wilkie’s  imprint,  I 
find  they  agree  word  for  word,  with  the  exception  of  the 
two  instalments  missing  from  the  Gazette. 

Briefly,  the  history  of  the  Parliamentary  inquiry  re- 
ferred to  is  as  follows:  In  the  year  1779  there  was 
wide-spread  dissatisfaction  in  England  over  the  conduct 
of  the  war.  Charges  of  laxity  and  incompetence  were 
brought  against  the  Commander-in-chief,  Sir  William 
Howe,  and  other  officers,  and  so  severely  were  they  criti- 
cized in  Parliament  that  the  Premier  of  England  decided 


^Ihi  EXAMINATION  JOSEPH  GAttO- 
WAY,  Efy\  late  Speaier  of  the  Houfe  of  Ajfemblj 
of  Eennjyl^'ama^  before  the  Hous*  o/'CoMMONS 
- in  a Committee  cn  the  AMERICAN  Pxf ERs, ' — ■ 
(Cmtinved from  lio.  31  x ) 

'1  T TM/vT  was  ihe  encouragement  held  out  to 
V V induce  del'erters  to  come  over  to  us  ? 

A.  A proclamation  was  iflued  by  Sir  WiHiam 
Howe,  olVeiing  them  a jialTage  home  to  Ireland  or 
England,  their  native  country,  and  they  were  ge- 
nerally paid  lor  tin  ir  arms  at.d  accoutrements. 

Q.  That  part  of  the  rebel  army  that  enliiled  in 
Ihe  fervicc  of  the  Congrefs,  were'  they  chiefly  cem- 
pol'cd  of  natives  of  Amciica,  or  were  the  gieatefl 
part  cf  them  rnglifii,  Scotch,  and  Irifli  ? 

A.  The  names  and  places  of  their  nativity  being 
taken  do'^^^n,  1 can  anlwcr  the  queftion  with  pie- 
cifion.' — There  we; e fcarcely  one-fourth  natives  of 
AmeriVa  j— abcut  one-half  Irifli, ---the  other  fomth 
were  Ehgli&  af.d  Scotch.  , • 

What -is  the  tharafler  that  the  Provincials 
ferviivg  in  the  BiitiQi  'ariiiv  bear  ? Are  they  gcod 
trorp^,  and  have  they  behaved  well  when  employed  ? 

A*  I;  have  underltood,  as  ft  on  as  they  are  dif- 
::Cip)iri;,ed  they^are  yeiy  good  troops,  and  have  always  " 
behaved, of  no  inltance  to^thecon-- 
trary. ; rl'hat  I ki  ow  to  be  the  cp.nion''^of';  many  of  -i 
the. military  gci.tlcmen.  . > 

you'  know-any  tuing  of  the'-army- of  :fhex 
RcbtJs  in  geneiaii  =how  that  is  compofed^  of  what  ' i 
connti  y people  ? ^ 

‘ A.  j judge  of  that  by  the  dererters  that  came  ofer.  . 

Q_^  AVliat  was  the  I'ura  given  as  bounty  money  to  ’ 
a recixit  tnlilling  in  our  piovinci.il  corps  ? - 
A..I  hayg^:U.;ndg_rjiQp4fiveJiat.d  dollars. 


REPRODUCED  BY  ANh'A  FRANCES  LEV/NS 

FACSIMILE  OF  PART  Of"tHE  EXAMINATION  OF 
JOSEPH  GALLOWAV’PUBLISHED  INTHE  ROY*u  GAZETTE 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


79 


to  appoint  a joint  committee  of  the  Lords  and  Commons 
to  inquire  into  the  charges.  They  summoned  home  to 
England  several  of  the  military  chiefs  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  information  from  them  at  first  hand.  Gal- 
loway, who  had  arrived  in  England  only  a short  time 
before,  was  one  of  the  principal  witnesses  at  this  hearing, 
and  his  testimony  reflected  so  severely  upon  the  manage- 
ment of  the  war  by  Howe  and  some  of  his  subordinate 
officers,  and  he  so  ably  exposed  that  faculty  of  “English 
bungling”  of  which  we  witness  so  many  striking  instances 
even  to  the  present  day,  that  the  government,  to  “save 
its  face,”  decided  to  drop  the  investigation,  and  the 
officers  who  had  been  relieved  from  their  American 
posts  were  permitted  to  return. 

The  committee  began  its  sittings  in  the  House  of 
Commons  on  the  5th  of  May,  1779,  and  the  principal 
witnesses  called  before  it,  besides  Galloway,  were  the 
Secretary  of  War  (Lord  George  Germain) , Lord  Corn- 
wallis, Sir  Guy  Carleton,  Major-General  Grey,  Major- 
General  James  Robertson,  and  several  regimental  com- 
manders. Galloway’s  examination  occupied  three  days 
in  all.  He  was  first  called  on  the  16th  of  June,  1779, 
and  began  by  describing,  in  answer  to  questions,  his 
career  in  this  country.  On  this  point  he  said:  “I  have 
lived  in  America  from  my  nativity  to  the  month  of 
October  last,  about  forty-eight  years.  ...  I have  lived 
in  the  Province  of  Maryland,  in  the  Delaware  counties, 
and  in  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  chiefly  in  Phila- 
delphia. My  public  profession  was  that  of  the  law.  I 
practised  in  all  the  Courts  of  Pennsylvania,  in  those  of 
the  Delaware  Counties,  and  in  the  Supreme  Courts  of 


80 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


New  Jersey.  I was  a member  of  the  Assembly  of 
Pennsylvania  eighteen  years,  and  Speaker  of  the  House 
twelve.  I was  appointed  by  the  Assembly  of  that  Prov- 
ince to  attend  the  American  Congress  which  met  on 
the  5th  of  September,  1774.  During  the  last  war,^ 
under  appointment  of  the  same  Assembly,  I was  one  of 
the  Commissioners  for  disposing  of  the  money  granted 
to  the  crown  and  have  been  several  times  a Commissioner 
to  treat  with  the  Indians,  and  when  Sir  William  Howe 
took  possession  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia,  at  his  re- 
quest I undertook  the  office  of  Superintendent  of  the 
Police  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia  and  its  suburbs,  of  the 
Port  and  of  the  prohibited  Articles.” 

In  answer  to  a question  as  to  whether  he  “knew  any- 
thing of  the  disposition  of  the  other  revolted  Colonies” 
besides  Pennsylvania,  and  as  to  whether,  “from  the  suc- 
cesses of  the  British  army,  they  were  disposed  to  peace, 
or  did  they  still  remain  sanguine  in  their  hopes  of  main- 
taining their  independence,”  Galloway  said:  “I  had 
very  good  opportunities  of  knowing  the  state  of  the 
Middle  Colonies,  in  which  I include  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  ^Maryland,  the  Delaware  Coun- 
ties, and  Virginia.”  Further,  that  “gentlemen  of  for- 
tune and  integrity  came  to  me  [at  Philadelphia]  from 
all  parts  of  these  Colonies,  from  whom  I made  it  my 
particular  business  to  learn  the  state  of  the  disposition 
of  the  people  of  those  Colonies,”  adding  that  he  was 
“informed  by  them  all  that  the  panic  extended  to  all 
those  parts,  and  that  at  that  time  very  few  indeed  enter- 
tained hopes  of  supporting  the  independence.”  And, 


^ The  French  and  Indian  War. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY  81 

at  another  period  of  the  inquiry,  in  answer  to  a question 
as  to  why  he  had  not  resigned  from  the  Continental 
Congress,  if  he  were,  as  he  asserted,  “opposed  to  a resolu- 
tion approving  the  opposition  made  by  the  inhabitants 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  to  the  late  Acts  of  Parliament,” 
he  stated  that  he  “proposed  to  Mr.  Duane  to  leave  the 
Congress,”  and  that  “could  I have  prevailed  on  him  to 
leave  the  Congress  with  me,  or  had  not  my  friends 
unanimously  advised  me  that  my  personal  safety  would 
be  in  danger,  I should  certainly  have  left  the  Congress.” 
And,  in  the  light  of  subsequent  events,  it  may  be  re- 
marked in  passing  that  this  last  quoted  statement  of 
Galloway’s  is  an  admirable  tribute  to  the  loyalty  and 
devotion  to  the  cause  of  American  liberty  of  James 
Duane,  son  of  the  County  Galway  Irishman,  Anthony 
Duane. 

These  statements,  of  themselves,  show  that  Galloway 
was  particularly  well  qualified  to  testify  on  American 
affairs,  especially  as  to  the  make-up  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary forces  raised  south  and  west  of  the  Hudson 
River,  if  not  in  all  parts  of  the  Colonies.  In  his  an- 
swers to  interrogatories  of  members  of  the  committee, 
he  referred  to  his  having  exchanged  views  from  time  to 
time  on  political  affairs  with  his  fellow  members  of  the 
Continental  Congress,  and  showed  that,  for  a while  at 
least,  he  had  the  confidence  of  the  leading  patriots  and 
that  he  had  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  conditions 
under  which  the  American  army  was  organized.  The 
opportunities  which  he  possessed  of  obtaining  informa- 
tion, as  shown  by  his  own  testimony,  the  facts  stated  by 
him,  and  the  prominence  with  which  his  views  were 


82 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


published  by  writers  in  his  own  and  later  days,  have 
made  this  “examination”  a document  of  much  historical 
importance. 

The  continued  successes  of  the  British  arms  through- 
out the  year  1776  disheartened  the  Americans  and  caused 
several  leading  men  in  public  affairs  to  waver  in  their 
steadfastness  to  the  patriot  cause,  and  after  the  dis- 
astrous defeat  at  the  battle  of  Long  Island  on  August 
28,  1776,  and  the  captm-e  of  Fort  Washington  on 
November  16th  of  the  same  year,  Joseph  Galloway  was 
one  of  the  first  of  several  prominent  Americans  who 
went  over  to  the  British.  Galloway  was  a native  of 
Maryland  of  English  descent,  and  prior  to  the  Revolu- 
tionary War  he  lived  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania. 
A loyal  subject  of  England,  and  a highly  talented  and 
influential  man,  he  labored  zealously  to  destroy  the  spirit 
of  sedition  which,  during  the  agitation  over  the  Stamp 
Act,  threatened  to  sweep  all  before  it.  At  the  time  of 
the  outbreak  of  the  war  he  was  reputed  to  be  one  of  the 
wealthiest  men  in  the  Colonies,  and  as  Speaker  of  the 
Provincial  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania  he  used  all  his 
influence  to  prevent  the  spread  among  his  fellow  mem- 
bers of  the  revolutionary  movement  when  he  discovered 
it  had  for  its  chief  object  the  separation  of  the  Colonies 
from  England.  He  testified  that  he  “came  over  to  the 
royal  army  in  the  beginning  of  December,  1776,  and 
continued  with  it  until  the  evacuation  of  Philadelphia 
on  the  eighteenth  of  June  last”  (1778) . He  then  went 
to  New  York,  thence  to  Connecticut,  where  he  remained 
until  October,  1778,  and  on  the  last  day  of  that  month 
he  sailed  for  England,  never  to  return.  His  estate  in 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


83 


Bucks  County  was  confiscated  after  he  had  been  at- 
tainted for  treason  by  the  Pennsylvania  Assembly. 

The  Royal  Gazette,  beginning  with  number  311,  or 
the  issue  of  September  21,  1779,  and  concluding  with 
number  326,  or  the  issue  of  November  13,  1779, 
published  the  examination  of  Joseph  Galloway,  word 
for  word,  and  in  that  portion  of  it  printed  in  the  issues 
of  October  20  and  27,  1779,  are  the  following  questions 
and  answers: 

Q.  “What  proportion  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  revolted  Colonies, 
do  you  think,  from  principle  and  choice,  supported  the  present  re- 
bellion at  any  period? 

A.  “I  don’t  think  that  one-fifth  part  have  supported  the  present 
rebellion. 

Q.  “From  your  knowledge  of  the  people  of  America,  what  pro- 
portion of  the  inhabitants,  do  you  think,  at  this  time  would  prefer 
a reconciliation  with  Great  Britain,  rather  than  assist  in  supporting 
American  independence? 

A.  “From  the  experience  which  the  people  have  had  of  the 
superlative  and  excessive  tyranny  of  their  new  rulers;  from  the  dis- 
tresses they  have  felt  by  the  ravages  of  war  and  the  loss  of  their 
trade;  from  the  old  attachment  and  I believe  an  earnest  desire  to  be 
united  with  this  country,  I think  I may  venture  to  say  that  many 
more  than  four-fifths  of  the  people  would  prefer  an  union  with 
Great  Britain  upon  constitutional  principles  to  that  of  independence. 

Q,  “Were  deserters  from  the  rebel  army  frequent  while  Sir 
William  Howe  was  in  Philadelphia? 

A.  “They  were  frequent — almost  daily.  I have  known  forty- 
nine  to  come  in  in  a day — many  days  from  ten  to  fifteen. 

Q.  “What  number  do  you  suppose  came  into  the  army  at  Phila- 
delphia? 

A,  “The  deserters  were  generally  sent  from  headquarters  down 
to  me  for  examination;  from  me  they  went  to  Mr.  Story,  the  officer 
appointed  to  administer  the  oath  of  allegiance.  He  kept  a regular 
account  of  their  numbers,  their  names  and  places  of  nativity,  and  I 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


should  think  there  were  upwards  of  2,300  qualified  at  his  office, 
and  I believe  on  good  reason  there  might  have  been  upwards  of 
700  or  800  mere  qualified;  for  I often  found,  on  seeing  him  in  the 
evening,  that  the  number  I had  sent  down  to  him  had  not  gone,  so 
that  I suppose  at  least  3000  came  in. 

Q.  “What  was  the  encouragement  held  out  to  induce  deserters 
to  come  over  to  us  ? 

A.  “A  proclamation  was  issued  by  Sir  William  Howe,  ofifering 
passage  home  to  Ireland  or  England,  their  native  country,  and  they 
w'ere  generally  paid  for  their  arms  and  accoutrements. 

Q.  “That  part  of  the  rebel  army  that  enlisted  in  the  service  of 
the  Congress,  were  they  chiefly  composed  of  natives  of  America,  or 
were  the  greatest  part  of  them,  English,  Scotch,  and  Irish? 

A.  “The  names  and  places  of  their  nativity  being  taken  down,  I 
can  answer  the  question  with  precision.  There  were  scarcely  one- 
fourth  natives  of  America;  about  one-half  Irish;  the  other  fourth 
were  English  and  Scotch. 

Q.  “What  is  the  character  that  the  Provincials  serving  in  the 
British  army  bear?  Are  they  good  troops,  and  have  they  behaved 
well  wdaen  employed? 

A.  “I  have  understood,  as  soon  as  they  are  disciplined,  they  are 
very  good  troops  and  have  always  behaved  well.  I know  of  no 
instance  to  the  contrary.  That  I know  to  be  the  opinion  of  many 
of  the  military  gentlemen. 

Q.  “Do  you  know  anything  of  the  army  of  the  rebels  in  general, 
how  that  is  composed,  of  what  countrymen? 

A,  “1  judge  of  that  by  the  deserters  that  came  over.” 

Replying  to  further  questions,  Galloway  said:  “The 
deserters  were  in  a manner  naked ; they  were  not  clothed 
fit  for  the  inclemency  of  the  season.  Some  of  them  had 
linen  garments  on,  and  those  very  ragged  and  torn; 
some  without  shoes,  very  few  with  whole  breeches  or 
stockings;  in  short,  they  were  objects  of  distress  when 
they  came  down  to  me  to  be  examined.” 

I have  had  the  accompanying  photographs  taken  of 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


85 


the  first  and  second  pages  of  the  Royal  Gazette  of 
October  27,  1779,  containing  Galloway’s  reference  to 
the  racial  composition  of  Washington’s  army.  I believe 
this  is  the  first  time  that  this  interesting  testimony  has 
been  reproduced  in  this  way  for  the  information  of  the 
general  reading  public,  and,  coming  from  such  a source 
as  the  Royal  Gazette,  it  may  be  accepted  as  a correct 
and  authoritative  version  of  this  highly  important  state- 
ment. The  Royal  Gazette  was  published  in  New  York 
by  James  Rivington,  vFo  was  “printer  to  the  King’s 
Most  Excellent  Majesty”  on  this  side  of  the  water,  and, 
as  may  be  seen  from  the  accompanying  reproduction 
of  part  of  one  of  its  issues,  it  was  an  official  gazette  of 
the  British  government  during  the  period  that  the  enemy 
had  possession  of  the  city  (1776  to  1783),  and  it  was 
through  this  channel  that  the  proclamations  of  the 
generals  of  the  army  and  other  official  notices  were  con- 
veyed to  the  public.  Regardless  altogether  of  the  cor- 
rectness or  reliability  of  the  assertion  that  “about  one- 
half”  of  Washington’s  army  were  Irish,  we  can  now  say 
that  the  fact  that  such  a statement  was  made,  and  that  it 
was  made  under  oath  by  a perfectly  trustworthy  witness, 
is  entirely  removed  from  the  realm  of  conjecture,  and  let 
us  hope  that  those  living  historians  who  have  scoffed 
at  the  idea  that  testimony  of  this  nature  was  ever  given, 
or,  if  given,  that  it  could  possibly  be  correct,  will  have 
the  good  grace  to  retract. 

It  will  be  observed  from  Galloway’s  testimony  that 
his  knowledge  of  “the  army  of  the  rebels  in  general”  was 
based  partly  upon  “the  number  of  deserters  that  came 
over.”  That  remark  is  one  that  is  apt  to  be  construed 


86 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


in  different  ways  by  persons  lacking  knowledge  of  the 
historic  facts,  and  in  a general  way,  perhaps,  to  the  dis- 
credit of  a large  number  of  the  soldiers  of  the  Revolution. 
The  context  shows  that  when  making  this  statement, 
Galloway  was  referring  to  the  time  when  large  numbers 
of  men  left  the  ranks  during  the  terrible  winter  of  1777, 
while  the  ragged  remnants  of  the  American  army  were 
encamped  at  Valley  Forge,  and  the  American  cause,  as 
Washington  himself  said,  was  “on  the  brink  of  destruc- 
tion.” Thousands  of  these  devoted  patriots  were  shoe- 
less and  in  rags,^  and  while  starvation  was  staring  them 
in  the  face.  Continental  paper  monej-  was  all  the  pay- 
masters had  to  offer  to  purchase  the  necessaries  of  life 
from  the  surrounding  farmers,  most  of  whom  were 
hostile  to  their  cause  and  refused  to  accept  anything 
but  specie  for  their  commodities. 

Galloway’s  testimony  shows  that  at  this  time  the 
British  were  “plentifully  supplied  with  provisions,” 
while  “Washington’s  army  was  in  extreme  distress.” 
Some  of  the  American  soldiers  “had  had  furloughs  to 
go  out  into  the  neighborhood  to  get  provisions,”  but 
they  found  “the  inhabitants  were  so  averse  to  the  meas- 
ures of  Congress  that  they  did  not  supplj^-  them.”®  The 

“Lafayette  says  in  his  Memoirs:  “The  unfortunate  soldiers 
were  in  want  of  everything;  they  had  neither  coats,  nor  hats,  nor 
shirts,  nor  shoes;  their  feet  and  legs  froze  till  they  grew  black, 
and  it  was  often  necessary  to  amputate  them.”  {Memoires  de 
Lafayette,  Vol.  I,  p.  36.)  The  men  slept  on  the  frozen  ground, 
and  a committee  of  Congress,  early  in  1778,  reported  that  “sick 
soldiers  had  died  in  their  huts  for  lack  of  straw  on  which  to  lie.” 

® While  the  farmers  of  the  surrounding  country  voluntarily 
brought  and  sold  their  supplies  to  the  British  in  Philadelphia,  they 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


87 


city  of  Philadelphia,  then  in  possession  of  the  British, 
and  only  a comparatively  short  distance  from  the 
American  camp,  was  an  inviting  haven  in  such  terrible 
extremity,  and  thither  many  of  the  human  wrecks  went 
in  the  guise  of  “deserters”  and  obtained  temporary  re- 
lief from  their  sufferings.  Besides,  men  who  had  enlisted 
for  three,  six,  or  nine  months  were  constantly  coming 
and  going  as  their  terms  had  expired.  They  were  paid 
off  in  Continental  paper  money,  and  many  of  them, 
being  without  currency  or  proper  clothing,  drifted  into 
Philadelphia  in  search  of  employment  or  the  wherewithal 
to  keep  body  and  soul  together.  The  situation  in  Phila- 
delphia, however,  was  not  favorable  to  any  accession 
to  the  population.  Many  of  the  patriotic  merchants 
and  manufacturers  had  long  since  fled  the  city  and  busi- 
ness was  in  a chaotic  state;  so  that,  when  the  returned 
soldiers  found  no  means  of  employment,  they  naturally 
resorted  to  the  pretence  of  being  “deserters  from  the 
rebel  army.”  Galloway  testified  that  “at  least  3000”  de- 
serters from  Washington’s  army  came  into  Philadelphia, 
and  he  estimated  that  “perhaps  half  as  many  more  might 
have  deserted  into  the  country  to  their  friends.”  But, 
in  course  of  time,  the  majority  of  these  men  managed  to 
find  their  way  back  to  their  former  allegiance,  for  long 
before  the  summer  days  of  1778  had  begun,  a renewed 
hope  sprang  up  in  their  breasts  and  Washington’s  army 
had  again  been  recruited,  largely  by  the  return  of  the 

left  the  patriot  army  to  starve,  and  the  few  provisions  Washington 
had  were  obtained  mainly  by  raiding  the  loyalist  supply  wagons  on 
their  way  to  Philadelphia.  (See  The  True  History  of  the  American 
Revolution,  by  Sidney  George  Fisher,  p.  236.) 


88 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


very  men  whom  the  British  had  regarded  as  weaned 
away  from  the  “rebel”  cause.  To  a large  extent,  proof 
of  this  fact  is  obtainable,  not  only  by  comparison  of  the 
muster-rolls  of  the  American  army  prior  to  its  encamp- 
ment at  Valley  Forge  with  the  same  rolls  as  they  existed 
just  before  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  but  by  the  fact 
that  when  Howe  evacuated  Philadelphia  in  June,  1778, 
the  “stragglers”  of  the  previous  winter  from  the  iMneri- 
can  camp  did  not  accompany  the  British  troops. 

Examinations  of  records  of  courts-martial,  orderly 
books,  and  letters  from  commanding  officers  also  indicate 
that  at  this  time  the  abuse  of  the  privilege  of  the  furlough 
was  a matter  of  considerable  concern  to  the  military 
chiefs;  and  so  grave  did  the  situation  appear  to  General 
Washington,  that  we  find  him  writing  to  General  Heath 
from  Valley  Forge  on  April  8,  1778,  demanding  that  he 
“issue  positive  orders  for  every  man  belonging  to  the 
regiments  of  your  State  [IMassachusetts]  whose  fur- 
loughs have  expired  to  join  their  corps  under  pain  of 
being  treated  as  deserters.”  ^ As  a rule,  the  records  of 
courts-martial  show  that  the  “deserter”  was  accused  of 
“absenting  himself  from  his  quarters  without  leave,”  but 
the  crune  of  “desertion”  as  such  was  mentioned  com- 
paratively seldom,  and  in  the  sentence  imposed  on  the 
offender  it  was  usually  ordered  “that  the  prisoner  be 
returned  to  duty.”  And  we  even  find  many  instances 
of  men  listed  among  the  “deserters,”  but  whose  names 
at  some  later  time  appear  in  the  records  among  the 
“killed”  or  “wounded”  of  the  American  army. 

* Washington’s  Letters  to  Heath,  in  Massachusetts  Historical  So- 
ciety Collections,  Vol.  IV,  p.  84. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


89 


Numerous  cases  are  recorded  of  “deserters”  who  re- 
turned to  their  commands  after  a lapse  of  time,  and  we 
find  an  example  of  this  in  a list  of  men,  from  the 
muster-roll  of  Captain  Richard  Brown’s  company  of 
the  First  Battalion  of  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regi- 
ment, who  were  reported  by  Lieutenant  James  Holms 
under  date  of  October  1, 1776,  in  the  following  manner: 


“Michael  McKittrick 
Hugh  Henry 
Daniel  Mclntire 
George  Morris 
James  Kelly 
John  Dougherty 
Job  Riley 
Michael  Covrin 


Desert’d  and  Returnt 
Desert’d  and  Returnt 
Desert’d  and  Returnt 
Desert’d  and  Returnt 
Desert’d  and  Returnt 
Desert’d  and  Returnt 
Desert’d  and  Returnt 
Desert’d  and  Returnt’’ 


In  the  same  report  Lieutenant  Holms  included  three 
other  “deserters,”  but  made  no  mention  that  they  had 
“returnt,”  and  in  two  of  these  cases  it  is  clear  that  they 
did  not  return  to  Captain  Brown’s  company,  but  later 
joined  other  units  of  the  Pennsylvania  forces.  These 
men  were  thus  recorded  by  Lieutenant  Holms : 

“Mark  Welsh  Desert’d  September  23rd 

Daniel  McGuire  Desert’d  September  12th 

Miles  Ryan  Desert’d  September  12th’’ 


The  roll  of  Captain  Brown’s  company  as  it  stood  at 
different  dates  is  given  in  the  Pennsylvania  Archives, 
and  in  the  very  next  muster  following  the  one  in  which 
the  foregoing  entries  were  made  the  name  of  Mark 
Welsh  appears,  indicating  that  in  the  meantime  he  had 
returned  to  duty.  As  to  Daniel  McGuire,  while  there 


90 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


is  an  unaccountable  lapse  of  time  in  his  record  between 
September,  1776,  and  April,  1778,  he  is  shown  under  the 
latter  date  as  enlisting  in  his  “home  eompany,”  namely, 
the  Sixth  Company  of  the  First  Battalion  of  Cumber- 
land County  Militia,  as  a substitute  for  one  William 
Strain;  and  on  the  muster-roll  of  Captain  John  Doyle’s 
eompany  of  the  Sixth  Regiment  of  the  Line,  which  was 
largely  raised  in  Cumberland  County,  the  same  Daniel 
MeGuire  appears  as  an  enlisted  man  under  date  of 
September  9,  1778.  Under  date  of  September  8,  1778, 
Miles  Ryan  reappears  on  the  roll  of  Captain  John  Mar- 
shall’s company  of  the  Second  Pennsylvania  Regiment, 
commanded  by  Colonel  Walter  Stew^art. 

A list  of  “Desertions  from  the  First  Regiment  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Line,”  in  the  American  Historical  Regis- 
ter (volumes  2 and  3),  ineludes  the  following: 


Deserted  Returned 


Names 

Where 

When 

Where 

When 

Matthew  McAnnally 

James  Isl.  July  4 

Philadelphia  July  28 

Patrick  McCarlin 

ditto 

July  1 

ditto 

August 

Charles  Connor 

ditto 

July  4 

ditto 

August 

Thomas  Doyle 

Elk 

July  30 

ditto 

August 

Edward  Lyons 

Elk 

July  3 

ditto 

July  28 

In  all  cases  the  men  who  absented  themselves  from 
their  commands  w'ere  not  put  down  as  “deserters,”  for 
some  appear  under  the  head  of  “absent  without  leave,” 
which  was,  in  effect,  the  same  thing.  For  example,  we 
find  such  entries  as  this:  “Michael  Spelissey,  absent 
without  leave,”  so  recorded  by  Lieutenant  Bernard 
Ward  of  Atlee’s  Pennsylvania  Musketry  Battalion, 


57^9.  D E B -A.  T E . S.  . , 

. , Q ..A'v'auH,  yuu.truil' the. View  ■conquefts.,,in  peorgia  to-taat 
jA.'  .1  vviili  the  committee,  would  enquire  of  the  honourable 
‘ ‘ ) ■ Mioht  Halifax-  be  truftcd'to  that  defence  witlioal  any 

'at  'I'lie  Provincials  at  Halifax  aic  very  fc^\  ; the  country- 

Avuorflirdbf.yemh, ; 

- ■ IJo.'  you,  ns  .an  experienced  ujib.taiy  .-inao,  ^nou  Know.-  _ • 
.•  iiv''  m fhc.riTci'unift.jnces  of  tha-t  co.anfryj-t'hink  that.qney.on- 
'{■'.Igiable  piarc  in  America,  that  %v.\s.  an  ohp.cl  to  tilt;  .enemy 
■ t6;atneA,‘.  could. he  ia'fely  to  the  now  uxifling  pro- 

virici.d  troops  in  Brttifh  pay jA^lone  .and  unVu.ppQtted.  l>y  .lii-s  , 
Al^efiv’s'Britifh  orttmntan.'trbD.prf -i , _ _ .f  .;.'  • 

' - A.  t have  a' very  good  Onim.Qm  of  the  prov.incial  troops, 
ami  leave,  no  meardn  tovdoubt  of  their  lid^itj  or  courage  ; 
.wlicix'verthcre.lia  fort  that-.their  nufnUers- cAuld  properly 
. occupy,  I heiitxxphcy'tvmil/l  mak.c  agooct  tiefenp.  - . . ' - 

..■  Qj_  Would  ic  -be  advlftabli:  to-ctimmiiit  to-  iheij- defence  ? 

• : > A.  lh-oo'ps'-  ba\  di|lu^^  .a^iiig  . toget.lier,: 

Icrckcan  cniulatiors,  and. poiljbiy' would, a£V,bctt-  \vhen  joined,' 
.C^aftioii  repeated,,.  . . - . . ’ 

. . A.  I have  iaid,  a.  miKcd  hody  uiakcs  tiie  beft  garrlfon,  and  . . 
therefore  I would  take  the  befl  nieiliiidi ...  ‘ . 

. Q.  Could  it  be  fat'ciy  done 

A.  I have,  no  iVfpicion  of  -liicni  ; and  jf  T was'  under-  a 
ficcc-ilitv,  idltould  have  no,,  d; fFi.dun.ee  of  ..them,,  but  I lliould 
t:be  tlie  mcat'ure  f thought  bvlb  - - .■  . 

(>^  ,How  are  the;  provincial  corps  compofed  ;;  whether  ; 

' •j'nc.ftly  of  native  Americans,  or  fronvcmigrantsbvom  varipus- 
jvntions  of -Europe  r .■  ^ 

■ A.  borne  of  the  'corps. confiFE  moftlv  of  natives  ; others, 
i litlicvc  tbe  greatefl  immbe.r,  arc  cnli lied  from  fucE  people 
that  can  be  got  in  the  enuntrv,  :.ancl  many  of  them  may  be 
eniigrants  ; oitr  force  is  not  diftiiiguiflrcd  from  tbe  rebels,  ih 
- tiiat  circun.ft.ance.  I reihemiier  Cicncral  -Lee  . telling  me, 
lliat  he  believed  half  • the  rebel  arriiy  were  from  Ireland  t, 
bE  die  rebel  army,  did  General  Lee  mean  the  conti- 
nental army  or  miliiia  b . ' . 

A,  1 mean  the. continental  army. 

Q;  Are  the  Provincials  in,  the  .King’s  ieXvice  generally 
efficered  by  Americans  of  property  ih  that  crfu'ntry 

A.  I remeinber  great  nuiub-ers  rnoft  of , the  officers  that 
tve  .put  at  the 'head  of  the  regiments  were  men -of  the  beft 
Jirz.  ::  . influence 


j^£A>/^ooi/c£^  ar  AA'/^A  /^/fAA'ca’S  i^v//vs 


TES'nMONA'  OP  MAJOR-GENERAL  ROBERTSON 
FROM  PARLlAMEiMTARY  REGISTER  OR  PROCEEDINGS 
AND  DEBATES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  COMMONS.  VOLUME  SI 


a . *’• 


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OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


91 


under  date  of  September,  1776,  at  which  time  the  bat- 
talion was  stationed  at  King’s  Bridge,  New  York.  While 
it  is  apparent  that  Michael  Spelissey  was  not  as  amena- 
ble to  discipline  as  a good  soldier  ought  to  be,  he  was 
not  unfaithful  to  his  country,  for  his  name  appears 
on  the  roll  of  Captain  Robert  Gray’s  company  of  the 
Pennsylvania  State  Regiment  commanded  by  Major 
Lewis  Farmer,  when  mustered  in  at  Red  Bank,  New 
Jersey,  on  May  9,  1777,  and  in  a later  certificate  by 
“Ludovick  Sprogell,  Commissary  General  of  Musters,” 
he  is  recorded  as  “sick  in  Philadelphia.” 

In  some  cases  the  record  reads,  “supposed  deserted,” 
an  instance  of  this  being  the  case  of  Deiinis  Mahony, 
who  was  thought  to  have  deserted  from  Captain  Thomas 
Holland’s  company  of  Colonel  David  Hall’s  Delaware 
Regiment  of  the  Line  in  July,  1777.  It  was  found, 
however,  that  Mahony  had  actually  been  captured  by 
the  enemy  “in  the  affair  at  Staten  Island,”  so  his  name 
appears  on  the  same  company  roll  of  the  month  of 
October,  1777,  with  this  marginal  notation:  “missing 
on  Staten  Island,  22  August.”  The  case  of  Private 
John  Duflfy  of  the  same  regiment  furnishes  another 
example.  This  man’s  name  appears  on  the  rolls  all 
through  the  year  1777,  when  it  was  suddenly  dropped, 
but  reappears  in  Captain  Kirkwood’s  return  for  the 
month  of  August,  1778,  with  an  explanatory  notation 
reading:  “Returned  from  desertion,  3 August,  1778.” 
Since  there  is  no  record  of  a court-martial  or  of  any 
punishment  meted  out  to  Private  Duffy  for  his  delin- 
quency, it  is  clear  that  his  superiors  did  not  regard  his 
absence  as  that  of  “desertion.” 


92 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


In  the  Records  of  Service  of  Connecticut  Men  in  the 
War  of  the  Revolution^  several  soldiers  are  down  as 
“deserters.”  One  entry  under  this  head  reads:  “A 
number  of  men  entered  as  deserters  about  December  1 
explained  in  petitions  that  they  had  no  intention' of  de- 
serting, but  believed  that  their  term  had  expired.  The 
Assembly  ordered  them  to  be  paid  for  full  time.”  Part 
of  the  record  of  Thomas  Duffy,  private  in  Captain 
Smith’s  Company,  Eighth  Regiment  of  the  Connecti- 
cut Line,  reads  thus:  “Enlisted  April  18,  1777,  for  the 
duration  of  the  war;  deserted  July  10,  1779;  rejoined; 
discharged  December  6, 1781.”  Private  James  Murphy 
of  the  Sixth  Troop,  Sheldon’s  Connecticut  Light  Dra- 
goons, also  belongs  to  the  same  category.  His  record 
reads  in  part:  “Enlisted  April  11,  1777,  from  the  Town 
of  Wethersfield;  occupation,  farmer;  deserted  and  re- 
turned.” Private  Powers  of  the  same  troop  “enlisted 
April  22, 1780;  deserted  and  returned,  1781.” 

John  Barry  of  Holliston,  Massachusetts,  who  enlisted 
in  Colonel  John  Vose’s  regiment  in  February,  1778,  was 
reported  “a  deserter”  on  October  25,  1778,  but  his  name 
appears  on  the  muster-roll  in  the  following  month,  and 
in  April,  1779,  he  was  reported  “sick  at  Attleborough.” 

In  the  muster-roll  of  Colonel  Shepard’s  Fourth  i\Ias- 
sachusetts  Regiment,  Private  Charles  Casey  was  thus 
entered:  “Deserted  January  15,  1777,  at  Peekskill;  a 
foreigner,”  but  the  same  man’s  name  is  on  a “return  of 
men  enlisted  into  the  Continental  Army  for  Captain 
Nathan  Hamilton’s  company  of  Colonel  Converse’s 

® Compiled  by  authority  of  the  General  Assembly  and  published 
at  Hartford,  Connectieut,  1889- 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


93 


Fourth  Worcester  County,  Mass.,  Regiment,  sworn  to  at 
Brookfield,  February  17,  1778.” 

The  record  of  Jeremiah  Keefe  shows  that  he  enlisted 
“for  the  period  of  the  war”  from  Londonderry,  New 
Hampshire,  in  Colonel  Joseph  Vose’s  Massachusetts 
Regiment  on  January  1, 1777 ; “reported  deserted,  Oeto- 
ber  17, 1778;  returned  September  26,  1779.” 

David  Kelley,  of  Colonel  Ebenezer  Sprout’s  Massa- 
chusetts Regiment,  “reported  deserted  January  21, 
1777,”  again  appears  on  the  muster-roll  of  Captain  Jo- 
seph Jenkins’  eompany  of  Colonel  Samuel  Brewer’s 
Massachusetts  Regiment  in  a return  dated  “Camp  near 
Valley  Forge,  January  23,  1778.” 

John  Ryan  is  “reported  deserted  June  7,  1777,”  from 
Colonel  John  Bailey’s  Massachusetts  regiment,  yet  the 
same  man’s  name  appears  on  a return  of  Captain  Jacob 
Allen’s  company  of  the  same  regiment,  dated  “Camp 
Valley  Forge,  January  24,  1778.” 

On  the  record  of  Richard  Ryan,  who  enlisted  in  Cap- 
tain Mills’  company  of  Colonel  Joseph  Vose’s  regiment 
on  January  1,  1777,  there  is  an  entry  reading  “reported 
deserted  but  returned.”  As  the  date  of  his  diseharge  was 
January  7, 1783,  and  the  cause  “disabled  by  a rupture,” 
it  is  seen  that  he  actually  served  six  years  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary army  after  his  “desertion.” 

The  record  of  Charles  McCormick  of  Colonel  John 
Bailey’s  Massachusetts  regiment  reads  in  part  as  fol- 
lows: “Reported  deserted  November  18,  1778,  but  re- 
enlisted for  the  war  April  17,  1779,  in  Colonel  Hazen’s 
regiment.” 

Daniel  MeBride  was  “reported  deserted  July  20, 


94 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


1777,”  from  a Massachusetts  regiment,  yet  the  very  next 
day  he  is  thus  recorded:  “Daniel  McBride;  rank,  pri- 
vate; engaged  July  21,  1777;  term,  three  years,”  in 
Colonel  William  H.  Lee’s  regiment,  and  the  pay-rolls 
show  that  he  served  out  his  full  term. 

John  Cam,  of  the  Fifth  New  York  Regiment  of  the 
Continental  Line,  is  thus  recorded  in  the  Military  Beg- 
ister: 

“Enlisted,  August  1,  1778;  deserted  December  1,  1778;  rejoined 
and  transferred  to  Sappers  and  Miners,  August  1,  1780.” 

In  some  cases  “deserters”  were  so  recorded  through 
misunderstanding  or  through  the  keeping  of  improper 
records.  For  example,  John  Quin,  a private  soldier  in 
Colonel  John  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment  of  the 
Line,  was  reported  “deserted”  in  June,  1777,  yet  in  the 
record  there  also  appears  a certificate  signed  by  Captain 
Crumpston  of  the  same  regiment  that  “said  Quin  was 
in  the  service  on  or  before  August  15,  1777,  and  had  not 
been  absent  except  by  leave  of  proper  authority.”  On 
the  reverse  of  this  certificate  Mrs.  Sarah  Greaton  certi- 
fied that  “said  Quin  was  a servant  to  Colonel  Greaton 
and  was  on  furlough  until  his  return,”  and  on  the 
strength  of  this  the  JMassachusetts  Council  of  War,  on 
February  24,  1779,  allowed  Private  Quin  “a  gratuity.” 

A similar  case  was  that  of  Private  Daniel  Driskel, 
of  Colonel  John  Brooks’  JMassachusetts  Regiment,  who 
was  “reported  deserted  from  Philipsburgh,  N.  J.,  July 
26, 1781” ; yet  a later  entry  in  the  roUs  shows  that  he  “re- 
turned to  regiment,  was  not  deserted,  but  had  his  fur- 
lough lengthened  by  Col.  Brooks.”  Another  entry  reads : 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


95 


“Daniel  Driskil,  Ireland;  reported  furloughed  for  fifty 
days;  also  reported  deserted  February  28,  1781,”  but 
his  name  reappears  on  the  roll  for  May,  1781,  at  West 
Point,  New  York. 

These  are  but  individual  instances  of  many  similar 
ones  which  appear  in  the  Revolutionary  muster-rolls 
of  the  various  States,  and  which  justify  the  conclusion 
before  arrived  at,  that  the  term  “deserter,”  as  used  in 
the  official  records,  was  not  always  intended  or  meant 
in  its  modern  sense. 

This  does  not  mean,  of  course,  that  there  were  no 
deserters  from  the  American  army,  for  there  were,  just 
as  there  have  been  from  all  armies  and  at  all  times ; but 
the  term  “deserter”  was  not  then  always  intended  in  its 
literal  sense,  and  should  not  now  be  so  construed.  F re- 
quently,  when  there  was  a lull  in  the  fighting,  soldiers 
detached  themselves  from  their  commands  and  returned 
to  their  families,®  especially  in  the  harvest  time,  and  after 
bringing  in  the  crops  or  repairing  the  ravages  caused 
by  the  war  to  their  homes,  or  attending  to  other  family 
matters,  they  rejoined  the  army,  but  not  always  the  same 
company  or  regiment.  The  official  publication  entitled 
New  York  in  the  Revolution  furnishes  an  explanation 

® General  Montgomery,  in  a letter  to  Robert  R.  Livingston  of 
New  York,  dated  Quebec,  December  17,  1775,  complained  of  “the 
universal  rage  for  going  home”  on  the  part  of  the  New  England 
troops.  See  the  Livingston  MS.  Letters  at  the  New  York  Public 
Library.  General  St.  Clair,  in  a letter  to  General  Schuyler  from 
Ticonderoga,  June  13,  1777,  in  referring  to  the  New  Hampshire 
militia  regiments,  said:  “The  men  go  off  whenever  they  please.” 
(See  Schuyler  Papers  in  the  New  York  Historical  Society  Collec- 
tions, Vol.  for  1879.) 


96 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


of  this:  “The  word  ‘deserted’  written  after  the  name  of 
a Revolutionary  soldier  must  not  be  taken  too  seriously. 
Frequently  the  men  absented  themselves  to  gather  crops, 
to  attend  a sick  wife,  or  bury  a child,  but  it  is  found  that 
the  soldier  generally  returned  and  was  again  taken  up 
on  the  rolls.”  ’’  And  an  explanatory  note  in  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Archives,^  relative  to  the  number  of  men  on  the 
rolls  who  were  recorded  as  “deserted,”  says:  “Many,  if 
not  all,  of  those  marked  ‘deserted’  were  simply  ‘absent 
without  leave’  and  subsequently  ‘returned  to  duty’  ” ; 
in  the  Archives,  also,  referring  to  “deserters,”  I find  this 
foot-note:  “The  fact  of  a soldier  being  marked  on  one 
roll  deserted,  amounted  to  nothing,  because  they  usually 
returned  after  a few  months’  absence.”  The  same  state- 
ment is  made  in  the  Archives  of  Maryland.^ 

This  is  best  shown  by  a comparison  of  the  names  on 
the  rolls  at  diff erent  dates,  with  short  intervals  between. 
One  finds,  for  example,  that  a company  muster-roll  on 
a given  date  would  comprise  certain  men,  but  when  we 
examine  the  list  of  men  in  the  same  company  as  it  stood 
some  few  months  later,  a number  of  names  may  be 
missing,  and  with  nothing  in  evidence,  such  as  a battle 
taking  place  in  the  meantime,  to  explain  the  apparent 
defection  from  the  ranks.  But  in  numerous  instances 
there  are  means  of  identifying  such  men,  especially  in 
the  case  of  odd  or  uncommon  names,  and  it  is  a very 


^ The  Muster-Rolls  of  the  New  York  Revolutionary  Regiments, 
compiled  by  James  Roberts,  State  Comptroller,  from  the  Archives 
of  the  Secretary  of  State;  Albany,  1898. 

® 6th  Ser.,  Vol.  II,  p.  873. 

® Introduction  to  Vol.  XVIII. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


97 


simple  thing  and  requires  only  a little  patience  to  trace 
the  missing  men  and  locate  their  whereabouts.  Some- 
times we  find  these  so-called  “deserters”  in  another  com- 
pany of  the  same  regiment,  or  in  another  regiment  of 
the  same  brigade,  or  perhaps  in  an  entirely  different 
regiment  attached  to  another  brigade  which,  at  the  time 
they  reenlisted,  may  have  been  operating  in  the  same  sec- 
tion of  the  country.  No  one  reading  the  extracts  quoted 
from  Galloway’s  testimony,  therefore,  need  be  shocked 
at  his  allusion  to  “deserters” ; for,  as  a rule,  there  is  no 
discredit  in  this  statement  to  the  so-called  “deserters,”  no 
matter  of  what  nationality.  On  the  other  hand,  no  one 
should  rail  at  these  “deserters”  without  understanding 
what  the  term  then  meant.^® 

Every  regiment  had  its  “deserters.”  In  an  account  by  Colonel 
Donald  Campbell  of  the  operations  in  Canada,  dated  March  28, 
1776,  he  said  that  from  Arnold’s  and  Livingston’s  detachments, 
comprised  respectively  of  New  England  and  New  York  troops,  “the 
soldiers  are  deserting  by  tens,  twenties,  and  thirties.”  See  Living- 
ston MS.  Letters,  fol.  171,  at  New  York  Public  Library. 


CHAPTER  VII 


FALSE  STATEMENTS  REFUTED 


Galloway  antagonistic  to  the  Irish.  Henry  Cabot  Lodge’s  state- 
ments disproved.  Major-General  Robertson’s  examination  be- 
fore the  Parliamentary  committee.  Statement  of  General 
Charles  Lee.  The  letters  of  Galloway,  Clinton,  and  Serle. 
“The  emigrants  from  Ireland  our  most  serious  antagonists.’’ 
Diary  of  Major  Joshua  Pell.  Illuminating  testimony  of  the 
presence  of  large  bodies  of  Irish  in  Washington’s  army.  The 
American  loyalists. 


LTHOUGH  the  author  of  a statement  that  is 


highly  creditable  to  the  patriotism  of  the  Irish, 
Galloway  cannot  be  accused  of  Irish  leanings.  As  a mat- 
ter of  fact,  he  seems  to  have  had  a positive  aversion  to 
the  Irish  in  America,  for  he  associated  them  with  what 
he  called  “the  turbulent  element,”  and  more  than  once 
he  publicly  denounced  the  continual  agitation  of  the 
Pennsylvania  and  ISIaryland  Irish,  not  only  in  matters 
affecting  “land  rights”  and  their  alleged  encroachments 
upon  the  domains  of  the  Indian  tribes,  but  for  their 
clamorous  demand  that  the  Colonies  throw  off  all  con- 
nection with  what  he  called  “the  mother  country.”  In 
one  of  his  speeches  he  referred  to  them  as  “dangerous 
characters,  responsible  for  the  Stamp  Act  disturb- 
ances”; he  ridiculed  their  “republican  principles,”  and 
on  another  occasion  he  vehemently  denounced  in  the 
Assembly  the  so-called  “Paxton  rioters,”  who,  in  the 

98 


A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY  9.9„ 

year  1764,  killed  a number  of  Indians  at  Conestoga,  in 
Lancaster  County.  And  when  we  read  the  various  ver- 
sions of  this  incident  that  are  given  to  us  by  Pennsyl- 
vania historians,  who  tell  us  that  the  white  settlers  of  the 
district  were  “Scotch-Irish,”  we  see  at  once  that  Gallo- 
way, in  his  criticism,  aimed  particularly  at  the  Irish. 
Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  in  his  History  of  the  English 
Colonies  in  America,  makes  some  adverse  criticism  of 
those  ante-Re volutionary  Irish  of  Pennsylvania  whom 
Galloway  denounced,  when  he  says:  “They  were  an  idle, 
quarrelsome,  and  disorderly  class,  always  at  odds  with 
the  Government.”  Why  a gentleman  of  the  standing 
and  responsibility  of  Mr.  Lodge  should  make  such  a 
sweeping  and  obviously  false  statement  has  never  been 
understood. 

If  the  Pennsylvania  Irish  were  “idle,”  we  wonder  how 
they  thrived,  for  they  did  thrive;  and  we  wonder  still 
more  at  the  temerity  of  those  who  wrote  the  county  and 
town  histories  of  that  province,  in  which  it  is  shown  that 
the  Irish  built  the  roads,  bridged  the  streams,  hewed 
down  the  virgin  forests,  founded  settlements  and  towns 
to  which  they  gave  their  names  and  the  names  of  their 
home  places  in  Ireland,  and,  in  many  sections  of  Penn- 
sylvania, so  changed  the  face  of  the  country  as  to  turn 
it  from  a howling  wilderness  into  a place  fit  for  man’s 
abode.  How  such  an  indictment  can  be  brought  against 
a people  whose  men  are  industrious,  whose  women  are 
virtuous,  and  whose  sons  blazed  the  trail  of  civilization 
in  the  days  when  only  men  of  stout  hearts  and  willing 
hands  could  survive,  is  beyond  the  comprehension  of 
one  who  has  examined  the  records  of  the  period! 


100 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


And  the  Irish  were  “disorderly  and  at  odds  with  the 
Government”!  The  admission  has  since  been  forced 
from  Mr.  Lodge  ^ that  that  was  simply  his  “opinion,” 
and  an  opinion  not  predicated  upon  the  records  nor  upon 
any  special  study  of  the  conditions  under  which  those 
people  lived.  The  Irish,  it  is  well  known,  are  a sturdy, 
self-willed,  and  aggressive  people.  They  are  an  inde- 
pendent, self-reliant  people,  too,  when  not  laboring 
under  adverse  political  conditions,  as  they  were,  and  are 
to-day  in  their  native  land.  In  ante-Revolutionary  days 
they  were,  doubtless,  “at  odds  with  the  Government.” 
So  were  all  good  Americans  in  those  days,  for,  be  it  re- 
membered, the  Irish  immigrants  brought  with  them  to 
this  country  bitter  memories  of  English  persecution, 
and  when  the  Revolutionary  War  came  on  they  and 
their  children  made  England  pay  dearly  for  her  oppres- 
sions in  Ireland. 

And  well  they  proved  their  fidelity  to  the  land  of 
their  adoption,  although  historians  like  IMr.  Lodge  are 
unwilling  to  give  them  credit.  When,  for  example,  on 
April  12, 1779,  the  Supreme  Executive  Council  of  Penn- 
sylvania issued  an  order  for  the  sale  of  the  property  of 
all  persons  in  that  province  accused  of  treason,  the  name 
of  not  one  person  who  lived  in  Cumberland  County  is 
found  on  the  list!  The  significance  of  this  is  that  Cum- 
berland County  was  peopled  almost  entirely  by  Irish 
settlers,  which  statement  can  be  verified  by  reference 
to  the  Colonial  Records.^ 

“Disorderliness”  in  those  days  was  very  often  synony- 


^ In  a letter  to  the  author. 
^ Vol.  IX. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


101 


mous  with  antagonism  to  the  British  government. 
There  was  a large  and  influential  element  among  the 
people  loyal  to  the  crown  who  wanted  no  change  from 
the  existing  form  of  government,  and  who  looked  upon 
the  agitators  as  a “disorderly”  class.  Witness  the  thirty 
thousand  or  more  loyalists  who  migrated  to  Canada, 
and  those  other  thousands  who  returned  to  England. 
The  restless  Irish  were  among  this  “disorderly”  element. 
They  chafed  under  British  domination  in  America,  as 
they  did  in  their  native  land.  It  was  a hard  matter  to 
induce  some  to  take  part  in  “demonstrations”  against 
the  British.  To  be  a patriot  was  not  as  popular  as  peo- 
ple nowadays  are  disposed  to  think,  and  in  the  begin- 
ning, before  any  flghting  took  place,  it  was  principally 
those  who,  from  previous  environment,  were  opposed  to 
the  British  under  all  circumstances,  that  had  the  temer- 
ity to  take  part  in  the  agitation  which  led  up  to  the  out- 
break of  1775.  And  it  is  an  historic  fact  that  it  was 
Charles  Thomson,^  of  the  race  that  Mr.  Lodge  has  de- 
famed, who  was  the  first  to  raise  his  voice  in  Pennsyl- 
vania against  the  iniquities  of  the  Stamp  Act. 

Who  could  they  have  been  who  were  so  bitterly  op- 
posed to  the  British?  Who  were  the  malcontents  in 
Pennsylvania  who  were  foremost  in  stirring  up  the  strife 
which  led  up  to  the  final  resort  to  arms?  In  short,  who 
were  they,  above  all  other  Europeans,  that  made  the 
Revolution  possible?  Mr.  Lodge  knows  but  declines  to 
give  them  credit.  They  were  mainly  “the  disorderly 
Irish”! 

The  Irish  were  “an  undesirable  element,”  also  says 

* Thomson  was  a native  of  Maghera,  County  Derry,  Ireland. 


102 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Mr.  Lodge.  Yet  who  were  the  schoolmasters  of  the 
Colonies?  In  the  noble  category  of  teachers  of  the 
Colonial  youth,  as  can  be  proven  by  authentic  records 
and  early  town  histories,  natives  of  Ireland  predomi- 
nated in  many  sections  of  the  country,  and  in  some  places 
the  youth  had  no  one  to  teach  them  their  letters  but  im- 
migrant Irish  schoolmasters! 

This  was  the  class  whom  Joseph  Galloway  in  the  hey- 
day of  his  power  despised,  but  to  whom,  when  placed 
upon  the  witness-stand  before  an  English  tribunal,  he 
paid  the  highest  tribute  that  could  be  bestowed  upon  the 
patriotism  of  any  single  element  of  the  Colonial  popu- 
lation. 

The  statement  of  Galloway  as  to  the  proportion  of 
Irishmen  in  the  Revolutionary  army  is  supported  by  evi- 
dence given  at  the  same  inquiry  by  Major-General 
James  Robertson,  who  had  served  in  the  British  army 
in  America  for  twenty  years  prior  to  the  outbreak  of  the 
Revolution.  The  Royal  Gazette  did  not  print  the  testi- 
mony of  General  Robertson,  but  it  is  found  in  the  official 
English  publication.  The  Parliamentary  Register,  or 
History  of  the  Proceedings  and  Debates  of  the 
House  of  Commons}  That  there  was  no  more  com- 
petent witness  to  testify  on  American  military  af- 
fairs than  General  Robertson  will  be  noted  from 
the  accompanying  photographic  reproduction  of  a por- 
tion of  his  testimony  from  the  Parliamentary  Reg- 
ister. Prior  to  his  taking  the  stand.  Lord  George  Ger- 
main announced  that  Robertson’s  “long  residence  in 
America,  upwards  of  twenty-four  years,  his  high  and 


^London,  1779. 


Kvljcuct  «/Ma10H  GeKER  AI,  Ro«rRT50Jr. 


Mr.  Surkr. 


Ex.trtrned  hy  j^Tr.  Burh, 

Jur.e  C)!h,  1779. 

The  loyal  ProTincinls  inarms,  amounted  to  between  fire  aria 
fix  thoufand.  He  did  not  know  the  mimber  of  the  Rebels. 
7'hc  loyal  Americans  confifted  of  corps,  fome  of  them  mofil^' 
compofed  of  native  Americaus,  fome  moftly  compofed  of  cmi- 
pranrs  from  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  other  parts  of  Europe. 
Halftlie  KeMHe  had  heard  that  full  one  half  of  the  rebel  army  was  c'cmpol- 
■tmy  Info.  cd  of  Irifli.  He  did  not  believe,  that  if  the  royal  troops  were 
withdrawn  from  within  his  own  government,  (New-York)  that 
the  loyal  Provincial  military  would  be  able  to  maintain  their 
ground  againft  the  ufurped  power  of  the  Congrefs.^  The  pro- 
vince of  Nova  Scotia  was  very  weak  in  point  of  Internal  de- 
fence, fo  would  Rhode  Ifland  if  evacuated.  He  could  not 
^ak  of  the  Carolinas,  Georgia,  Canada,  &c.  but  there  wxrc 
lereral  Gentlemen,  Members  of  that  Houfe,  who  could  give 
full  fatisfadlion  on  tbofe  points.  The  loyalifis  though  more, 
numerous,  were  unarmed,  and  the  powers  of»govcrnmcnt  Had 
Tvi-o  tTilrJs  ofbecn  ufurped.  Two  thirds  of  the  people,  though  well  affefted 


ihf  A!n«ric»ns  to  the  Britifh  government,  were  not  a match  for  the  other  third 


JoyiJ. 


if  armed,  and  in  polTcflion  of  the  civil  government.  The  loyal 
Provincials  were  good  troops,  and  well  difciplined.  He  believ- 
ed the  Congrefs  did  ifluc  orders  for  arming  all  the  inhabitants, 
but  thofe  who  had  the  power  in  their  hands,  difanned  eveiy 
perfbn  whom  they  fufpedted,  If  one  third  were  for  Great  Bri- 
tain, another  for  the  Congrefs,  and  a third  partly  neutral,  the 
Cougrefs  part  would  prevail  for  the  rcafon  before  afligiied : not 
that  he  thought  that  an  inferior  number,  and  in  every  refpeft 
upon  equal  terms  with  a fuperior  number,  could  give  law  to  the 
fuperior  number. 

Taxation  was  the  caufe  of  the  rebellion  ; the  people  in  gene- 
ral flicwing  an  averfion  to  be  taxed.  If  taxation  had  been  gi- 
ven up,  no  rebellion  would  ever  have  happened.  The  people 
were  zealoufly  attached,  before  that  claim  was  enforced,  to  the 
Britifli  government. 

Irtyal  Ameri-  Sit  \Villiam  Howe  was  eameft,  and  took  every  method  to 
cans  plundered,  prevent  plunder,  but  plunder  was  committed.  I'he  loyul  A- 
mcricans  were  not  properly  protected,  nor  the  necelTary  means 
taken  for  their  fafety.  The  General  had  taken  every  means  in 
his  power  to  proteft  them,  but  his  endcavoars  had  not  always 
proved  fuccefsful. 


REPROCUCED  BY  A A/ A/ A FRANCES  LEVfA/S 


FACSIMILE  OF  PAGE  FROM  A VIEW  OF  THE  EVIDENCE 
RELATIVE  TO  THE  CONDUCT  OF  THE  AMERICAN  WAR, 
AS  GIVEN  BEFORE  A COMMITTEE  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF 
COMMONS  LAST  SESSION  OF  PARLIAMENT  LONDON^  1779. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


103 


deserved  rank  in  the  service,  and  his  being  present  on 
the  spot  when  the  rebellion  broke  out,  furnished  him 
with  every  reason  to  expect  that  his  evidence  would  be 
accurate  and  important,  and  that  he  was  in  every  way, 
from  his  long  experience  and  local  residence,  enabled  to 
give  the  most  satisfactory  information  to  the  Commit- 
tee.” And  the  testimony  clearly  shows  that  Robertson 
had  excellent  opportunities  for  obtaining  a thorough 
understanding  of  the  causes  underlying  the  Revolution 
and  of  the  class  of  people  who  upheld  its  principles  and 
fought  for  its  establishment  and  preservation. 

The  official  transcript  of  the  evidence,  as  printed  in 
the  Parliamentary  Register,  shows  that  General  Robert- 
son was  examined  on  the  8th  of  June,  1779,  and,  in 
answer  to  a question  by  Lord  George  Germain,  said 
that,  in  his  opinion,  “more  than  two-thirds  of  the  people 
would  prefer  the  King’s  Government  to  the  Congress’ 
tyranny.”  ® Asked  “whether  the  inhabitants  of  Amer- 
ica have  shown  a willingness  to  take  up  arms  in  the  pres- 
ent contest,  and  if  the  Congress  found  it  easy  to  recruit 
their  armies,”  Roberston  said:  “I  can  only  answer  from 
observations  I have  made  on  other  facts.  The  armies 
have  not  filled,  and  from  publications  I have  seen,  there 
is  no  doubt  but  that  they  have  often  threatened  to 
draft  their  militia.”  ® 

To  Edmund  Burke’s  inquiry,  “How  are  the  provincial 
corps  composed;  whether  mostly  of  native  Americans, 
or  from  emigrants  from  various  nations  of  Europe?” 
General  Robertson  replied:  “Some  of  the  corps  con- 


Parliamentary  Register,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  276. 
^ Ibid.,  p.  276. 


104 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


sisted  mostly  of  natives ; and  others,  I believe  the  great- 
est number,  are  enlisted  from  such  people  that  ean  be 
got  in  the  country,  and  many  of  them  may  be  emigrants. 
Our  force  is  not  distinguished  from  the  rebels  in  that 
circumstance.  I remember  General  Lee  telling  me  that 
he  believed  half  the  rebel  army  were  from  Ireland.” 
Burke  further  asked,  “By  the  rebel  army,  did  General 
Lee  mean  the  Continental  army?”  and  Robertson  re- 
plied, “I  mean  the  Continental  army.”  ® 

I have  had  the  accompanying  photographs  made  of 
the  title-page  of  the  Parliamentary  Register  and  of  that 
part  of  it  where  this  interesting  testimony  appears,  as 
well  as  of  some  pages  of  a book  printed  in  London  in 
1779,  entitled:  “A  View  of  the  Evidence  Relative  to  the 
Conduct  of  the  American  War  under  Sir  William 
Howe,  Lord  Viscount  Howe,  and  General  Burgoyne, 
as  given  before  a Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons 
last  session  of  Parliament.”  In  this  book  the  testimony 
is  given  in  summary  form  only,  but  it  will  be  observed 
that  it  agrees  fully  with  the  verbatim  report  printed  in 
the  Parliamentary  Register. 

The  Lee  referred  to  by  General  Robertson  was 
Major-General  Charles  Lee,  second  in  command  of  the 
Continental  army,  who  was  appointed  to  that  post  im- 
mediately after  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  For  three 

^ Parliamentary  Register,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  305. 

® In  the  Nem  York  Colonial  Manuscripts,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  805,  there 
is  a long  report  from  a spy  to  the  English  commandant  at  New 
York,  dated  September  4,  1780,  in  which  he  said:  “The  American 
army  is  certainly  an  army  on  which  there  can  be  no  dependence. 
The  Continentals  are  less  than  half  of  it,  and  one-half  of  them  are 
Europeans.” 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


105 


years  he  was  active  in  the  operations  through  New  Eng- 
land and  the  Middle  and  Southern  Colonies,  and  having 
come  in  contact  with  the  various  divisions  of  the  army, 
he  undoubtedly  had  opportunities  to  form  opinions  of 
its  personnel.  Although  a brilliant  soldier,  his  career 
ended  in  obscurity,  if  not  in  shame;  for  after  the  battle 
of  Monmouth  in  June,  1778,  he  was  arrested  by  order 
of  Washington  for  disobedience  to  his  commands,  and 
after  trial  by  court-martial  was  suspended  from  the 
army.  He  removed  to  Philadelphia  for  a time,  and  no 
doubt  it  was  there  that  Robertson  met  him,  for  the  testi- 
mony shows  that  the  latter  was  stationed  in  Philadelphia 
in  1778. 

We  can  only  conjecture  the  reasons  for  Lee’s  inform- 
ing Robertson  of  the  proportion  of  Irishmen  in  the 
American  army.  Between  the  two  Englishmen  there 
was  a natural  bond  of  sympathy,  and  as  both  had  served 
several  years  in  the  British  army  in  America,  during 
the  French  and  Indian  War,  it  is  more  than  probable 
that  they  were  well  acquainted,  if  not  friends.  When 
they  met  again  in  Philadelphia,  the  composition  of  the 
American  army,  as  a matter  of  course,  would  be  a nat- 
ural subject  of  conversation,  and  in  discussing  the  prog- 
ress of  the  war  and  its  probable  outcome  the  English 
general  would  naturally  inquire  as  to  the  character  of 
the  material  comprising  the  opposing  forces.  But,  in 
whatever  way  it  came  about,  we  may  be  reasonably  sure 
that  when  Lee  stated  to  Robertson  that  he  “believed 
half  the  rebel  army  were  from  Ireland,”  he  said  what 
he  believed  to  be  the  fact.  And  when  considered  with 
the  testimony  of  Galloway,  it  is  unquestionably  very 


106 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


flattering  to  Irish-American  pride,  and  many  will  be 
disposed  to  accept  it  as  “the  last  word”  on  the  subject. 

It  is  to  be  assumed  also  that  Robertson  himself  be- 
lieved that  Lee’s  estimate  was  not  overdrawn,  for  other- 
wise he  would  not  consider  it  of  sufficient  moment  to 
introduce  at  so  important  an  inquiry.  If  hy  any  pos- 
sibility the  point  should  be  raised  that  General  Lee’s 
statement  was  only  a guess  or  was  made  without  due 
consideration  of  its  import,  no  one  can  gainsay  the  fact 
that  all  three,  Galloway,  Robertson,  and  Lee,  were  com- 
petent judges  of  the  situation — Lee  by  personal  con- 
tact with  the  personnel  of  the  patriot  army,  and  Gallo- 
way and  Robertson  by  their  observations  of  the  dispo- 
sition of  the  people  toward  independence. 

While  I believe  that  Galloway’s  estimate  was  to  some 
extent  exaggerated,  yet  there  is  in  existence  documen- 
tary evidence  substantiating  his  and  other  similar  state- 
ments that  a large  proportion  of  the  “rebel  army”  were 
Irish;  and  not  only  that,  but  that  the  Irish  element  were 
regarded  by  the  English  commanders  as  among  their 
“most  serious  antagonists.”  This  evidence  is  contained 
in  official  reports  and  letteis  from  army  officers  and 
others  in  America  to  their  superiors  in  London,  written 
during  the  course  of  the  war,  which  are  on  file  in  the 
archives  of  the  Public  Record  Office  in  England,  the 
Royal  Institution,  the  Tower  of  London,  the  British 
Museum,  the  Historical  Manuscripts  Conmiission,  and 
some  in  private  collections  in  the  possession  of  titled 
families  in  England,  and  at  the  Bureau  des  Affaires 
Etrangeres  in  Paris.  In  this  collection  there  are  sev- 
eral thousand  letters  and  reports  bearing  upon  the  Revo- 


- - 


-t. 


r- 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


107 


lutionary  War,  mostly  from  the  English  standpoint,  and 
in  many  of  these  references  are  found  relating  to  Ire- 
land and  to  the  Irish  in  America. 

One  of  these  very  interesting  documents  is  an  official 
report  dated  New  York,  September  25,  1776,  from 
Ambrose  Serle  to  the  Earl  of  Dartmouth,  the  English 
Secretary  of  State.  Serle  was  private  secretary  to  Lord 
Dartmouth  and  was  sent  to  this  country  in  1776  as  con- 
fidential agent  of  the  English  cabinet,  and  his  reports 
show  that  he  accompanied  the  army  for  two  years  and 
was  very  busily  engaged  in  gathering  information  about 
the  state  of  the  country  and  the  condition  of  both  armies. 
Joseph  Galloway,  in  a letter  to  Lord  Dartmouth,  dated 
June  21, 1778,  referred  to  Serle’s  “unwearied  attentions 
in  securing  first-hand  information”  and  stated  that  “he 
had  more  knowledge  of  American  affairs  than  any  other 
person  that  I have  ever  known  to  have  visited  this  coun- 
try.” In  Ambrose  Serle’s  report  of  September  25, 1776, 
a facsimile  of  part  of  which  is  here  reproduced,  besides 
many  other  interesting  sidelights  on  the  Revolutionary 
War,  will  be  noted  the  following  passage: 


“Great  Numbers  of  Emigrants,  particularly  Irish,  are  in  the 
Rebel  Army,  some  by  Choice  and  many  for  mere  Subsistence.  They 
have  also  many  transported  Felons,  who  have  exchanged  Ignominy 
and  Servitude  for  a Sort  of  Honor  and  Ease,  by  entering  among 
them.  This  is  a further  Argument  against  the  Transportation  of 
such  people  from  England  in  future.  Confinement  to  hard  Labor 
at  Home  might  answer  some  valuable  Purposes  there,  and  would 
be  a real  Punishment  to  the  Convicts.  Here,  they  do  Great  Britain 
much  Injury,  by  bringing  over  Numbers  and  Trades,  and  so  adding 
strength,  already  too  great,  to  the  Force  of  Ameriea  against  her.” 


108 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Mr.  Serle’s  characterization  of  the  Irish  political  refu- 
gees as  “convicts,”  and  his  recommendation  that  those 
of  the  same  way  of  thinking  at  home  be  subjected  to 
“punishment,”  are  not  surprising.  But  that  he  unques- 
tionably knew  his  business  is  indicated  by  his  advice  to 
his  government  to  exercise  its  authority  by  prohibiting 
the  departure  of  any  more  Irishmen  to  America,  where 
they  would  “do  Great  Britain  much  injury”  by  “adding 
strength  to  the  force  of  America  against  her.”  His 
statement  as  to  “the  Irish  in  the  Rebel  Army”  was  cor- 
roborated by  Joshua  Pell,  an  English  army  officer,  who 
recorded  in  his  Diary  under  date  of  June  1,  1776,  this 
significant  though  amusing  entry:  “The  Rebels  consist 
chiefly  of  Irish  Redemptioners  and  Convicts,  the  most 
audacious  rascals  existing.”  ® Pell’s  Diary  shows  that  he 
was  only  a short  time  in  America  when  he  discovered 
this  interesting  fact;  and  in  describing  a brush  with  the 
“rebels”  at  Trois  Rivieres  he  said:  “The  rebel  Generals 
that  commanded  were  Thompson  and  O’Sullivan.^^ 
Thompson  and  Colonel  Irwin,^^  another  Irishman,  with 
about  twelve  Officers  of  lesser  note  were  amongst  the 
prisoners.” 

If  it  should  be  claimed  that  Galloway’s  statement  be- 


® Diary  of  Joshua  Pell,  an  Officer  of  the  British  Army  in  America, 
1776-1777 , reproduced  from  the  original  in  the  possession  of  James 
L.  Onderdonk,  the  New  York  historian,  in  Magazine  of  American 
History  for  January,  1878. 

General  William  Thomson,  a native  of  Ireland,  who  com- 
manded a regiment  of  the  Pennsylvania  Line,  is  here  referred  to. 

Pell  undoubtedly  meant  General  John  Sullivan. 

This  was  Colonel,  afterward  General  William  Irvine,  who  was 
a native  of  Enniskillen,  County  Fermanagh,  Ireland. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


109 


fore  the  parliamentary  committee  in  1779,  as  to  the  pro- 
portion of  Irish  in  the  American  army,  was  based  merely 
on  his  recollection,  and  that,  as  such,  it  is  “not  admissible 
as  evidence,”  we  have  the  evidence  of  his  letters  to  the 
Secretary  of  State  written  from  Philadelphia  in  the  year 
1778,  and  at  a time  when  he  could  give  the  matter  mature 
thought,  and  when,  as  superintendent  of  police  of  the 
city  of  Philadelphia,  he  was  in  daily  contact  with  the 
English  army  officers.  These  letters  are  also  in  the 
English  archives.  In  a letter  to  Lord  Dartmouth  on 
January  27,  1778,  Galloway  said:  “As  a proof  of  the 
aversion  of  the  natives  of  America  to  the  present  rebel- 
lion, the  rebels  are  not  one  in  ten  of  their  whole  army 
who  are  not  either  English,  Scotch,  or  Irish,  but  by 
far  the  greater  number  of  Irish.”  On  March  4,  1778, 
he  again  wrote  Lord  Dartmouth:  “From  the  beginning 
there  has  been  a reluctance  in  the  natives  of  America 
to  enter  into  the  regular  service  of  the  Rebellion.  They 
have  been  forced  out  in  the  Militia  by  heavy  fines  for  a 
few  months  only.  The  English,  Scotch,  and  Irish,  by 
far  the  most  part  of  the  latter,  have  principally  com- 
posed the  rebel  regular  army.” 

Another  very  interesting  document  here  reproduced  is 
portion  of  a long  letter  from  General  Sir  Henry  Clin- 
ton to  Lord  George  Germain,  Secretary  of  War,  dated 
New  York,  October  23,  1778.  This  letter  related  to  the 
difficulty  of  carrying  out  “his  Lordship’s  instructions  to 
draw  off  from  the  American  army  the  number  of  Euro- 
peans which  constituted  its  principal  force” ; and  on  this 
point  Clinton  remarked  significantly:  “The  Emigrants 
from  Ireland  were  in  general  to  be  looked  upon  as  our 


110 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


most  serious  antagonists.  They  had  fled  from  the  real 
or  fancied  oppression  of  the  landlords.  Through  dread 
of  prosecution  for  the  riots  which  their  idea  of  that  op- 
pression had  occasioned,  they  had  transplanted  them- 
selves into  a country  where  they  could  live  without  op- 
pression and  had  estranged  themselves  from  all  solici- 
tude of  the  welfare  of  Britain.” 

General  Clinton’s  first  attempt  “to  draw  off  from  the 
iCmerican  army  the  number  of  Europeans  which  con- 
stituted its  principal  force”  was  to  organize  two  so- 
called  “Irish”  regiments,  and  in  furtherance  of  this  de- 
sign he  sent  his  spies  among  the  foreign-born  soldiers 
Avith  flattering  inducements  if  they  would  “desert  the 
rebel  army,”  and,  if  they  chose,  they  could  have  “free 
passage  to  England  or  Ireland.”  In  an  order  to  the 
troops  at  Valley  Forge  issued  by  Washington  on  April 
23,  1778,  he  warned  against  “the  dcA’ices  of  the  enemy 
to  induce  them  to  desert”  and  he  addressed  himself  par- 
ticularly to  the  foreign-born  troops,  saying  that  if  any 
of  them  “be  deluded  by  the  treacherous  promises  of  the 
enemy,  that  under  pretense  of  sending  deserters  from 
this  army  passage  free  to  Great  Britain  or  Ireland,  there 
to  be  set  at  large,”  that,  as  a matter  of  fact,  the  enemy’s 
purpose  was  “to  confine  them  on  ship-board  Avith  a Anew 
either  to  force  them  into  their  serAuce  as  seamen,  or 
transport  them  as  recruits  to  some  garrison.”  During 
the  following  year,  emissaries  from  the  enemy’s  camp 
again  appeared  among  the  American  troops,  but  Avith 
no  success,  so  far  as  is  known.  Yet,  Clinton  was  not 

Revolutionary  Orders  of  General  Washington,  edited  by  Henry 
Whiting;  New  York,  1844'. 


REPfiODUCBD  By  A/VNA  FRANCES  LEF/NS. 


FACSIMILE  OF  FIRST  PAGE  OF  A LETTER  FROM  GENERAL 
SIR  HENRY  CLINTON, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF  OF  THE  ENGLISH  ARMY 
IN  AMERICA, TO  LORD  GEORGE  GERMAIN,  SECRETARY  OF  WAR. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


111 


to  be  put  off  by  these  continued  failures  and  early  in 
1780  he  caused  to  be  distributed  an  “address  to  the 
American  soldiers,”  in  which  he  appealed  especially  to 
“the  old  countrymen”  to  desert,  on  the  ground  that  they 
no  longer  had  any  grievances  against  England,  since 
“the  affairs  of  Ireland  are  fully  settled.”  In  a letter 
from  Washington  to  the  President  of  Congress  on  May 
27,  1780,  he  enclosed  what  he  described  as  “a  small 
printed  paper  found  in  our  camp,  containing  an  address 
to  our  soldiers  by  the  enemy  to  induce  them  to  desert.” 
This  paper  was  read  in  Congress  on  May  31,  1780,  and 
was  as  follows: 

“The  time  is  at  length  arrived,  when  all  the  artifices  and  false- 
hoods of  the  Congress  and  of  your  Commanders  can  no  longer 
conceal  from  you,  the  misery  of  your  situation;  you  are  neither 
Clothed,  Fed  nor  Paid;  your  numbers  are  wasting  away  by  Sick- 
ness, Famine,  Nakedness,  and  rapidly  so  by  the  period  of  your 
stipulated  Services  being  in  general  expired.  This  is  then  the 
moment  to  fly  from  slavery  and  fraud.  I am  happy  in  acquainting 
the  old  countrymen  that  the  aflTairs  of  Ireland  are  fully  settled 
and  that  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  are  firmly  united,  as  well  from 
interest  as  from  afi'ection.  I need  not  tell  you  who  are  born  in 
America,  that  you  have  been  cheated  and  abused,  and  you  are  both 
sensible  that  in  order  to  procure  your  liberty  you  must  quit  your 
leaders  and  join  your  real  friends  who  scorn  to  impose  upon  you 
and  who  will  receive  you  with  open  arms,  kindly  forgiving  all  your 
errors.  You  are  told  that  you  are  surrounded  by  a numerous 
militia.  This  is  also  false;  associate  them  together,  make  use  of 
your  firelocks  and  join  the  British  Army,  where  you  will  be  per- 
mitted to  dispose  of  yourselves  as  you  please.” 

To  the  American  command,  the  disquieting  feature 
of  this  insidious  document  was,  that  it  stated  the  truth 
as  to  the  condition  of  the  American  army  at  that  time. 


112 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


111  clad  and  ill  fed,  the  soldiers  had  passed  through  the 
previous  winter  without  a penny  of  their  pay  and  with 
little  prospect  of  any  in  sight  the  commissariat,  “re- 
duced to  an  extremity  for  want  of  provisions,”  was  help- 
less to  supply  their  wants ; a large  number  of  the  people 
were  insensible  to  their  sufferings;  the  patience  of  the 
men  was  fast  becoming  exhausted  and  the  general  dis- 
satisfaction in  the  ranks  at  length  resulted  in  a revolt 
among  a large  part  of  these  soldiers  of  freedom.  Of 
all  this,  Clinton  was  aware  and  in  distributing  this  docu- 
ment, he  took  advantage  of  what  he  thought  was  the 
psychological  moment  to  shake  the  morale  of  the  Ameri- 
can troops,  especially  of  those  who  were  natives  of  “the 
old  country.” 

It  cannot  be  supposed  that  these  various  English 
witnesses,  as  well  as  Generals  Robertson  and  Lee,  who 
were  on  the  ground  throughout  the  struggle,  and  who, 
having  come  in  contact  with  Washington’s  army,  learned 
to  know  the  character,  racial  and  otherwise,  of  its  per- 
sonnel, could  all  have  been  mistaken.  The  statement  of 
each  was  made  independently  of  the  others  and  all  under 
different  circumstances,  and  those  who  now  make  an 
impartial  study  of  this  testimony  must  assuredly  admit 
that  the  Irish  were  an  important  part  of  the  Army  of 
Liberty.  I have  read  statements  of  American  historians 
that  “the  Irish  showed  no  disposition  to  warm  up  to 
the  cause,”  that  “they  remained  indifferent  to  what 
was  going  on  around  them,”  and  one  well-known  histo- 
rian, still  living,  who  has  occupied  the  highest  place  in 
the  gift  of  the  American  people,  has  said  that  “the  Irish 
were  for  the  most  part  heartily  loyal”  to  England,  and 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


113 


that  the  Revolutionary  war  was  “a  conflict  between  men 
of  the  same  race  and  blood.”  I am  wondering  if  he 
will  be  willing  now  to  modify  his  views  when  he  reads 
such  a statement  as  that  of  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  which 
proves  absolutely  “the  claims  of  the  Irish.” 

A significant  feature  of  General  Robertson’s  testi- 
mony will  be  noted  from  the  reproduction  of  page  50  of 
the  book  referred  to,  where  he  said:  “The  loyal  Ameri- 
cans consisted  of  corps,  some  of  them  mostly  composed 
of  native  Americans,  some  mostly  composed  of  emi- 
grants from  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  other  parts  of 
Europe,”  and  on  the  same  page  he  states  that  the  loyal- 
ists were  “more  numerous”  than  the  “rebels,”  and  that 
“two-thirds  of  the  people”  of  America  during  the  Revo- 
lution were  loyal  to  the  crown.  In  these  statements  we 
find  the  answer  to  a question  raised  in  the  United  States 
Senate  on  July  25,  1916,  during  a debate  on  Senator 
James  A.  O’Gorman’s  resolution  urging  clemency  for 
the  ill-fated  Sir  Roger  Casement.  Senator  O’Gorman, 
in  speaking  to  the  resolution,  called  attention  to  the  debt 
that  America  owes  to  Ireland  in  return  for  the  services 
rendered  by  Irish  soldiers  in  the  War  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. Two  of  his  fellow  Senators  disputed  the  state- 
ment and  retorted  by  asking,  “If  it  be  accepted  as  a 
fact  that  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  Continental  troops  were 
Irish,  and  if  other  races  were  given  the  credit  which  is 
claimed  in  their  behalf,  were  there  any  Americans  fight- 
ing in  the  Continental  army?”  Senator  O’Gorman  re- 
plied by  informing  his  interrogators  of  the  large  num- 
ber of  Americans  who  were  in  the  employ  of  the  British 
army,  and  that,  if  by  “Americans”  of  that  time  they 


114 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


meant  immigrants  of  English  ancestry,  “the  record 
shows  that  four-fifths  of  all  the  inhabitants  of  America 
during  that  period  boasting  of  English  ancestry  re- 
mained loyalists  and  were  the  Tories  of  the  Revolution.” 
We  see  from  the  evidence  now  adduced  that  Senator 
O’Gorman  was  not  far  out  in  his  reckoning,  for  General 
Robertson  testified  that  “two-thirds  of  the  Americans” 
remained  loyal,  and  Galloway  said  that  “many  more 
than  four-fifths  of  the  people  would  prefer  an  union  with 
Great  Britain  upon  constitutional  principles  to  that  of 
independence.” 

In  so  far  as  the  Irish  in  America  were  concerned.  Gen- 
eral Robertson’s  testimony  goes  to  show  that,  to  a certain 
extent,  they,  too,  were  divided  on  the  question  of  separa- 
tion from  England.  We  have  always  had -“loyal  Irish- 
men.” There  are  some  of  them  to-day  in  Ireland,  and 
they  are,  and  always  have  been,  the  class  of  men  who 
have  retarded  the  political  aspirations  of  their  more 
enlightened  countrymen,  and  who  look  upon  a possible 
separation  from  England  as  a calamity  not  to  be  en- 
dured. From  time  immemorial,  men  have  been  di^^ded 
on  political  questions,  even  those  affecting  the  best  in- 
terests of  their  own  country.  And  as  it  was  in  Ireland, 
so  it  was  in  America.  While  there  is  nothing  on  record 
to  indicate  what  proportion  of  the  American  Irish  were 
loyal  to  the  crown,  they  were  unquestionably  of  little 
moment;  but  no  matter  what  their  numbers  may  have 
been,  their  strength  and  influence  were  overwhelmingly 
nullified  by  the  large  numbers  of  their  countrymen  who 
enlisted  under  the  banner  of  Washington  and  fought 
and  suffered  in  the  cause  of  American  liberty. 


OF  A3IERICAN  HISTORY 


115 


Various  authorities  say  that  upward  of  thirty  thou- 
sand loyalists  fled  to  Canada  during  the  first  few  years 
of  the  war.  All  through  the  Revolution  they  were  leav- 
ing the  country  by  thousands,  and  it  has  been  estimated 
that  “even  up  to  one  hundred  thousand  of  them  left  with 
Sir  Guy  Carleton  when  he  evacuated  New  York.^^  So 
numerous  were  the  English  loyalists  who  returned  direct 
to  England  in  the  year  1775,  that  the  question  of  pro- 
viding for  them  became  a serious  one  in  that  country. 
Writing  in  his  Diary  under  date  of  ISIarch  2,  1776, 
Thomas  Hutchinson,  the  last  royal  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, said:  “The  refugees  from  America,  scared 
from  their  ruined  homes,  had  taken  flight  across  the 
Atlantic,  and  were  pitching  down  upon  England  like 
rooks  upon  a corn-field  to  see  what  grain  they  could 
pick  up ; but  so  numerous  were  the  flocks  becoming,  that 
the  custodians  of  the  granaries  in  the  old  country  had 
great  difficulty  in  finding  a few  grains  each  for  all  the 
hungiy  mouths,”  Sabine  mentions  by  name,  all 
told,  4,542  loyalists  among  those  who  took  refuge  in  the 
Canadian  provinces,  and  of  this  number  I find  251  Irish 


See  The  Loyalists  of  America  and  their  Times,  by  Egerton 
Ryerson,  Vol.  I,  p.  184;  Toronto,  1880. 

Sidney  George  Fisher,  The  True  History  of  the  American 
Revolution,  p.  234;  Philadelphia,  1902.  See  also  New  York  in  the 
Revolution,  by  Justice  Thomas  Jones,  Vol.  II,  p.  504. 

Diary  and  Letters  of  his  Excellency  Thomas  Hutchinson,  Esq., 
Captain-General  and  Governor  in  Chief  of  His  late  Majesty’s 
Colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  compiled  from  original  documents 
by  Peter  Orlando  Flutchinson,  Vol.  II,  p.  286;  Boston,  1886. 

Loyalists  of  the  American  Revolution,  by  Lorenzo  Sabine,  Vol. 
I,  pp.  70-71;  Boston,  1864. 


116 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


or  of  Irish  descent  and  the  remainder  English,  with  some 
scattering  French,  German,  and  Dutch;  so  that,  assum- 
ing that  this  proportion  prevailed  throughout,  it  ap- 
pears that  not  less  than  ninety  per  cent,  of  the  loyalists 
who  deserted  the  country  in  her  hour  of  trial  were  of 
English  descent.  Sabine  further  says : “It  may  not  be 
possible  to  ascertain  the  number  of  loyalists  who  took 
up  arms,  but  from  the  best  evidence  I have  been  able 
to  obtain,  I conclude  that  there  were  at  the  lowest  com- 
putation 25,000  Americans  who  took  up  arms  against 
their  country  and  in  aid  of  England.” 

Sabine  admits  that  this  estimate  of  the  number  of 
loyalists  who  joined  the  King’s  forces  was  “far  too  low,” 
judging  by  the  large  numbers  of  them  recorded  among 
the  killed  and  wounded.  He  states  that  in  the  battles 
and  skirmishes  fought  chiefly  in  the  South,  “more  than 
six  thousand  Tories  were  killed,”  and  “at  the  time  of 
Cornwallis’  surrender,  a portion  of  his  army  was  com- 
posed of  native  Americans  and  his  Lordship  evinced 
great  anxiety  for  their  protection.”  In  an  address  pre- 
sented to  the  King  in  London  in  1779,  it  was  said  that 
their  countrymen  then  in  His  Majesty’s  army  “ex- 
ceeded in  number  the  troops  enlisted  [by  Congress]  to 
oppose  them,  exclusive  of  those  who  were  in  the  service 
in  private  ships  of  war,”  and  in  a similar  document 
addressed  to  the  King  and  Parliament  in  1782,  it  was 
asserted  that  “there  are  many  more  men  in  his  IMajes- 

According  to  Wharton’s  Diplomatic  Correspondence  (Vol.  I, 
p.  86),  more  than  seven  thousand  American  loyalists  served  in 
English  privateers  during  the  Revolution. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


117 


ty’s  Provincial  regiments  tlian  there  are  in  the  Conti- 
nental service.” 

Such  statements,  combined  with  those  of  Galloway, 
Robertson,  and  other  English  officers,  must  eome  as  a 
great  shock  to  those  who  like  to  believe,  as  they  have 
been  told  by  historians,  that  the  Revolutionary  conflict 
w'as  “a  contest  between  brothers,”  and  that  “the  com- 
batants were  of  the  same  race  and  blood,”  meaning  by 
these  assertions  that  the  soldiers  who  won  our  independ- 
enee  were  generally  English  or  of  English  origin.  I 
imagine  that  the  historians  who  claim  that  the  soldiers 
of  the  Revolution  were  “mainly  of  English  blood”  ar- 
rived at  that  conclusion  by  the  same  strange  method  of 
reasoning  that  has  led  them  to  say  that  the  pioneer  set- 
tlers of  this  country  were  chiefly  English,  for  they  in- 
cluded under  the  head  of  “English”  all  immigrants  of 
the  Colonial  period  v/ho  embarked  at  English  or  Irish 
ports,  regardless  entirely  of  the  plaees  of  their  nativity 
or  their  racial  origin. 

Wharton,  Vol.  I,  p.  72.  General  Sir  Henry  Clinton  reported  to 
the  English  Minister  that  "there  were  in  the  King’s  service  more 
American  loyalists  than  there  were  rebels  in  Washington’s  army.” 
(See  Memoirs  of  the  Marshal  Count  de  Rochambeau  relative  to 
the  War  of  Independence,  p.  52;  Paris,  1838.) 


CHAPTER  VIII 


IRISH  NAMES  IN  AMERICAN  MUSTER-ROLLS 


Facts  furnished  by  American  records  in  support  of  the  testimony 
of  Galloway,  Robertson,  Clinton,  Serle,  and  other  English 
officers.  The  muster-rolls  of  the  Continental  Army.  Changes 
in  Irish  surnames.  Some  examples  of  the  racial  composition 
of  American  regiments.  In  some  units  the  Irish  proportion 
was  as  high  as  seventy-five  per  cent.  The  average  Irish  pro- 
I^ortion  was  thirty-eight  per  cent. 


FTER  all  that  has  been  written  on  the  subject  of 


the  American  Revolution,  tending  to  show  that 
the  participants  on  both  sides  -were  mainly  of  English 
blood,  there  is  a large  class  of  Americans  Avho  will  not 
be  convinced  of  the  fact  that  much  of  the  real  truth  of 
history  has  been  suppressed  by  historians,  and  that 
among  the  fighting  forces  that  achieved  the  liberties  of 
this  country  were  representatives  of  several  European 
races.  And,  above  all,  they  will  not  believe  that  any 
injustice  has  been  done  to  those  of  Irish  blood  who  con- 
tributed so  much  to  that  glorious  end. 

Many  students  of  American  history,  therefore,  will 
claim  that  neither  the  statement  of  Galloway  nor  that 
of  Robertson  furnishes  conclusive  evidence  on  the  ques- 
tion of  the  racial  composition  of  the  Revolutionary  army, 
and  the  onus  of  proving  the  case  is  thus  throvm  on  those 
who  have  brought  into  the  “court  of  public  opinion” 
nothing  more  than  this  unsupported  testimoiiv.  That 


FACSIMILE  OF  PART  OF  A LETTER  FROM  JOSEPH  GALLOWAY  TO 
LORD  GEORGE  GERMAIN,  DATED  PHILADELPHIA,  MARCH  4-,  I77S. 


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LJ_ 


LORD  GE0R6E  GERMAIN,  DATED  PHILADELPHIA,  JANUARY  23  AND  3),  1778. 


A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY  119 


point  of  view  would  be  entirely  natural  under  the  cir- 
cumstances, and  it  is  one  that  must  be  met.  Indeed,  it 
is  a perfectly  fair  position  to  take  by  persons  who  have 
no  other  means  of  information  than  the  standard  his- 
tories of  the  United  States,  for  each  item  of  historical 
evidence  that  comes  to  us  must  be  sifted  carefully  so 
as  not  to  give  it  more  weight  than  it  is  fairly  entitled 
to.  But  while  the  testimony  of  Galloway  and  Robert- 
son is  subject  to  scrutiny,  it  is  not,  as  some  assert,  to 
be  rejected  entirely,  for  there  is  no  reason  for  supposing 
that  these  witnesses  had  any  ulterior  motive  in  so  testi- 
fying and  thus  giving  the  Irish  a place  in  American  his- 
tory to  which  they  were  not  entitled. 

It  will  not  do  to  say  merely  that  Galloway,  Robertson, 
and  Lee  were  contemporary  witnesses  of  the  events 
of  the  time,  nor  that,  from  the  nature  of  the  case,  they 
were  impartial  and  competent  witnesses,  and  that  on 
this  account  their  testimony  should  be  acceptable  to  all. 
For  it  is  obvious  that  Galloway’s  “about  one-half”  could 
only  have  been  an  estimate  based  on  his  observations 
prior  to  and  during  the  first  three  years  of  the  war ; and 
while  General  Lee  had  perfectly  good  grounds,  as  I shall 
later  show,  for  “believing”  that  “half  the  rebel  army  was 
from  Ireland,”  yet  it  will  be  pointed  out  that  Lee’s  state- 
ment to  Robertson,  after  all,  was  nothing  more  tangible 
than  an  expression  of  his  “belief.”  Further  proof  than 
this  will  be  demanded,  and  such  proof  must  come  from 
some  other  source, — such,  for  example,  as  the  muster- 
rolls  of  the  Revolutionary  army. 

Obviously,  the  solution  of  the  question  must  begin 
there,  but  any  person  who  undertakes  the  task  of 


120 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


furnishing  proof  from  this  source  that  wiU  be  uni- 
versally satisfactory,  that  “one-half”  the  American 
army  were  Irish,  will  have  a very  difficult  problem  on  his 
hands.  It  is  true  that  the  muster-rolls,  or  most  of  them, 
of  the  regiments  which  comprised  the  Continental  army 
and  the  militia  are  on  file  at  the  War  Department,  and 
for  those  who  cannot  examine  the  originals,  official  cop- 
ies are  available  at  leading  libraries  and  historical  socie- 
ties. Independently  of  the  testimony  furnished  to  us 
by  Galloway,  Robertson,  Clinton,  Pell,  Serle,  and  other 
English  officers,  I have  devoted  much  time  to  an  exami- 
nation of  the  muster-rolls  in  an  effort  to  determine  the 
proportion  of  Irish  who  served  in  the  Revolution,  but 
find  in  the  names  of  the  men  and  the  lack  of  detail  as 
to  their  antecedents  or  nationality  what  seems  to  be  an 
insuperable  difficulty. 

With  the  Continental  Line,  in  some  cases,  the  captains 
or  recruiting  officers  took  down  the  “nativity”  of  each 
man,  in  addition  to  such  particulars  as  his  name,  age, 
occupation,  residence,  and  the  date  and  period  of  enlist- 
ment. But  there  were  other  bodies  of  armed  men,  such 
as  local  militia,  “partisan”  soldiers,  and  frontier  fight- 
ers, who,  while  not  subject  to  the  same  discipline  as 
the  soldiers  of  the  “Line,”  rendered  valuable  service 
throughout  the  war,  especially  in  warding  off  attacks 
by  Indians  and  Tories,  protecting  the  settlements,  and 
guarding  supply  trains.  But  in  most  of  these  cases  the 
rosters  are  incomplete,  and  in  many  cases  they  are  miss- 
ing altogether,  and  the  nativity  of  the  men,  as  a general 
rule,  was  not  recorded.  Besides  this,  cases  are  noted 
where  a man  would  enlist  for,  say,  “three  months”  or 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


121 

thereabouts,  and  after  his  discharge,  perhaps  after  the 
lapse  of  several  months,  the  same  man  would  return 
and  his  name  would  reappear  on  the  roster  of  an  entirely 
different  regiment.  One  of  the  difficulties  referred  to 
will  be  understood  at  once  when  this  point  is  fully 
considered. 

But  it  is  in  the  names  of  the  men  that  the  greatest  ob- 
stacle is  found.  In  the  regimental  muster-rolls  and  in 
ante-Revolutionary  records  many  natives  of  Ireland 
bearing  non-Irish  names  are  recorded, — such,  for  in- 
stance, as  those  formed  after  colors,  like  White,  Black, 
Brown,  and  Gray;  or  occupations,  as  Butler,  Steward, 
Clarke,  Mason,  Hunter,  Miller,  Carpenter,  and  Smith; 
or  names  like  Rivers,  Mountain,  Stone,  Steele,  Wood, 
and  various  other  forms ; and  it  is  known  that  numbers 
of  Revolutionary  soldiers  of  those  or  similarly  formed 
names,  whose  places  of  nativity  were  not  recorded,  were 
Irish.  There  are  some  who  may  be  inclined  to  dispute 
the  propriety  of  classifying  people  bearing  such  names 
as  “Irish,”  or,  at  any  rate,  who  will  claim  that  even  if 
they  were  born  in  Ireland,  they  should  be  classified  as 
“Anglo-Irish”  or  “Scotch-Irish,”  thus  by  implication 
denying  to  the  plain  “Irish”  the  credit  of  furnishing  such 
soldiers  to  the  Revolutionary  cause.  But  on  that  point 
we  know  there  has  always  been  a great  deal  of  misunder- 
standing on  the  part  of  people  unacquainted  with  the 
history  of  Ireland.  For  there  are  numerous  Irish  fami- 
lies so  named  who  are  just  as  Celtic  in  blood  and  origin 
and  ideals  as  any  bearing  the  old  clan  names  with  the 
familiar  prefix  “O”  or  “Mac.” 

American  historians,  as  a rule,  do  not  understand  this ; 


122 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


so,  in  the  absence  of  knowledge  as  to  the  origin  of  the 
names  of  many  of  the  immigrants,  they  invariably  wrote 
them  down  as  “English,”  as  long  as  the  names  were  of 
apparently  English  sound  or  formation.  Other  his- 
torians did  not  make  any  distinction  at  all,  even  where 
the  nationality  was  known,  and  all  through  their  work 
they  display  total  ignorance  of  the  racial  distinctions 
that  exist  between  Englishmen  and  natives  of  other 
countries  under  English  rule.  Indeed,  only  a short  time 
ago  I heard  a college  professor  dilating  upon  this  sub- 
ject, and  he  made  the  bald  assertion  that  “all  people 
under  the  Enghsh  flag,  regardless  of  race  or  color,  are 
necessarily  English” ! 

The  fact  that  many  Irish  families  bear  names  of  other 
than  Irish  origin  has  been  explained  so  often  by  accurate 
and  scrupulous  antiquarians,  that  it  is  only  necessary  to 
refer  here  to  those  acts  of  the  English  Parliament  by 
which  certain  Irish  families  were  forced  to  change  their 
names.  In  the  reigns  of  the  Henrys  and  Edwards,  many 
penal  acts  of  Parliament  were  passed  compelling  the 
ancient  Irish  families  to  adopt  English  surnames  and 
the  English  language,  dress,  manners,  and  customs. 
While  these  statutes  could  be  enforced  only  within  that 
part  of  Ireland  called  “The  Pale,”  that  is,  within  the 
then  military  jurisdiction  of  England,  it  is  known  that 
many  of  the  Milesian  Irish  in  those  times  took  English 
surnames  to  protect  their  lives  and  estates,  as  otherwise 
they  forfeited  their  properties  and  were  liable  to  be 
punished  as  Irish  enemies.  In  the  quaint  language  of 
the  time,  and  in  the  usual  spirit  exhibited  by  English 
writers  toward  the  Irish,  Edmund  Spenser,  author  of 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


123 


The  Faerie  Queen,  in  his  View  of  the  State  of  Ireland 
thus  refers  to  one  of  these  acts  of  the  English  Parlia- 
ment: 

“For  the  better  breaking  of  these  [Irish]  heads  and  septs,  which 
was  one  of  the  greatest  strengthes  of  the  Irish,  mee  thinks  it  should 
bee  very  well  to  renewe  that  ould  statute  which  was  made  in  the 
raigne  of  Edward  the  Fourth  in  Ireland,  by  which  it  was  com- 
maunded,  that  whereas  all  men  then  used  to  be  called  by  the  name  of 
their  septs,  according  to  the  severall  nations,  and  had  no  surnames 
at  all,  that  from  thenceforth  each  one  should  take  upon  himself e a 
severall  surname,  either  of  his  trade  or  facultie  or  of  some  quality 
of  his  body  or  minde ; or  of  the  place  where  he  dwelt,  so  as  every  one 
should  be  distinguished  from  the  other,  or  from  the  most  part  where- 
by they  shall  not  onely  depend  upon  the  head  of  their  sept,  as  now 
they  do,  but  also  in  time  learne  quite  to  forget  his  Irish  nation. 
And  herewithall  would  I also  with  all  the  O’s  and  the  Mac’s  which 
the  heads  of  septs  have  taken  to  their  names,  to  bee  utterly  forbid- 
den and  extinguished.  For  that  the  same  an  ordinance  first  made  by 
O’Brien  for  the  strengthening  of  the  Irish  and  abrogating  thereof 
will  as  much  enfeeble  them.” 

The  act  referred  to  by  Spenser,  which  was  passed  in 
the  fifth  year  of  the  reign  of  Edward  IV,  specifically 
mentioned  the  counties  comprising  “The  Pale,”  and 
reads  as  follows: 

“At  the  request  of  the  Commons,  it  is  ordeyned  and  established 
by  authority  of  the  said  Parliament  that  every  Irishman  that  dwells 
betwixt  or  amongst  Englishmen  in  the  County  of  Dublin,  Myeth, 
Uriell  and  Killdare  shall  goe  like  to  one  Englishman  in  apparell, 
and  shaveing  off  his  beard  above  the  mouth,  and  shall  be  within  one 
yeare  sworne  the  liegeman  of  the  King  in  the  hands  of  the  lieutenant 
or  deputy,  or  such  as  he  will  assigne  to  receive  this  oath  for  the 
multitude  that  is  to  be  sworne,  and  shall  take  to  him  an  English 
surname  of  one  towne  as  Sutton,  Chester,  Trym,  Skryne,  Corke, 
Kinsale,  or  colour,  as  White,  Blacke,  Brown,  or  arte,  or  science. 


124 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


as  Smith,  or  Carpenter,  or  office,  as  Cooke  or  Butler,  and  that  he 
and  his  issue  shall  use  this  name  under  payne  of  forfeyting  of  his 
goods  yearely  till  the  premises  be  done,  to  be  levied  two  times  by 
the  yeare  to  the  King’s  warres  according  to  the  discretion  of  the 
lieutenant  of  the  King  or  His  Deputy.”  ^ 

Thus  it  is  seen  that  the  Irish  who  came  within  the  pur- 
view of  this  act  were  compelled  to  change  their  names 
arbitrarily  and  adopt  English  names.  Some  families 
Anglicized  their  names  by  the  simple  dropping  of  a pre- 
fix or  an  affix,  or  by  the  transposition  of  letters  or  syl- 
lables, but  a great  many  efF ected  the  change  by  a literal 
translation  of  their  names  into  what  they  meant  in  Eng- 
lish. Herein  we  find  an  explanation  of  the  Irish  origin 
of  certain  distinguished  men  in  America  in  Colonial 
and  Revolutionary  times.  For  example,  James  Smith, 
a Signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  who  com- 
manded a regiment  of  the  Pennsylvania  Line  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  was  a native  of  Dublin,  Ireland. 
He  was  descended  from  a family  named  ISIacGowan  in 
County  Meath.  In  the  Irish  language,  “Mac”  means 
“the  son  of”  or  “descendant,”  and  “Gow”  means  a 
“smith”  or  “blacksmith,”  and  under  the  operation  of  the 
English  laws  referred  to,  the  branch  of  the  INIacGowans 
from  which  James  Smith  sprang  changed  their  name  to 
“Smith.”  It  is  known  also  that  Sir  William  Johnson, 
Governor  of  the  Indians  from  the  Hudson  to  the  iSIis- 
sissippi  River,  was  descended  from  the  Irish  family  of 
MacShane.  This  name  means  literally  “the  son  of 
John,”  from  “Mac”  and  “Shane,”  Irish  for  “John.” 


^ Rot.  Pari.  sa.  16. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


125 


Sir  William  Johnson  was  also  a native  of  County  Meath, 
Ireland. 

Some  very  strange  name  transformations  were 
brought  about  in  this  way,  and  a striking  instance  of  this 
is  the  name  Whitcomb.  This  is  an  English  name,  but 
there  is  also  an  Irish  family  of  Whitcombs,  descended 
from  the  Kirwans  or  MacKirv/ans,  a branch  of  this 
family,  under  compulsion,  having  translated  the  name 
into  what  the  Irish  words  from  which  Kirwan  was  de- 
rived mean  in  English.  The  name  Kirwan  is  derived 
from  the  two  Gaelic  words,  dor  blian  (pronounced 
keer  waun)  meaning  literally  a “white  comb,”  i.e.,  a 
man  with  a white  tuft  of  hair  on  his  head.  But  the  name 
“Whitecomb”  was  not  euphonious,  so  at  some  period  or 
other  they  dropped  the  “e”  and  called  themselves  “Whit- 
comb.” On  the  other  hand,  MacTiernan,  which  means 
“the  son  of  the  master,”  became  “Masterson”;  some 
of  the  O’Neills  and  IMacNeills  became  “Neilson”;  the 
O’Donnells  and  MacDonnells,  “Donelson”;  MacFer- 
gus,  “Ferguson,”  and  so  on,  these  changes  being  but 
literal  translations  from  the  originals.  We  can  also  see 
how  simple  it  was  for  the  ancient  O’Heas  to  change  their 
name  to  “Hayes”;  the  O’Culliens  or  O’Culanes,  to  “Col- 
lins”; the  O’Neachtan  or  O’Naghten  family,  to  “Nor- 
ton”; the  O’Creehans,  to  “Creighton,”  and  the 
O’Clerys,  to  “Clarke,”  for  in  the  Irish  language  O’Clery 
means  literally  “the  grandson  of  a clerk”  or  of  some  per- 
son who  occupied  the  position  of  secretary  or  amanuen- 
sis. Likewise,  the  Irish  name,  O’Knavin,  meaning  liter- 
ally a “small  bone,”  in  some  instances  became  “Bowen” ; 
O’Muloghery,  signifying  in  Gaelic  “early  rising,”  be- 


126 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


came  “Early”;  JMacRory  became  “Rogers,”  because 
“Roger”  was  assumed  to  be  the  English  Christian  name 
corresponding  to  the  Irish  “Rory.”  The  Irish  family 
of  Ford  derived  their  name  from  the  original  Mac- 
Connava,  on  the  erroneous  assumption  that  “ava,”  the 
final  syllable  of  the  name,  meant  a “ford,”  and  in  the 
same  way  the  Irish  family  of  “King”  formed  their 
name  from  the  original  MacConry,  on  the  assumption 
that  the  “ry”  is  derived  from  “righ,”  a king. 

Numerous  similar  instances  can  be  quoted,  and  those 
who  may  be  interested  further  in  the  subject  are  referred 
to  the  Topographical  Index  in  Dr.  Geoffrey  Keat- 
ing’s History  of  Ireland  (written  in  1618),  as  trans- 
lated from  the  original  Gaelic  manuscripts  by  John 
O’jNIahony,  and  to  such  genealogical  works  as  John 
O’Hart’s  Irish  Pedigrees  and  Dr.  John  O’Donovan’s 
well-known  work.  Tribes  and  Customs  of  Hy  Fiach- 
rach,  published  by  the  Irish  Archeological  Society. 

An  illustration  of  the  difficulty  in  determining  the 
number  of  Irish  soldiers  listed  on  the  rolls,  in  those  cases 
where  the  “nativity”  of  the  recruits  was  not  taken  down, 
is  the  following  company  muster-roll  from  Colonel  Will- 
iam Thompson’s  regiment  of  South  Carohna  Rangers 
in  1775.  Among  the  names  of  the  enlisted  men,  besides 
a number  bearing  obvious  Irish  names,  who  were  re- 
corded by  the  recruiting  officers  as  having  been  “born  in 
Ireland,”  I find: 


James  Brown 
Jolin  Bell 
William  Boyd 
James  Buchanan 


Richard  Bro^vn 
Peter  Burns 
James  Davin 
Hugh  Gaston 


Alexander  Gaston 
John  Hunter 
Andrew  Hannah 
William  Harbison 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


127 


Thomas  Jackson 
Robert  Martin 
John  Montgomery 
Thomas  Miller 
James  McElwee 
Dennis  McCarty 


John  McLain 
William  McGraw 
Andrew  McElvene 
John  Russell 
Jeremiah  Simmons 
John  Steel 
John  Surginer 


John  Warnock 
Michael  Warnock 
William  Wilson 
Thomas  Wood 
Robert  White 
Henry  Wyley 


There  are  several  on  this  roster  whom  one  would  never 
suppose  from  their  names  were  natives  of  Ireland,  if 
the  fact  were  not  so  stated.  In  addition  to  these  there 
were  in  the  regiment,  some  in  the  same  company  as  the 
above,  enlisted  men  named  Burke,  Boyle,  McGuire, 
Farrell,  Gill,  Cochran,  Welch,  Lynch,  Laferty,  Mon- 
aghan, Hogan,  McGlahan,  Sexton,  Duggin,  two  Con- 
ners, two  Murphys,  three  McDaniels,  three  McGraws, 
three  McMahons,  and  four  McKinneys,  the  places  of 
whose  nativity  were  not  taken  down,  and  a pay-roll  of 
the  same  regiment  in  1779  contained  such  names  as  Con- 
nors, Demsey,  Gillen,  McCafferty,  McCune,  McCabe, 
Hayes,  Crowley,  Mulherrin,  McDowall,  McCormack, 
Powers,  McGee,  Dogherty,  McRoy,  Kelley,  O’Harra, 
and  O’Neal. 

Another  illustration  of  the  same  point  is  the  follow- 
ing roll  from  Colonel  Thomas  Proctor’s  regiment  of 
Pennsylvania  artillery  as  it  stood  in  1779.  Among 
those  recorded  as  “born  in  Ireland”  were: 


Officers : 


Thomas  Proctor,  Colonel 
Nathaniel  Maguire,  Major 
Patrick  DuflPey,  Captain 
Isaac  Craig,  Captain 


William  Adams,  Surgeon 
Thomas  Douglass,  Lieutenant 
Robert  McConnell,  Lieutenant 


128 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Gunners: 

Daniel  Fennell 
Michael  McNulty 
Thomas  Mayberry 
Thomas  Tweedy 
John  Cooney 


James  Fitzsimmons 
Patrick  Smith 
Thomas  Jennings 
William  Hayes 
William  Hannah 


James  Barns 
Thomas  Dunlap 
Timothy  Lane 
William  Blair 
Barry  Cunningham 
“Patt”  Crawford 
David  Reed 
Thomas  Mullen 
William  McCoombs 
William  Crowley 
William  Mooney 
John  Moloney 


Matrosses: 

John  Nugent 
Michael  Joyce 
Robert  McNeal 
James  Gill 
John  Redmond 
John  Carter 
“Patt”  Gough 
William  Mayberry 
Michael  Bowers 
Robert  Young 
Edward  Toole 
William  Talbott 


William  McMullen 
Hugh  McDonald 
Henry  Lose 
Edward  Callahan 
John  Dunn 
Christopher  McDonald 
William  McMahon 
Thomas  Johnson 
Thomas  McCook 
“Patt”  Dever 
Thomas  Lane 
“Archey”  Hannah 


Richard  McEvitt,  Sergeant 
F.  Donnelly,  Sergeant 
James  Patterson,  Q.M.  Sergeant 
George  Henderson,  Sergeant 
William  Clark,  Corporal 
Robert  Davidson,  Corporal 
William  McMullen,  Corporal 


James  Grimes,  Corporal 
John  Molony,  Clerk 
Michael  Thurston,  Musician 
William  Norton,  D.  hi. 
John  Stafford,  Bombardier 
Henry  Gavan,  Bombardier 
George  Chase,  Drummer. 


Of  these  sixty-seven  officers  and  men,  only  twenty- 
two  of  them  named  the  parts  of  Ireland  whence  they 
came,  and  among  the  counties  represented  are  Armagh, 
Antrim,  Cork,  Dublin,  Down,  Derry,  Fermanagh,  Gal- 
way, Kerry,  Limerick,  Longford,  Meath,  XjTone, 
and  Waterford.  So  we  may  assume  that  Ireland 


REPRODUCED  3y  A/VRA  FRANCES  lEV/RS 


GEORGE  READ 

SIGNER  OFTHE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE.SON  OF  JOHN  READ  OF  DUBLIN,  IRELAND. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


129 


as  a whole  was  fairly  well  represented  among 
Proctor’s  artillerymen,  for  the  colonel  was  from 
Longford,  the  major  from  Fermanagh,  the  sur- 
geon from  Dublin,  one  captain  was  from  Munster 
and  another  from  Ulster.  Other  enlisted  men 
in  the  regiment  at  this  time  were  named  F arrell,  F egan. 
Gibbons,  Daly,  McCoy,  Murphy,  Connelly,  and  Ma- 
hony,  recorded  as  “born  in  America,”  and  before  the 
close  of  the  war  several  other  natives  of  Ireland  appear 
on  the  rolls.  Of  the  entire  regiment,  forty  per  cent, 
were  Irish,  forty  per  cent,  native  Americans,  eleven  per 
cent.  Germans,  five  per  cent.  English,  two  per  cent. 
Scotch,  and  one  per  cent,  each  Welsh  and  Canadians.^ 
In  the  State  Archives,  especially  those  of  Pennsyl- 
vania and  the  Southern  States,  may  be  found  lists  of 
men  recruited  for  the  various  regiments,  also  pay-rolls, 
company  rosters,  bounty  warrants,  and  various  “re- 
turns” by  company  commanders,  and  these  lists  in  some 


^ Proctor’s  Artillery  was  one  of  the  most  effective  units  of  the 
Continental  army  and  had  the  distinction  of  being  the  first  artillery 
regiment  raised  in  Pennsylvania.  It  distinguished  itself  in  several 
engagements,  especially  at  Fort  Washington,  New  York,  November 
16,  1776.  It  was  here  that  the  Irishwoman  Margaret  Corbin  (nee 
Coekran)  immortalized  herself  by  taking  her  fallen  husband’s  place 
and  serving  the  gun  until  severely  wounded.  This  Irishwoman 
had  the  distinction  of  being  the  first  of  her  sex  to  receive  a pension 
from  the  government  of  the  United  States  for  services  in  the  War 
of  the  Revolution.  See  description  of  this  heroine’s  career  in 
Journal  of  the  American  Irish  Historical  Society,  Vol.  XIV,  and 
in  the  publications  of  the  American  Scenic  and  Historic  Preservation 
Society.  Next  to  General  Knox,  Colonel  Proctor  was  the  most  dis- 


130 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


cases  refer  to  the  “country  of  nativity”  of  the  men.  Fob 
example,  in  the  Delaware  Archives  ^ there  are  copies 
of  thirty-eight  returns  made  in  1780  by  recruiting  offi- 
cers for  Colonel  Henry  Neill’s  Delaware  Regiment.  In 
all  these  cases  the  nativity  of  the  men  was  recorded,  and 
of  these  exactly  one-half  are  down  as  “Irishmen.” 
From  the  names  of  some  of  these  men,  which  follow,  one 
would  never  suppose  them  to  have  been  Irish: 


Edward  Delany 
John  Ryms 
Robert  Kennedy 
John  Gass 
John  Devan 
John  Russell 
Alexander  Patten 
Cornelius  Lary 
Joseph  McDowell 


Patrick  Connelly 
Andrew  Crawson 
John  Rodgers 
Angus  Martin 
Mark  Lego 
Andrew  Cunningham 
James  Lilley 
Robert  Caskey 
Samuel  Mclntire 
James  Musgrove 


In  a “Muster-Roll  of  Men  raised  in  Orange  and 
Ulster  Counties,  New  York,  in  July,  1775,  for  the  Com- 
panies conunanded  by  Captains  Denton,  Johnston,  and 
Hasbrouck  of  the  Third  Regiment  of  the  Continental 


tinguished  artillery  officer  in  the  Revolution.  In  1790  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Hibernian  Society  and  of  the  Society  of  the  Friendly 
Sons  of  Saint  Patrick  of  Philadelphia.  He  was  satirized  by  Major 
Andre  in  his  famous  poem,  “The  Cow  Chace”: 

“Sons  of  distant  Delaware 
And  still  remoter  Shannon, 

And  Major  Lee  with  honor  rare. 

And  Proctor  with  his  cannon.” 


® Vol.  1 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


131 


Army,”  ^ the  following  soldiers  are  recorded 
in  Ireland”: 

Stephen  Dunn 

John  McVay 

Connelly  Ferran® 

Edward  Cone 

Cain  Mahony 

Edward  Warren 

Samuel  Early 

David  Condun 

Richard  Dean 

John  Steurt 

James  Howard® 

Thomas  Alver 

William  Little 

Thomas  Hart® 

John  Hickey 

Owen  Madden® 

Daniel  Clansy 

Alexander  Lemmon 

Alexander  Richardson 

Thomas  Sharkey 

William  Anderson 

John  McOwen 

Samuel  Reed 

James  McDonald 

James  Gillaspy 

John  Cilly 

John  King 

James  Foran 

John  Harden 

John  Hennessee 

Barney  Fitsammons 

Among  the  troops  enlisted  for  the  Rhode  Island  regi- 
ments of  the  Continental  Line  similar  instances  are 
found,  such  as  the  following  list  of  soldiers  recruited 
at  Providence  and  Newport,  all  of  whom  are  recorded 
as  natives  of  Ireland: 


Name 

James  Bishop 

William  Parker 
John  Wilson 
Dennis  Hogan 
Tobias  Burk 


Place  of  Birth 
Dublin,  Ireland 

Waterford,  Ireland 
Kilkenny,  Ireland 
Limerick,  Ireland 
Limerick,  Ireland 


Recruited  for 
Col.  Thomas  Church’s 
Regiment 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 


*New  York  State  Archives,  compiled  by  Berthold  Fernow,  Vol. 
I,  pp.  166-167  and  170-171. 

® It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  these  men,  Ferran,  Hart,  Howard, 
and  Madden,  were  schoolmasters  in  Orange  County. 


1S2 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Name 

Place  of  Birth 

Recruited  for 

William  Crou 

Waterford,  Ireland 

Col.  Thomas  Church’s 
Regiment 

Philip  Doolinty 

Kileaney,  Ireland 

ditto 

Peter  Morrison 

Ireland 

Col.  Israel  Angell’s 
Regiment 

t/ames  Madden 

Ireland 

ditto 

John  Mahony 

Ireland 

ditto 

John  Burk 

Ireland 

ditto 

John  McClanen 

Ireland 

ditto 

Peter  Nagle 

Ireland 

ditto 

Edward  Murfey 

Ireland 

ditto 

James  McCase 

Ireland 

Col.  Crary’s  Regiment 

Charles  McAfferty 

Londonderry,  Ireland  Col.  Greene’s  Regiment 

Daniel  Monks 

Ireland 

Newport  Company 

Edward  Fitzgerald 

Tipperary,  Ireland 

ditto 

Michael  Killey 

Limerick,  Ireland 

ditto 

Lawrence  McLouth 

Ireland 

Col.  Crary’s  Regiment 

Daniel  Miller 

Ireland 

Providence  Company 

John  Smith 

Ireland 

ditto 

Charles  Watson 

Ireland 

ditto 

James  Foster 

Dublin,  Ireland 

ditto 

John  Huzzy 

Armagh,  Ireland 

ditto 

Michael  Wright 

Mountmellick,  Ireland 

ditto 

Mark  Barns 

Waterford,  Ireland 

ditto 

Andrew  Boyd 

Antrim,  Ireland 

ditto 

James  Hayes 

Cork,  Ireland 

ditto 

Cornelius  Driskell 

Kinsale,  Ireland 

ditto 

James  King 

Dublin,  Ireland 

ditto 

Matthew  Hendley 

Limerick,  Ireland 

ditto 

Peter  Burns 

Ireland 

ditto 

Michael  Doharty 

Donegal,  Ireland 

ditto 

These  examples  are  similar  to  many  others  I have 
found,  and  they  will  probably  help  to  make  clear  my 
previous  statement  as  to  the  difficulties  encountered  in 
any  effort  to  determine  the  exact  number  of  Irishmen 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


133 


or  their  sons  whose  names  appear  on  the  muster-rolls  of 
the  Revolutionary  army.  Among  a vast  number  of 
names  of  “immigrants  from  Ireland”  during  the  Colo- 
nial period  that  I have  collected  from  various  original 
sources,  I have  noted  many  names  which  were  derived 
in  the  manner  just  described;  in  fact,  the  Colonial  Rec- 
ords contain  some  of  the  strangest  “Irish”  names  imag- 
inable, and  there  cannot  be  the  slightest  question  that 
a number  of  those  Irish  immigrants  or  their  sons  joined 
the  Revolutionary  forces ; but  where  the  country  of  their 
nativity  was  not  taken  down,  it  is  obviously  impossible 
now  to  say  what  proportion  of  them  were  Irish. 

In  this  connection,  an  important  fact  that  cannot  be 
overlooked  is  that  much  of  the  warfare  in  the  frontier 
States  was  of  the  guerrilla  order,  in  which  the  patriots 
had  to  contend  not  only  with  the  British  regulars,  but 
with  organized  bands  of  Tories  and  their  savage  allies. 
In  the  border  States,  especially  in  Pennsylvania  and 
the  Carolinas,  bodies  of  so-called  “partisans”  were 
formed  who  held  themselves  in  readiness  for  any  emer- 
gency, and  who  divided  their  time  between  battling  with 
the  country’s  enemies,  defending  their  homes  and  fami- 
lies, tilling  the  soil,  or  reaping  the  harvest,  but  whose 
rifles  were  at  all  times  at  the  service  of  the  country.  I 
have  noticed  numerous  cases  where  the  names  of  these 
partisan  fighters  do  not  appear  among  the  “enlisted 
men”  of  their  localities;  and  as  we  have  unquestionable 
proof  that  many  of  the  Irish  who  came  over  a few  years 
before  the  outbreak  of  the  war  settled  on  the  frontiers, 
we  can  safely  conclude  that  a good  percentage  of  these 
partisan  bodies  were  composed  of  Irishmen  and  their 


134 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


sons.  There  appears  to  be  nothing  left  for  us,  there- 
fore, but  to  determine  what  percentage  the  soldiers  who 
were  recorded  as  natives  of  Ireland,  and  those  who, 
while  not  so  recorded,  had  unmistakably  Irish  names, 
bear  to  the  total  number  of  enlistments. 

Even  in  this  apparently  simple  proposition  we  en- 
counter some  difficulty.  Many  of  the  men — that  is, 
those  who  reenlisted — are  recorded  more  than  once; 
and  as  this  applies  to  native  Americans  as  well  as  to 
Europeans  of  racial  origins  other  than  Irish,  I have 
not  made  any  calculation  as  to  the  ratio  of  Irish  names 
or  those  of  other  races  so  recorded.  In  the  absence 
of  exact  figures  under  this  head,  I have  assumed  that 
these  ratios  were  about  the  same,  although  in  doing  so 
I know  I am  not  giving  full  credit  to  the  Irish  element, 
for  there  is  plenty  of  evidence  to  show  that  the  Irish 
were  among  the  most  eager  of  all  to  enter  the  fight. 

I have  not  examined  all  of  the  muster-rolls,  but  have 
selected  a number  indiscriminately  from  each  of  the 
original  Thirteen  Colonies.  On  the  basis  before  ex- 
plained, I have  made  a careful  calculation,  ( 1 ) by  count- 
ing the  total  number  of  soldiers  in  each  unit,  and  (2) 
by  a separate  count  of  those  of  undoubted  Irish  birth 
or  descent.  In  some  companies  I find  the  extraordinar- 
ily high  percentage  of  seventy-five  per  cent.  Irish,  while, 
on  the  other  hand,  it  must  be  said  that  in  other  companies 
the  percentage  runs  as  low  as  ten,  and  in  some  New  Eng- 
land regiments  and  some  of  those  raised  in  the  old  Dutch 
districts  of  New  York  and  the  German  settlements  in 
Pennsylvania,  no  Irish  names  at  all  appear.  But, 
on  averaging  them  all  up,  I have  determined  that  35.83 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


135 


per  cent,  of  the  soldiers  of  the  Revolutionary  army  were 
Irish.  To  this  must  be  added  some  small  percentage 
for  those  of  non-Irish  names,  and  not  recorded  as  Irish ; 
and  it  is  proper  also  to  consider  the  Irish  proportion  of 
those  scattering  bodies  not  attached  to  the  regiments 
of  the  Line.  If  we  take  the  conservatively  low  figure 
of  two  per  cent,  as  representing  these  elements,  we  ar- 
rive at  a total  of  37.83  per  cent.,  or  substantially  thirty- 
eight  per  cent. 

If  I have  erred  at  all  in  this  method  of  computation,  it 
is  on  the  side  of  conservatism  alone.  But  if  thirty-eight 
per  cent,  be  accepted  as  the  correct  proportion,  we  can 
at  once  understand  how  our  three  witnesses,  Galloway, 
Robertson,  and  Lee,  thought  that  “one-half”  of  the 
American  army  were  Irish.  For  thirty-eight  per  cent, 
of  enthusiastic  sons  of  Ireland,  enlisted  in  a fight  against 
their  hereditary  enemy,  assuredly  would  be  enough  to 
make  any  observer  believe  that  easily  “one-half”  of  the 
army  were  of  the  same  class ! And  although  historians 
of  the  time  not  only  fail  to  give  credit  to  the  contribution 
of  the  Irish,  but  claim,  some  by  positive  assertion  and 
others  by  implication,  that  the  patriots  of  the  Revolution 
were  mainly  of  English  descent,  it  must  be  admitted  by 
all  impartial  readers  that  the  percentage  arrived  at  was 
extraordinarily  large  for  a little  country  like  Ireland. 
I cannot  find  where  any  of  the  historians  have  shown 
that  they  made  a computation  such  as  I have,  and  there- 
fore I present  these  figures  in  partial  support  of  the 
testimony  given  before  the  Parliamentary  committee  in 
1779  by  contemporary  and  unbiased  witnesses. 


136 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


As  an  illustration  of  the  racial  character  of  some  of  the 
regiments  of  the  Pennsylvania  Line,  one  has  only  to  con- 
sult the  names  of  the  506  non-commissioned  officers 
and  privates  on  the  muster-rolls  of  the  Seventh 
Regiment.  ® The  commanding  officer  of  the  regiment 
was  Colonel  William  Irvine,  a native  of  Enniskillen, 
County  Fermanagh,  Ireland,  and  its  lieutenant-colonel 
in  1779  was  Morgan  Connor, — or  O’Connor,  as  the  name 
is  sometimes  spelled  in  the  records, — who  was  a native 
of  Kerry.  This  regiment  took  part  in  several  bloody 
battles  of  the  Revolution  and  on  account  of  its  losses 
in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners,  it  was  much  reduced 
in  numbers  toward  the  close  of  the  war,  and  at  the  time 
these  returns  were  made  the  total  strength  of  the  regi- 
ment was  802  enlisted  men.  Some  few  of  the  names  on 
the  official  muster-rolls  are  more  common  among  the 
Scotch  than  the  Irish,  and  doubtless,  these  men  were 
Irish-born  descendants  of  Scotch  settlers;  but  I have 
not  excluded  these  names  from  the  count,  since  the  regi- 
ment was  recruited  in  districts  of  Pennsylvania  where 
the  vast  majority  of  the  settlers  were  from  Ireland, 
so  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  regiment  as  a whole 
was  preponderatingly  Irish.  That  this  is  a perfectly 
reasonable  conclusion  is  seen  from  the  numbers  of  Irish- 
men who  are  shown  on  some  of  the  company  rolls  of 
the  regiment.  In  only  a few  of  the  companies  is  the 
nativity  of  the  men  stated,  and  the  following  examples 
indicate  the  proportion  of  Irishmen  in  those  companies: 


® See  Penna.  Archives,  5th  Ser.,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  205-301. 


/iEPffODUCED  By  PAfA/A  PRAfi'CBS  LEV/ /VS 

GENERAL  AVNJJJAM  IRVINE 

OF  THE  CONTINENTAL  ARMY,  BORN  IN  COUNTY  FERMANAGH,  IRELAND. 


-r 
/ ■ 


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1 


>- 


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Ol^  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


137 


In  Compcmy  commanded  hy 

Captain  John  McDowell  . . . . 
Captain  Jeremiah  Talbot  . . . . 
Captain  Samuel  Montgomery  . 
Captain  William  Alexander  . , 


Percentage  of  natives 
of  Ireland 

76  fo 

70% 

69% 

64% 


In  four  companies  of  the  Eleventh  Regiment  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Line  the  nativity  of  some  of  the  men  was 
recorded,  and  among  the  Europeans  the  proportions  of 
men  “born  in  Ireland,”  exclusive  of  several  bearing  Irish 
names  who  probably  were  native  Americans,  were : 

Company  commanded  hy  Proportion  of  Irishmen 

Captain  Andrew  Walker  65% 

Captain  Isaae  Sweeny  58% 

Captain  Henry  Carberry  . . . 55% 

Captain  Jeremiah  Jackson 40% 


In  other  Pennsylvania  companies,  where  the  nativ- 
ity of  the  men  was  not  recorded,  the  following  are  the 
proportions  of  Irish  names  on  the  muster-rolls : 

Percentage 

Regiment  Company  Commander  of  Irish 

names 

Fifth  Captain  Benjamin  Bartholomew  56% 


Fourth  Penna. 

Battalion  in  1776  Captain  Persifor  Frazer 45% 

Fourth  Penna.  Captain  Thomas  Church 46% 

Battalion  in  1776 
Magaw’s  Penna. 

Battalion  in  1776  Captain  John  Richardson 53% 

Sixth  Penna. 

Battalion  in  1776  Captain  Samuel  Hay  . 56% 

Sixth  Penna. 

Battalion  in  1776  Captain  MeClane  50% 


138 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Percentage 

Regiment  Company  Commander  of  Irish 

Sixth  Penna. 

Battalion  in  1776  Captain  James  Wilson  40% 

Sixth  Penna. 

Battalion  in  1776  Captain  Robert  Adams 50% 

Sixth  Penna. 

Battalion  in  1776  Captain  Abraham  Smith 43% 

Sixth  Penna. 

Battalion  in  1776  Captain  Talbot 40% 

Farmer’s  Penna.  State 

Regiment  in  1777  Captain  Robert  Gray 43% 

Seventh  Captain  Robert  Wilson  .......  68% 

Seventh  Captain  John  Alexander 52% 

Seventh  Captain  Moses  McLean  . 44% 

St.  Clair’s  Battalion  Captain  Stephen  Bayard 52% 

Ninth  Captain  Thomas  B.  Bowen  ....  50% 

Ninth  Captain  John  Erwin  43% 

Tenth  Captain  Robert  Patton  ........  40% 

Eleventh  Captain  Lawrence  Keene 45% 

Eleventh  Captain  Edward  Burke  33%% 

Thirteenth  Captain  Matthew  Scott 56% 


No  doubt  the  majority  of  the  men  bearing  Irish  names 
listed  in  the  rosters  of  these  companies  were  native  Irish- 
men, so  that,  when  we  keep  in  mind  the  fact  that  there 
must  have  been  a number  of  others  bearing  non-Irish 
names,  we  can  readily  conclude  that  the  proportions  of 
Irish  in  these  companies  were  higher  than  the  figures 
above  shown.  These  companies  belonged  to  the  regular 
army  of  the  Revolution,  i.e.,  the  Continental  Line,  but 
similarly  high  percentages  are  found  in  some  of  the 
muster-rolls  of  the  militia.  For  instance,  in  the  Penn- 
sylvania Archives’’  there  are  copies  of  the  “enlistment 


5th  Series,  Vol.  VII,  pp.  658-682. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


139 


papers”  of  seventy  of  the  enlisted  men  of  Captain  J ohn 
Boyd’s  regiment  of  militia  raised  in  Lancaster  County, 
Pennsylvania,  in  1777.  The  following  is  an  example  of 
these  “enlistment  papers”: 

“I  Patrick  Connally,  aged  twenty-eight  years,  five  feet  seven 
inches  high,  sandy  hair,  fair  complexion,  born  in  Ireland,  do  volun- 
tarily agree,  to  serve  as  a Substitute  in  the  Room  and  Stead  of 
Andrew  Bird  in  the  First  Class  of  Captain  John  Slaymaker’s  Com- 
pany of  Colonel  John  Boyd’s  Regiment  of  Militia,  in  the  County 

of  Lancaster,  for  and  in  consideration  of during  the 

space  of  two  months,  as  agreed  with 

“James  Crawford, 

“Sub-Lieutenant  for  the  County  of  Lancaster. 

“Witness  my  Hand,  this  Third  day  of  September,  1777 

his 

“Patrick  X Connally.’’ 
mark 


Of  the  seventy  men  thus  recorded,  forty-eight  were 
certified  in  the  enlistment  papers  as  having  been  “born 
in  Ireland”;  eighteen,  “born  in  America”;  three,  “born 
in  Germany”;  and  one,  “born  in  Scotland,”  so  that  the 
Irish  proportion  of  this  entire  roll  was  sixty-nine  per 
cent.  The  chief  significance  of  this  is  found  in  the  fact 
that  the  majority  of  the  residents  of  Lancaster  County 
were  Germans  and  that  the  muster-rolls  of  its  militia 
regiments  show  a preponderance  of  Teutonic  names,  al- 
though it  is  probable  that  this  particular  regiment  was 
raised  in  a section  of  the  county  where  Irish  settlements 
were  established. 

An  illustration  of  the  racial  composition  of  the  regi- 
ments of  the  Line  is  the  following  from  a “Size  Roll  of 


140 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


the  First  Pennsylvania  Regiment  of  Foot,”  covering 
eight  companies  of  the  regiment: 


Born  in  Ireland  . 315 

“ “ America  218 

“ “ England . 66 

“ “ Germany  51 

“ “ Scotland 18 

“ “ France  3 

“ “ Holland  2 

“ “ Wales 2 

Canada 1 

“ at  sea  4 


Total  680 


In  the  Eighth  Company  of  Foot  of  Colonel  David 
Hall’s  regiment,  of  the  Delaware  Line,  twenty-eight 
men  are  recorded,  of  whom  thirteen  are  down  as  “born 
in  America,”  thirteen  “born  in  Ireland,”  and  two  “born 
in  England,”  or  an  Irish  proportion  of  forty-six  per 
cent.  ® 

In  the  Pennsylvania  Archives  there  are  also  copies 
of  the  rosters  of  the  men  who  served  on  the  ships  of 
the  Navy  of  the  Revolution,  and  the  following  list 
shows  the  percentages  of  Irish  names  included  in  the 
year  1776: 


Name  of  Vessel  Percentages  of  Irish  names 


Terror  69^ 

Brimstone  i 6i% 

Burke  55% 

Ranger  Galley  54% 

Effingham  50% 


* Delaware  Archives,  Vol.  II. 


PE  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


141 


Name  of  Vessel  Percentages  of  Irish'  names 


Tormentor  50% 

Experiment  40% 

Bull  Dog 40% 

Montgomery  40% 

Camden  40% 


Colonel  Daniel  Morgan’s  Regiment  of  Riflemen  at 
all  times  had  a goodly  proportion  of  Irishmen  in  its 
ranks.  This  was,  perhaps,  the  most  famous  regiment  of 
the  Continental  Line  and  it  distinguished  itself  on 
many  of  the  Revolutionary  battlefields.  No  complete 
muster  of  the  regiment  seems  to  be  obtainable,  but  the 
following  list  shows  its  numerical  strength  and  the  Irish 
percentage  of  each  company,  as  of  November  30,  1778, 
at  a time  when  it  was  much  depleted  in  numbers : 


Total 

Irishmen 

Irish  Percentage 

Company  No.  1 . . . , 

....  33 

14 

43% 

Company  No.  2. . . , 

. . . 60 

16 

27% 

Company  No.  3.  . . . 

. . . 44 

38 

87% 

Company  No.  4.  . . . 

...  57 

24 

42% 

Company  No.  5.  . . . 

...  25 

7 

28% 

Company  No.  6.  . . . 

. . . 38 

11 

30% 

Company  No.  7 - • • ■ 

. . . 52 

23 

44% 

Company  No.  8.  . . , 

. . . 46 

12 

26% 

Company  No.  9-  ■ 

...  60 

17 

28% 

Total 

. . . 415 

162 

39% 

In  the  “Charleston,  South  Carolina,  Volunteer  Com- 
pany of  Rangers,”  organized  in  September,  1775,  and 
in  “Captain  Heatley’s  Company  of  South  Carolina 
Rangers,”  organized  aboht  the  same  time,  exactly  one- 
half  the  names  were  Irish;  in  “Captain  William 


142 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


McClaughlin’s  Company  of  the  Colleton  (S.  C.)  Regi- 
ment of  Foot,”  in  1775,  forty-three  per  cent,  were  Irish; 
in  the  second  “Charleston  Company  of  Foot,”  also  re- 
cruited in  1775,  the  Irish  proportion  was  forty  per  cent., 
and  between  June  and  November,  1775,  the  Irish  pro- 
portion of  the  entire  “First  Regiment  of  Provincial 
Troops  of  South  Carolina”  was  forty  per  cent.  In 
Captain  Purvis’  Company  of  South  Carolina  Rangers, 
organized  in  1775,  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  men  were  Irish. 

To  some  units  of  the  I^Iaryland  Artillery  the  Irish 
also  furnished  respectable  proportions,  as  the  following 
examples  taken  from  the  Maryland  Archives  ® will 
show : 


Company  Roster  Total  Enlisted 

Born  in 

Proportion  of 

in  1776 

strength 

Ireland 

Irishmen 

Captain  Furnwall  ....... 

46 

26 

57% 

Captain  Nathaniel  Smith 

. 98 

45 

46% 

Captain  Nathan  Smith  . , 

. . 102 

42 

42% 

In  only  very  few  cases,  comparatively,  the  places  in 
Ireland  whence  the  men  came  are  recorded,  but  in  those 
cases  it  is  seen  that  various  parts  of  Ireland  were  rep- 
resented. For  instance,  the  birthplaces  of  the  forty-five 
Irishmen  who  enlisted  in  Captain  Nathaniel  Smith’s 
company  of  Maryland  Artillery  were  thus  recorded: 


Dublin  - 12 

Cork  . 8 

Ireland  8 

North  Ireland  . . 5 

Kerry  3 

Armagh 2 


» Vol.  XVIII. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


148 


West  Ireland,  Limerick, 
Munster,  Athlone,  Down, 
Leinster  and  Waterford 
one  each 


7 


Total  45 


In  a similar  “Enrollment  of  a Company  of  Matrosses 
for  the  Maryland  Artillery,”  raised  in  the  City  of  Balti- 
more in  February,  1776,  there  was  a total  of  101  men. 
Of  these,  forty-seven  were  born  in  Ireland,  thirty-seven 
in  America,  eight  in  England,  five  in  Canada  and  two 
each  in  Germany  and  Scotland.  The  places  of  nativity 
of  the  forty-seven  Irishmen  are  thus  recorded  in  the 
muster-rolls : 


Dublin  . ., 

Ireland  

Cork  

Kerry  

North  of  Ireland 

Armagh  

Antrim,  Athlone,  Tyrone, 
Limerick,  Donegal,  Wa- 
terford, Newry,  Munster, 
Leinster  and  West  of 
Ireland,  one  each  ...... 


12 

9 

7 

3 

3 

3 


10 


Total  47 


It  should  not  be  assumed  that  these  examples  repre- 
sent all  of  the  data  that  are  available  as  to  the  places  of 
nativity  of  Irish  soldiers  of  the  Revolution;  the  records 
contain  other  similar  examples,  but  it  is  not  thought 
necessary  to  give  all  the  details  and  in  any  event  the 
repetition  of  statistical  data  does  not  usually  appeal  to 


144 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


the  average  reader.  In  many  cases  the  rolls  which  I have 
examined  contain  only  the  names  of  the  men  surviving 
at  the  close  of  the  war,  so  that  the  names  and  places  of 
nativity  of  those  who  were  killed,  wounded  and  taken 
prisoners  and  those  mustered  out  during  the  war  are 
not  obtainable  from  these  rolls.  But  in  some  of  these 
instances,  the  remnants  that  are-  left  of  the  company 
rosters  contain  the  names  of  a number  of  soldiers  who 
were  Irish  either  by  birth  or  descent,  and  it  may  also  be 
remarked  that  where  the  men  are  recorded  as  “born  in 
Ireland”  the  surnames  plainly  indicate  a large  repre- 
sentation of  the  old  native  stock.  However,  the  fact 
should  not  be  lost  sight  of  that  this  does  not  apply  to  all 
of  the  muster-rolls,  since  several  of  them  contain  no 
Irish  names  at  all. 

In  Captain  William  Dorsey’s  company  of  Maryland 
Artillery  in  1778,  the  proportion  of  Irish  names  is  fifty 
per  cent.;  in  Captain  Thomas  Ewing’s  battalion  of  the 
Maryland  “Flying  Camp”  in  1776,  there  were  eighty 
men,  of  whom  thirty-six  are  recorded  as  “born  in  Ire- 
land,” or  an  Irish  proportion  of  forty-five  per  cent. ; in 
“A  representative  List  of  Non-commissioned  Officers 
and  Soldiers”  of  the  Sixth  Maryland  Regiment  of  the 
Line  in  1778,  the  Irish  names  are  seventy-five  per  cent, 
of  the  total;  in  a similar  list  of  men  raised  for  the  Fifth 
Maryland  Regiment  in  the  same  year,  the  Irish  propor- 
tion is  forty-five  per  cent.,  and  in  a later  list  of  men  of 
the  same  regiment  they  are  sixty  per  cent.  In  a “Pay- 
roll of  Captain  Robert  Harris’  Company  of  the  Sixth 
Maryland  Regiment  in  1776,”  the  Irish  names  are  sixty 
per  cent,  of  the  whole;  in  a “List  of  Voluntary  Enlist- 


OF  AMERICAN  FIISTORY 


145 


merits  for  the  Seventh  Maryland  Regiment  on  December 
3,  1776,”  sixty-seven  per  cent,  of  the  names  are  Irish, 
and  in  “A  Return  of  Recruits  raised  in  Harford 
County  in  1780,”  exactly  one-half  of  the  names  are  Irish. 
Among  “Enlistments  in  Baltimore,  Cecil,  and  Har- 
ford Counties  in  July,  1776,”  I find 


Enrolled  hy 

Proportions  of  Irish  Names 

Captain  William  Eeily  .......... 

75% 

Lieutenant  Edward  Tillard  ...... 

75% 

Lieutenant  Andrew  Porter  . .,. .,. . 

70% 

Lieutenant  Miles  . . . 

60% 

Captain  Robert  Morrow  

. 50% 

Ensign  Lewis 

47% 

Lieutenant  Hall .,. ... .,. . , 

. 45% 

Lieutenant  Hollyday  . .i.  ........  . 

With  many  of  the  regiments  it  is  not  possible  to  de- 
termine the  Irish  proportion,  because  of  the  fact  that 
the  rolls  are  missing  or  incomplete,  and  this  is  true  as 
much  of  regiments  which  were  raised  in  those  parts 
of  the  country  where  the  Irish  settled  in  large  num- 
bers as  it  is  of  those  sections  where  they  were  compara- 
tively few.  It  is  known,  for  example,  that  Colonel 
Smallwood,  of  Maryland,  recruited  many  Irishmen  for 
his  regiment,  but,  of  its  entire  strength  of  twelve  com- 
panies, a record  of  only  five  remains.  On  the  rolls  of 
these  five  companies  there  are  210  Irish  names,  or  an 
average  of  forty-two  to  a company,  and  if  this  propor- 
tion prevailed  throughout,  we  may  assume  that  at  least 
one-half  of  Smallwood’s  men  were  Irish  or  of  Irish  de- 
scent. “This  famed  regiment,  composed  of  the  flower  of 
Maryland  youth,  both  Catholic  and  Protestant,  was 


146 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


recruited  principally  in  the  Lower  Counties  and  the 
Eastern  Shore.  It  was  the  Tenth  Legion  of  the  Amer- 
ican army,  marched  into  Philadelphia  in  1776  eleven 
hundred  strong,  was  cut  to  pieces  at  the  battle  of  Long 
Island,  gallantly  struggling  for  victory  against  an  over- 
whelming foe,  and  at  the  close  of  the  memorable  cam- 
paign of  1776,  at  the  battle  of  Princeton,  mustered  sixty 
men,  commanded  by  Governor  Stone,  then  a Captain; 
the  prison  ship  and  the  grave  had  all  the  rest !”  So  wrote 
George  Washington  Parke  Custis,  the  adopted  son  of 
General  Washington. 

These  illuminating  facts,  furnished  to  us  by  the  offi- 
cial records,  at  once  afford  the  impartial  reader  unim- 
peachable evidence  that  the  Irish  proportion  of  the 
American  army  of  liberty  was  far  greater  than  historians 
have  been  willing  to  admit,  and  enable  him  to  understand 
why  observers  like  Galloway,  Robertson,  and  Lee  con- 
cluded that  “one-half”  the  army  was  Irish.  If  the 
complete  muster-rolls  were  available,  it  is  entirely  prob- 
able that  the  percentage  would  prove  to  have  been  even 
higher  than  thirty-eight,  because  the  States  where  their 
incompleteness  is  most  apparent  are  Peimsylvania  and 
the  Southern  States, — in  other  words,  those  sections 
of  the  countrj'-  which  attracted  the  greatest  number  of 
Irish  immigrants,  and  where,  naturally,  the  recruiting 
officers  had  a more  extensive  field  from  which  to  draw 
for  the  kind  of  fighting  material  most  desirable  for  the 
warfare  of  the  time.  That  this  is  not  merely  the  per- 
sonal opinion  of  the  author  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 

^"Letter  dated  June  10,  1855,  to  Revd.  Charles  White;  in  Shea 
Collection,  Riggs  Library,  Georgetown  College. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


147 


“although  Pennsylvania  furnished  4,500  troops  for  the 
so-called  ‘Flying  Camp,’  it  has  been  impossible  to  find 
the  names  of  more  than  500  officers  and  men,”  “ and  by 
the  subjoined  remarks  by  the  compilers  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Archives,  in  referring  to  the  incompleteness  of 
the  rolls : 

“This  roll  of  the  Pennsylvania  Line  falls  far  short  of  doing 
justice  to  the  patriotism  of  Pennsylvania.  It  is,  in  fact,  a mere 
roll  of  the  Line  as  discharged  in  January,  1781.  The  hundreds 
who  fell  in  all  the  battles  of  the  Revolution,  from  Quebec  to  Charles- 
ton, are  not  here;  the  wounded,  who  dragged  their  torn  limbs  home 
to  die  in  their  native  valleys,  are  not  here.  The  heaths  of  New 
Jersey,  from  Paramus  to  Freehold,  by  a line  encircling  Morristown 
and  Bound  Brook,  were,  in  the  summer  of  17'^7,  dotted  with  the 
graves  of  the  Eighth  and  Twelfth  Pennsylvania.  These  regiments, 
from  the  frontier  counties  of  the  State,  Westmoreland  and  Northum- 
berland, were  the  first  of  the  Line  in  the  held,  though  they  had  to 
come  fi'om  the  banks  of  the  Monongahela  and  the  head-waters  of 
the  Susquehanna.  At  Brandywine  the  Pennsylvania  troops  lost 
heavily,  the  Eighth  and  Twelfth  and  Colonel  Hartley’s  additional 
regiment,  in  particular,  in  officers  and  men,  and  Colonel  Patton’s 
additional  regiment,  after  the  battle  of  Germantown,  could  not 
maintain  its  regimental  organization.  We  have  no  regimental  re- 
turns of  the  regiments  after  they  were  redueed  to  six,  January  1, 
1781,  and  re-enlisted.  These,  with  the  rest  of  the  records  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Line,  were  placed  beyond  the  reaeh  of  historical 
research  by  the  fire  before  alluded  to,  and  the  torch  of  the 
British  in  1814.”  “ 

^^Pennsylvania  Archives,  5th  Ser.,  Vol.  VII,  p.  17. 

fire  which  consumed  the  records  of  th-’  War  Department  in 
the  year  1800. 

'^^Pennsylvania  Archives,  5th  Ser.,  Vol.  11,  p.  562. 


CHAPTER  IX 


THE  FRIENDLY  SONS  OF  SAINT  PATRICK 

Irishmen  who  sowed  the  seeds  of  Revolution.  An  Irishman  saved 
General  Washington  from  capture  or  assassination.  The  Irish 
schoolmasters  mingled  their  teaching  of  the  rudiments  of  learn- 
ing with  a sound  American  patriotism.  Remarkable  tribute 
to  the  Irish  in  the  Revolution  by  Marquis  de  Chastellux,  Major- 
General  of  Rochambeau’s  army.  Lord  Mountjoy  declared 
“America  was  lost  by  Irish  emigrants.”  Paul  Jones  and  Ethan 
Allen  mistaken  for  “Irishmen.”  Extracts  from  American 
newspapers.  Annual  celebrations  of  Saint  Patrick’s  Day  by 
the  American  troops.  General  Washington  and  other  dis- 
tinguished officers  attended  the  banquets  of  the  Society  of  the 
Friendly  Sons  of  Saint  Patrick. 

The  idea  prevails,  and  is  much  dwelt  upon  by 
New  England  historians,  that  the  men  who  were 
most  prominently  identified  with  the  outbreak  of  hos- 
tilities in  1775  were  the  instigators  of  the  Revolution, 
or,  at  any  rate,  that  its  beginning  was  the  destruction 
of  the  tea  in  Boston  harbor  the  year  before.  To  a large 
extent  this  is  true,  yet  these  men  only  gave  concrete 
expression  to  the  dream  of  independence  which  was  cher- 
ished in  the  popular  mind  long  before  its  national  exist- 
ence was  clearly  apparent.  F or  revolutions  are  not  born 
over  night,  and  it  is  manifest  that  the  sentiment  of  lib- 
erty was  not  a sudden  inspiration  of  individual  leaders, 
for  it  was  already  deep-seated  and  had  vigorous  roots  in 
the  minds  of  many  of  the  Colonists  who  were  opposed 

148 


A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY  149 


to  the  political  control  and  regulation  of  their  affairs  by 
a government  three  thousand  miles  away,  whose  inter- 
est in  their  welfare  was  measured  only  by  the  amount 
of  revenue  obtainable  from  its  foreign  possessions  to 
support  an  oligarchy. 

The  pages  that  follow,  on  the  subject  of  emigration 
from  Ireland  before  the  Revolution,  prove  beyond  ques- 
tion that  the  Irish  were  here  in  large  numbers,  and  local 
records  show  that  in  many  places  they  formed  little 
communities  of  their  own,  so  that,  before  the  country 
was  in  the  throes  of  actual  revolution,  it  is  not  surpris- 
ing that  their  voices  were  heard  amid  the  storm  of  discon- 
tent. It  was  natural  for  the  Irish,  already  “rebels”  at 
heart,  to  sympathize  with  their  fellow  Colonists,  and  in 
Pennsylvania  especially  they  were  in  no  way  fearful  of 
incurring  the  penalties  of  treason  by  proclaiming  their 
opposition  to  the  government.  They  were  used  to  being 
called  “rebels,”  and  they  gloried  in  the  title.  They  had 
struggled  for  the  freedom  of  their  native  land,  and  in 
the  process  of  transplantation  to  America  they  lost  none 
of  their  devotion  to  the  eternal  principles  of  liberty. 
They  required  no  urging,  and  from  the  beginning  there 
were  no  more  ardent  supporters  of  the  “rebel”  cause 
than  the  Irish  and  their  American-born  sons,  for  nothing 
could  better  stimulate  their  ardor  or  activity  than  the 
promise  that  a successful  revolt  in  America  would  have 
a like  result  in  Ireland. 

The  Stamp  Act  may  be  said  to  have  been  the  first 
disturbing  factor  in  the  relations  between  England  and 
her  Colonies,  and  the  agitation  which  sprang  up  after 
its  passage  intensified  the  feeling  against  England,  and 


150 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


we  may  be  sure  that  in  these  circumstances  the  Irish 
element  were  not  slow  to  add  fuel  to  the  smoldering 
fire,  which  may  be  the  explanation  for  Mr.  Lodge’s 
statement  that  “the  occupants  of  the  jails  of  Pennsyl- 
vania were  mainly  the  disorderlj^  Irish” ! The  Irishmen 
who  championed  the  Colonists  in  the  English  Parliament 
had  their  prototypes  in  America,  and  they  were  effective 
propagandists.  In  voicing  the  complaints  of  the  Colo- 
nists, they  were  in  their  natural  element  from  the  be- 
ginning, and  this  is  shown  by  the  individual  instances  of 
Irishmen  throughout  the  country  who  were  active  in 
the  agitation  which  preceded  the  Revolutionary  conflict. 
In  New  York  we  have  the  example  of  Hercules  Mulli- 
gan, the  man  who  prevailed  upon  Alexander  Hamilton 
to  join  the  organization  of  the  “Sons  of  Liberty,”  and 
who,  with  William  iSIooney,  Isaac  Sears,  and  other  citi- 
zens of  New  York,  led  in  that  famous  act  of  disenthrall- 
ment,  the  destruction  of  the  statue  of  the  English  King 
on  the  9th  of  July,  1776.  Throughout  the  Revolution, 
with  a faithfulness  and  zeal  unequalled  by  any  other 
American  patriot,  Hercules  JMulligan  served  the  im- 
mortal Washington  in  the  city  of  New  York  as  his  chief 
source  of  information  concerning  the  movements  and 
intentions  of  the  enemy  forces,  and  on  one  occasion,  at 
least,  he  saved  the  beloved  patriot  leader  from  capture 
and  possible  assassination  by  the  enemy.  ^ In  Pennsyl- 

^ It  was  with  Hercules  Mulligan’s  family  that  Alexander  Hamilton 
first  made  his  home  when  he  came  to  New  York  in  1772.  After 
the  British  army  took  possession  of  the  city  in  1776,  Hamilton 
induced  Washington  to  appoint  Mulligan  “confidential  correspondent 
to  the  Commander-in-chief,”  and  he  is  known  to  have  furnished 
Washington  at  various  times  with  “most  important  military  intelli- 


f^EPRODUCeo  By  AjVNA  FBAWCBS  l£V//yS 


GEORGE  BRYAN 

PATRIOT  OF  THE  REVOLUTION  AND  GOVERNOR  OF  PENNSYLVANIA, 
BORN  IN  DUBLIN,  IRELAND. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


151 


vania,  the  Irishman  Charles  Thomson  was  an  active 
patriot  long  before  op|)osition  to  Great  Britain  became 
popular  in  America,  and  his  historic  reply  to  the  letter 
which  Franklin  wTote  him  from  London  on  the  very 
night  the  Stamp  Act  w’as  passed,  is  to-day  incorporated 
in  American  annals  as  one  of  the  prophetic  utterances 
of  that  historic  time.^  His  countiyman,  George  Bryan,® 
“was  among  the  earliest  and  most  active  and  uniform 

gence.”  Mulligan  became  a member  of  the  Committee  of  One 
Hundred  of  the  City  of  New  York  in  1775,  and  was  also  a member 
of  the  New  York  Revolutionary  Committees  of  Correspondence  and 
Observation,  and  in  this  work  he  was  associated  with  the  leading 
patriots  of  the  city.  On  the  morning  of  Evacuation  Day,  November 
25,  1783,  when  the  American  army  triumphantly  entered  the  city, 
it  is  related  that  “Washington  showed  his  approbation  and  respect 
for  Mr.  Mulligan  by  taking  his  first  breakfast  there  with  him.” 
There  are  several  excellent  authorities  for  these  statements,  among 
them;  History  of  the  Republic  of  the  United  States  of  America,  as 
traced  in  the  Writings  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  by  John  C.  Hamilton; 
Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  by  the  same  author;  Life  and  Epoch 
of  Alexander  Hamilton,  by  Chief  Justice  Shea  of  the  New  York 
kfarine  Court;  Narrative  of  Hercules  Mulligan,  the  original  of 
which  is  among  the  Papers  of  Major-General  Alexander  Hamilton 
at  the  Library  of  Congress ; Recollections  and  Private  Memoirs  of 
Washington,  by  George  Washington  Parke  Custis;  Life  of  Major 
John  Andre,  by  Winthrop  Sargent,  and  the  New  York  newspapers 
of  the  Revolutionary  period. 

^Franklin,  in  despair,  wrote  Thomson:  “The  sun  of  liberty  is 
set,  the  Americans  must  now  light  up  the  candles  of  industry  and 
economy,”  and  Thomson  replied  that  he  “was  apprehensive  that 
other  lights  would  be  the  consequence.”  Thompson  was  Secretary 
of  the  Continental  Congress,  and  he  occupied  that  post  for  so 
many  years  that  he  became  known  as  “the  perennial  Secretary  of 
Congress.” 

® Bryan  was  born  in  Dublin  in  1731.  In  1788  he  became  Gov- 
ernor of  Pennsylvania. 


152 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


friends  of  the  rights  of  man  before  the  Revolutionary 
War.  As  a member  of  the  Assembly  of  Peimsylvania 
and  of  the  Congress  of  New  York  in  1765,  and  as  a 
citizen  he  was  conspicuous  in  opposition  to  the  Stamp 
Act  and  other  acts  of  British  tjTanny  in  America.”  ^ 

It  is  well  kno^yn  that  there  was  no  more  fearless  advo- 
cate of  the  cause  of  the  Colonists  than  Charles  Carroll 
of  Carrollton,  whose  letters  over  the  noni  de  plume,  “The 
First  Citizen,”  spread  like  wildfire  through  the  country 
and  prepared  the  people  for  the  Revolution  which  was 
to  follow;  and  we  have  the  authority  of  a Pennsylvania 
historian  for  the  statement  that  John  Dickinson  of  Dela- 
ware, famous  as  “the  Penman  of  the  Revolution,”  caught 
his  argumentative  and  convincing  style  of  writing  from 
his  Irish  tutor,  William  Killen.  ® JMatthew  Lyon,  “the 
Hampden  of  Congress,”  was  an  unflinching  champion 
of  the  rights  of  the  Colonists;  ® and  in  Connecticut  we 
have  the  example  of  John  IMcCurdy,  the  Irislmian  be- 
fore mentioned,  who,  at  great  personal  risk,  pubhshed 
in  New  England  the  Virginia  Resolutions  of  1765  and 
the  famous  speech  of  Barre  on  the  Stamp  Act.  In 


^ From  the  inscription  on  George  Brran’s  tombstone  in  the  burial- 
ground  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  at  Philadelphia. 

® William  Killen  emigrated  from  Ireland  in  1737-  He  taught 
schools  in  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania  for  several  years,  and  in 
course  of  time  became  first  Chancellor  and  Chief  Justice  of  Dela- 
ware. (See  Biography  of  John  Dickinson  in  Pennsylvania  Maga- 
zine of  History  and  Biography.') 

® Lvon  was  a native  of  Wicklow,  Ireland,  and  emigrated  to  the 
Colonies  in  1765.  (See  Life  of  Matthew  Lyon,  by  J.  Fairfax 
JMcLaughlin.) 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY  15S 

South  Carolina,  William  Thomson,  ^ afterward  general 
in  the  Continental  army,  and  brother  of  Charles  Thom- 
son, openly  espoused  the  patriot  cause;  and  the  Rut- 
ledge brothers,  John  and  Edward,  were  among  the  most 
intelligent  exponents  of  the  rights  of  the  people  in  the 
days  when  the  Revolution  was  only  aborning.  In  Mas- 
sachusetts, Thaddeus  McCarty,  of  Worcester,  for  sev- 
eral years  before  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  was  a 
powerful  factor  in  moulding  public  opinion  in  the  right 
direction ; ® and  no  man  of  the  time  exercised  a greater 
influence  over  the  minds  of  New  England  youth,  in 
inculcating  the  doctrine  that  “resistance  to  tyrants  is 
obedience  to  God,”  than  John  Sullivan,  the  schoolmas- 
ter of  Maine  and  New  Hampshire.  At  a period  when 
it  required  more  than  ordinary  courage  openly  to  op- 
pose British  interests  in  America,  we  find  an  Irishman, 
Captain  Daniel  Malcom  of  Boston,  occupying  a promi- 
nent position  in  the  business  and  political  life  of  that 
town  and  taking  an  active  part  in  the  agitation  over  the 
Stamp  Act.  Malcom  was  a trader  and  importer,  and 
his  store  on  Fleet  Street,  Boston,  became  “the  resort 
of  many  of  the  more  energetic  of  the  patriots  and  a con- 
stant menace  to  the  peace  of  the  King’s  officers.”  ^ Here 
the  questions  of  the  hour,  which  culminated  in  1775  in 
the  resort  to  arms,  were  discussed  by  Hancock,  Adams, 


Thomson  was  a native  of  Maghera,  Ireland. 

® Thaddeus  McCarty  was  a native  of  Boston  and  was  a grandson 
of  an  Irish  immigrant  of  the  same  name. 

® The  Story  of  the  Irish  in  Boston,  by  James  B.  Cullen;  Boston, 
1859. 


154 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Ward,  Otis  and  other  leading  citizens,  and  that  Malcom 
took  part  in  these  historic  deliberations  is  indicated  by 
the  inscription  on  his  tombstone  in  Copp’s  HiU  burial- 
ground  at  Boston,  which  says:  “He  was  a true  son  of 
Liberty,  a F riend  to  the  Publick,  an  Enemy  to  Oppres- 
sion and  one  of  the  foremost  in  opposing  the  Revenue 
Acts  of  America.”  The  statement  of  Drake,  the  New 
England  antiquarian,  that  Malcom  was  an  Irishman  “ 
is  confirmed  by  the  membership  list  of  the  Charitable 
Irish  Society  of  Boston,  of  which  he  became  a member 
in  1766  and  during  the  next  three  years  was  its  vice- 
president. 

James  Duane  of  New  York,  William  O’Bryan  of 
Georgia,  and  Cornelius  Harnett  of  North  Carolina, 

Samuel  Gardner  Drake,  The  History  and  Antiquities  of  Bos- 
ton, p.  737;  Boston,  1856. 

A new  England  historian,  ignorant  of  the  origin  of  the  name, 
but  supposing  -that  Daniel  IMalcom  was  of  Scotch  descent,  refejs 
to  him  as  “a  Scotch-Irishman.”  As  a baptismal  name,  Malcom  is 
popular  among  the  Scotch,  but,  as  all  Irish  scholars  know,  the  name 
had  its  origin  in  that  of  the  celebrated  Irish  saint,  Columbkill,  being 
derived  from  the  Gaelic  words,  Maol  and  coluim,  literally 
“the  disciple,  or  servant,  or  devotee  of  Saint  Columbkill.”  See 
“Celtic  Surnames”  in  The  Tongue  of  the  Gael,  by  Tomas  O’Flann- 
ghaile,  Dublin,  1007;  also  O’Hart’s  Irish  Pedigrees,  Vol.  I,  p.  391. 

The  membership  of  the  Charitable  Irish  Society  was  comprised 
of  “gentlemen  of  the  Irish  Nation  residing  in  Boston.”  The  so- 
ciety was  founded  on  Saint  Patrick’s  Day  in  the  year  1737. 

William  O’Bryan  was  known  to  the  British  as  “the  Rebel 
Treasurer  of  Georgia.”  He  was  one  of  the  first  patriots  in  that 
section  of  the  country  to  suffer  imprisonment  for  his  pre-Revolu- 
tionary  activities. 

Cornelius  Harnett  was  a native  of  Dublin,  Ireland.  He  was 
a wealthy  merchant  at  Cape  Fear,  took  a prominent  part  in  political 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


155 


were  all  active  patriots  long  before  the  shot  was  fired  that 
was  “heard  around  the  world”;  and  while  other  Irish- 
men or  sons  of  Irishmen  may  also  be  included  in  this 
galaxy  of  American  patriots,  the  fact  must  not  be 
overlooked  that  some  of  their  countrymen,  occupying 
more  humble  positions  in  society,  were  also  active  in 
preparing  the  way  for  the  conflict  with  English  power 
and  arrogance  which  they  knew  was  inevitable.  As  a 
plant  is  trained  by  expert  hands  to  grow,  so  also  the 
Irish  schoolmasters  in  various  parts  of  the  Colonies 
trained  the  American  youth  under  their  care;  and  as 
many  of  these  teachers  had  been  driven  out  of  Ireland 
and  consequently  had  no  love  for  England,  they  lost 
no  opportunity  of  inculcating  in  the  minds  of  their 
pupils  a spirit  of  antagonism  to  the  British  government. 
The  seeds  of  revolution  planted  in  the  minds  of  Ameri- 
can youth  by  their  Irish  tutors  fructified  in  time,  and 
it  is  a notable  fact  that  Dr.  Francis  Allison  of  Donegal, 
Ireland,  master  of  an  academy  at  New  London,  Penna., 
had  in  his  school  at  one  time  three  boys  who  became  dis- 
tinguished as  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence. And  Lossing  declares  that  “Allison’s  chief  claim 
to  honor  among  men  is  that  he  was  the  tutor  of  a large 
number  of  Americans  who  were  conspicuous  actors  in 
the  events  of  the  Revolution  that  accomplished  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States.”  In  county  records, 
town  histories,  and  the  like  may  be  found  references  to 
Irish  schoolmasters  against  whom  complaints  were  made 

affairs  in  North  Carolina,  and  was  one  of  the  representatives  of 
that  province  in  the  Continental  Congress. 

James  Smith,  George  Read,  and  Thomas  McKean. 


156 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


in  town  meetings  that  they  were  “teaching  sedition  to 
the  children,”  and  it  must  be  said  also  that  during  the 
decade  of  years  between  1774  and  1784,  many  rural  com- 
munities served  by  Irish  schoolmasters  were  entirely 
without  the  services  of  a tutor,  for  the  “master”  had 
dropped  the  ferule  for  the  rifle  and  marched  forth  with 
his  neighbors  to  fight  in  the  cause  of  independence,  and 
thenceforward  it  is  on  the  rosters  of  the  patriot  forces 
that  one  must  look  for  their  names. 

I have  said  that  the  Irish  exhibited  an  uncommon 
eagerness  to  enter  the  fight,  and  I hardly  think  this 
assertion  can  be  successfully  contradicted.  F or  the  Irish 
had  a double  incentive  in  joining  the  American  army, 
one  being  the  opportunity  it  gave  them  to  avenge  the 
wrongs  their  country  had  suffered  at  the  hands  of  the 
British  government,  the  other  the  inherent  love  of  lib- 
erty which  ever  dwells  in  an  Irishman’s  heart  and  his 
sympathy  for  all  people  struggling  for  that  inestimable 
privilege.  On  this  point  we  have  many  contemporary 
witnesses,  and  an  instance  referred  to  by  the  noted 
Frenchman,  ISIarquis  de  Chastellux,  major-general  of 
Rochambeau’s  army  in  America,  in  the  account  of  his 
American  travels  in  the  years  1780-1782,  furnishes 
one  of  the  most  interesting  examples.  In  referring  to  a 
traveler  whom  the  INIarquis  and  his  companions  had 
overtaken  on  their  journey  through  the  Blue  Ridge 
Mountains  in  Virginia,  he  says:  “He  was  an  Irishman 
who,  though  but  lately  arrived  in  America,  had  made 

Ample  proof  of  this  assertion  may  be  found  in  the  rosters  of 
the  military  companies  where  the  occupations  of  the  enlisted  men 
were  taken  down. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


157 


several  campaigns  and  received  a considerable  wound  in 
his  thigh  by  a musket  ball,  which,  though  it  could  not 
be  extracted,  had  not  in  the  least  affected  either  his 
health  or  gaiety.  He  related  his  military  exploits  and 
we  enquired  immediately  about  the  country  which  he 
then  inhabited.  He  acquainted  us  that  he  was  settled 
in  North  Carolina,  upwards  of  eighty  miles  from  Ca- 
tawba and  . . . three  hundred  from  the  sea.”  This 
incident  gave  rise  to  the  following  observations  by  one 
of  the  Marquis’  party,  an  Englishman  named  Kent, 
who  also  translated  the  American  Travels: 

“An  Irishman,  the  instant  he  sets  foot  on  American  ground,  be- 
comes ipso  facto  an  American;  this  was  uniformly  the  case  during 
the  whole  of  the  late  war.  Whilst  Englishmen  and  Scotsmen  were 
regarded  with  jealousy  and  distrust,  even  with  the  best  recom- 
mendation of  zeal  and  attachment  to  their  cause,  a native  of  Ireland 
stood  in  need  of  no  other  certificate  than  his  dialect;  his  sincerity 
was  never  called  in  question;  he  was  supposed  to  have  a sympathy 
of  suffering,  and  every  voice  decided,  as  if  it  were  intuitively,  in 
his  favour.  Indeed,  their  conduct  in  the  late  Revolution  amply 
justified  this  favourable  opinion,  for  whilst  the  Irish  emigrant  was 
fighting  the  battles  of  America  by  sea  and  land,  the  Irish  merchants, 
particularly  at  Charles-Town,  Baltimore  and  Philadelphia,  laboured 
with  indefatigable  zeal,  and  at  all  hazards,  to  promote  the  spirit 
of  enterprise,  to  increase  the  wealth  and  maintain  the  credit  of 
the  country;  their  purses  were  always  open,  and  their  persons  de- 
voted to  the  common  cause.  On  more  than  one  imminent  occasion. 
Congress  owed  their  existence,  and  America  possibly  her  preserva- 
tion, to  the  fidelity  and  firmness  of  the  Irish.  I had  the  honour 
of  dining  with  The  Irish  Society composed  of  the  steadiest  Whigs 
upon  the  continent,  at  the  City  Tavern  in  Philadelphia,  on  Saint 
Patrick’s  Day;  the  members  wear  a medallion  suspended  by  a 


This  doubtless  refers  to  the  Society  of  the  Friendly  Sons  of 
Saint  Patrick,  organized  at  Philadelphia  in  the  year  1771. 


158 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


riband,  with  a very  magnificent  device,  which  has  escaped  my 
memory,  but  was  so  applicable  to  the  American  Revolution,  that 
until  I was  assured  that  it  subsisted  prior  to  that  event,  and  had  a 
reference  only  to  the  oppressed  in  Ireland,  by  her  powerful  sister, 
I concluded  it  to  be  a temporary  illusion.  General  Washington, 
Mr.  Dickinson  and  other  leading  characters  are  adopted  members 
of  this  Society,  having  been  initiated  by  the  ceremony  of  an  exterior 
application  of  a whole  bottle  of  claret  poured  upon  the  head,  and 
a generous  libation  to  liberty  and  good  living,  of  as  many  as  the 
votary  could  carry  off.” 


So  much  for  the  observations  of  the  French  travellers. 
Let  us  now  consult  an  Englishman  of  letters,  Samuel 
Smiles.  In  commenting  on  the  patriotism  of  the  Irish 
during  the  Revolution,  Smiles  says:  “Of  the  Irish  Colo- 
nists in  America,  a large  proportion  everywhere  stood 
foremost  on  the  side  of  the  patriots.  It  seemed  as  if 
Providence  had  mysteriously  used  the  victims  of  Brit- 
ain’s cruelty  to  Ireland,  the  men  whom  her  persecution 
had  banished  from  the  bosom  of  their  own  land,  as  the 
means  of  her  final  punishment  and  humiliation  on  a for- 
eign soil.  As  the  Irish  Brigade  struck  down  the  British 
power  at  Landen  and  Fontenoy,  so  did  the  refugee  Irish 
in  the  ranks  of  the  American  patriot  army  contribute  to 
j)luck  from  the  haughty  brow  of  Britain  the  palm  of 

• ’’  19 

empire. 

Certain  it  is  that  in  England  itself  the  impression 
prevailed  throughout  the  war  that  the  exiled  Irish  were 


Voyages  de  M.  le  Marquis  de  Chastellux  dans  L’Amerique 
Septentrionale  dans  les  Annies  1780,  1781  et  1782,  Vol.  II,  p.  36; 
Paris,  1786  (English  translation,  London,  1787). 

Samuel  Smiles,  History  of  Ireland  and  the  Irish  People,  p.  331 ; 
London,  1844. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


159 


chiefly  at  the  bottom  of  her  misfortunes.  F or  these  were 
portentous  days  for  England,  and  the  united  Irish  had 
everywhere  shown  evidence  of  their  strength.  The  walls 
of  Parliament  vibrated  as  never  before  with  the  thun- 
derous eloquence  and  ominous  prophecies  of  Burke, 
Barre,  Conolly,  and  Sheridan;  from  across  the  Channel 
the  tremendous  philippics  of  Grattan  sounded  like  the 
death-knell  of  the  empire;  the  Irish  Volunteers  were 
arming  and  drilling,  and  in  the  American  Colonies  Irish- 
men had  been  in  the  forefront  of  the  agitation  over  the 
Stamp  Act  and  now  were  fighting  by  the  side  of  their 
fellow  Colonists  to  emancipate  themselves  from  foreign 
rule.  And  in  confirmation  of  that  we  have  the  historic 
remark  made  in  Parliament  by  the  Honorable  Luke 
Gardiner,  afterward  Lord  Mount  joy,  “America  was 
lost  by  Irish  emigrants,”  an  outburst  analogous  to  that 
of  George  II  on  another  occasion,  when  he  said,  in  re- 
ferring to  the  victories  achieved  by  the  Irish  Brigade  in 
the  service  of  France : “Cursed  be  the  laws  that  deprived 
me  of  such  subjects!” 

In  the  published  Parliamentary  Debates  Gardiner’s 
speech  is  recorded  under  date  of  April  2, 1784,  and  reads 
in  part  as  follows:  “America  was  lost  by  Irish  emigrants. 
These  emigrations  are  fresh  in  the  recollection  of  every 
gentleman  in  this  House.  I am  assured,  from  the  best 
authority,  the  major  part  of  the  American  army  was 
composed  of  Irish,  and  that  the  Irish  language  was  as 
commonly  spoken  in  the  American  ranks  as  English. 
I am  also  informed  it  was  their  valour  determined  the 
contest  so  that  England  had  America  detached  from  her 
by  force  of  Irish  emigrants.”  I imagine  that  Gardiner’s 


160 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


“authority”  for  the  statement  as  to  the  extensive  use  of 
the  Irish  language  among  American  soldiers  must  have 
been  an  English  officer  who  came  in  contact  with  the 
Pennsylvania  or  Maryland  regiments  only,  for,  with  the 
exeeption  of  some  of  the  regiments  raised  in  those  two 
States,  there  is  no  evidence  of  any  sort  to  justify  its 
application  to  the  American  army  as  a whole.  A large 
proportion  of  the  Irish  emigrants  to  the  Colonies  spoke 
the  Irish  language,  and  doubtless  many  of  them  knew 
no  other  tongue.  In  American  newspapers,  for  sev- 
eral years  prior  to  the  Revolution,  may  be  seen  adver- 
tisements offering  rewards  for  “runaway”  Irish  redemp- 
tioners,  and  one  of  the  several  means  of  identifying  the 
Irish  “runaways”  was  stated  in  some  of  these  advertise- 
ments to  be  the  fact  that  “they  speak  English,”  a clear 
indication  that  the  Irish  language  was  the  ordinary 
means  of  intercourse  between  many  of  the  Irish  immi- 
grants of  those  times. 

Indeed,  so  widespread  was  the  belief  in  England,  even 
among  government  officials,  that  “the  rebel  army”  was 
comprised  very  largely  of  Irish,  that  the  mere  name  of 
“Irishman”  beeame  a sort  of  bogy  in  English  minds, 
and  it  is  amusing  to  find  Hutchinson  writing  in  his 
Diary,  under  date  of  October  27,  1779,  about  “an  ac- 
count from  Lewes  that  Paul  Jones,  an  Irishman  in 
the  French  service,  had  taken  a 40  gun  and  a 20  gun 

See  statement  at  page  259,  quoted  from  John  D.  Rupp,  the 
Pennsylvania  historian,  that  in  the  settlements  in  the  counties  west 
of  the  Delaware  River  the  Irish  language  was  used  so  extensively 
that  it  was  necessary  for  the  Catholic  priests  to  officiate  in  that 
language. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


161 


ship  oiF  the  Humber  with  a number  of  colliers.” 
While  we  recognize  in  this  incident  the  celebrated  fight 
between  the  English  war-ship  Serapis  and  the  Bon 
Homme  Richard  under  the  command  of  the  gallant 
Scotchman,  Paul  Jones,  the  curious  thing  about  Hutch- 
inson’s remark  is  that  a former  English  governor  of 
Massachusetts  assumed  that  Jones  was  an  “Irishman.” 
Colonel  Ethan  Allen  told  a similar  story  in  the  narra- 
tive of  his  captivity.  When  a prisoner  in  England  in 
1776,  Allen  said  that  the  people  of  Falmouth  accused 
him  of  being  “an  Irishman,”  and  he  related  this  incident 
as  if  it  were  a perfectly  natural  thing  that  in  England 
an  American  soldier  should  have  been  mistaken  for  an 
Irishman ! 

Among  the  people  of  Ireland,  too,  it  was  generally 
believed  that  the  American  army  was  comprised  largely 
of  emigrants  from  that  country,  as  will  be  seen  from 
the  following  despatch  dated  “Dublin,  April  11,  1783,” 
which  was  published  in  Loudon’s  New  York  Packet  of 
June  19,  1783: 

“The  next  parliament  will  have  the  happiness  of  meeting  what 
has  never  been  experienced  by  their  ancestors,  a free  constitution 
and  a liberated  trade.  The  great  object  which  we  have  to  look  up 
to  for  our  commerce,  is  America ; and  this  will  not  appear  improbable, 
when  it  is  considered  that  three  parts  of  the  American  army  were 
absolutely  Irish,  that  the  Congress  contains  many  of  the  same  . 
nation,  and  that  a predilection  for  our  country  prevails  through  all 
America  from  the  familiarity  we  lately  bore  to  their  constitution. 

Diary  and  Letters  of  Governor  Thomas  Hutchinson,  Vol.  II, 
pp.  286-287.  Governor  Hutchinson’s  grandson,  who  edited  and 
published  the  Diary,  says:  “By  association,  Jones  was  sometimes 
accounted  an  Irishman.’’ 


162 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Add  to  thisj  our  being  the  nearest  part  of  the  old  world  to  the 
new,  and  no  doubt  remains  but  we  must  be  the  greatest  gainers 
by  their  independence.” 

Of  course  it  was  not  correct  to  say  that  “three  parts 
of  the  American  army  were  absolutely  Irish,”  and  the 
only  value  that  can  be  attached  to  such  a statement  is 
that,  having  been  written  while  the  Revolutionary  War 
was  still  being  waged  and  published  in  one  of  the  organs 
of  the  American  patriots,  it  serves  as  an  indication  of 
the  idea  which  then  prevailed  in  Ireland  that  a very  high 
percentage  of  America’s  fighting  forces  was  Irish.  At 
that  time  people  living  in  Irish  seaports  had  unusual 
opportunities  for  acquainting  themselves  with  the  prog- 
ress of  the  Revolution,  and  indeed  there  are  many 
evidences  that  in  Ireland  there  was  very  close  familiarity 
with  American  affairs  of  the  period.  The  New  York 
and  Philadelphia  newspapers  throughout  the  Rev^olu- 
tion,  and  for  many  years  prior  thereto,  regularly 
published  news  despatches  from  Ireland,  and  they  also 
show  that  there  was  constant  communication  between 
Irish  and  American  ports.  So  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  the  news  that  “three  parts  of  the  American  army 
w'ere  absolutely  Irish,”  exaggerated  though  it  was,  was 
brought  to  Ireland  by  the  masters  or  officers  of  these 
vessels,  who,  while  in  American  ports,  formed  the  notion 
that  the  Irish  were  a preponderating  element  among 
the  American  “rebels.” 

The  publication  of  the  Packet,  in  which  the  Dublin 
despatch  was  printed,  w^as  begun  in  the  city  of  New 
York  on  January  4,  1776,  by  Samuel  Loudon,  a native 
of  Belfast,  Ireland.  Like  John  Holt’s  famous  paper, 


The  acxt  parliameot  w ill  have  the  happineft 
of  meeting  what  has  never  been  experienced  by 
their  anceftors,  a free  cnsftHuiioD  and  a libera- 
ted trade.  The  great  objevf  which  we  ha.ve-to 
look  up  to  for  our  comrnexx-e,  is  America ; and 
this  will  ttol  appear  improb-ible^wheu  it  13  conh- 
dered  th  it -three  parts  of  the  American  army  were 
sbf^luicly  Iiilh;  that  the  Caogrefs  contains  ma- 
ny of  the  fame  nation,  and  that  a prcdileiJtion 
far  our  country,  prevalU  through  ail  Amtriea 
from  ilie  fimila.ify  we  luiely  bore  to  their  cou- 
lliiution  : And  to  this,  our  being  the  neareft  of 
pan  of  the  old  woikl  to  the  new  ; And  no  doubt 
remaius  but  we  mull  be  the  greuteft  gaineis  by 
their  independence. 

The  volunteers  of  Ireland  arc  preparing  a 
congratulator)  add  refs  to  his  Excellency  Gene- 
ral Waftiington,  on  the  glorious  einancipatioa 
of  America,  from  Biitifh  tyranny.  To  that  re- 
nowned Chief,  and  the  viiiuous  flrugglcs  t)f  the 
American  army,  they,  in  a great  mcalure, 
aicribe  their  own  happlmfs  and  indcpcodct.cc, 
and  arc  theteforc  determined  to  pay  their  tiibuie 
of  gratitude. 


REPRODUCED  BY  ANNA  FRANCES  LEVINS 


FACSIMILES  OF  DESPATCHES  FROM  DUBLIN  AND  PHILADELPHIA 
IN  NEW  YORK  PACKET,  JUNE  19,1783. 


:.»3. 


? 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


163 


it  was  the  mouthpiece  of  the  patriots;  but  when  the 
British  army  took  possession  of  the  city  in  1776,  Loudon 
was  compelled  to  leave,  and  thereafter  he  continued  the 
publication  of  his  paper  at  Fishkill-on-the-Hudson  until 
Evacuation  Day,  November  25,  1783.  Loudon  was  an 
ardent  Irishman  and  he  published  regularly  in  the 
Packet  despatches  from  Ireland  containing  accounts  of 
“Grattan’s  Volunteers,”  and  printed  many  editorial 
comments  encouraging  the  Volunteer  movement.  It  is 
with  considerable  interest  that  we  read  in  the  same  is- 
sue of  the  Packet  which  contained  the  despatch  from 
Dublin  above  quoted,  the  following  news  from  Ireland, 
forwarded  from  Philadelphia: 

“The  Volunteers  of  Ireland  are  preparing  a congratulatory 
address  to  his  Excellency,  General  Washington,  on  the  emancipation 
of  America  from  British  tyranny.  To  that  renowned  Chief  and 
the  virtuous  struggles  of  the  American  Army,  they,  in  great  measure, 
ascribe  their  own  happiness  and  independence,  and  are  therefore 
determined  to  pay  their  tribute  of  gratitude.” 

That  American  newspapers  of  the  time  recognized 
the  fact  that  the  Irish  actively  espoused  the  patriot 
cause,  is  seen  from  occasional  references  in  their  columns 
to  the  struggle  for  independence  in  Ireland,  and  an 
example  of  this  is  the  following  extract  from  an  article 
in  the  New  Jersey  Journal  of  March  8,  1780: 

“It  is  impossible  not  to  admire  the  spirit  which  animates  the 
speakers  in  the  Irish  Parliament,  so  daringly  pointed  and  so  ex- 
pressive of  Liberty  and  Independence;  or  not  to  wish  Ireland  a 
similar  station  among  the  Nations  as  that  we  enjoy.  And  it  is  not 
now  to  be  doubted,  but  that  a people  so  long  oppressed,  and  so 


See  also  Archives  of  New  Jersey,  2d  Ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  237. 


164 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


ardent  in  their  love  of  Liberty,  will  use  the  present  moment  to 
recover  their  freedom,  especially  as  they  can  have  from  the  most 
powerful  confederacy  ever  formed  against  England  (as  her  King 
expresses  it),  every  assistance  they  may  want.” 

The  same  paper,  in  its  issue  of  Mareh  15,  1780, 
published  an  account  of  a celebration  held  in  the  Ameri- 
can camp  at  IMorristov/n  over  some  news  just  received 
from  Ireland,  in  which  not  only  the  Irish  soldiers  took 
part,  but  also  many  of  the  native-born  officers.  This 
account  reads : 

“A  number  of  our  last  papers,  containing  an  account  of  the  late 
proceedings  in  Ireland,  being  sent  to  the  army  by  his  Excellency 
[General  Washington],  gave  them  the  greatest  satisfaction  and 
fanned  the  glorious  flame  of  Liberty  in  their  breasts.  As  elegant 
a collation  as  the  shortness  of  the  time  would  permit  was  provided 
by  the  officers  of  Colonel  Jackson’s  regiment.  A number  of  toasts 
were  drank  and  the  night  concluded  with  music,  and  a new  cotillon 
called  the  Duke  of  Leinster.  The  following  toasts  were  drank: 

“1 — Saint  Patrick.  2 — The  Duke  of  Leinster.  3 — Lord  Shan- 
non. 4 — Mr.  Grattan.  5 — Mr.  Ogle.  6 — Mr.  Edward  Newenham. 
7 — The  Recorder.  8 — Mr.  Flood.  9 — The  Memory  of  Dr.  Lucas. 
10 — The  Volunteers  of  Ireland.  11 — May  the  cannon  of  Ireland 
bellow  till  the  Nation  is  free!  12 — The  King  of  France.  13 — 
General  Washington  and  the  Army.” 


Two  days  later,  the  annual  celebration  of  Saint  Pat- 
rick’s Day  was  to  be  held  in  the  American  camp,  and  in 
anticipation  of  the  event,  Washington,  on  iSIarch  16, 
1780,  issued  the  following  “General  Orders”: 

“Headquarters,  Morristown,  l6th  March,  1780. 

“The  General  congratulates  the  Army  on  the  very  interesting 
Proceedings  of  the  Parliament  of  Ireland,  and  the  Inhabitants  of 
that  Country,  which  have  been  lately  communicated,  not  only  as 


OF  AJ^IERICAN  HISTORY 


165 


they  appear  calculated  to  remove  those  heavy  and  tyrannical  op- 
pressions on  their  Trade,  but  to  restore  to  a brave  and  generous 
People  their  ancient  Rights  and  Freedom,  and  by  their  operation 
to  promote  the  Cause  of  America.  Desirous  of  impressing  on  the 
minds  of  the  Army  Transactions  so  important  in  their  Nature,  the 
General  directs  that  all  Fatigue  and  Working  Parties  cease  for 
to-morrow,  the  17th,  a day  held  in  particular  Regard  by  the  People 
of  that  Nation.  At  the  same  time  he  orders,  that  as  a mark  of  the 
Pleasure  he  feels  on  the  occasion,  he  persuades  himself  that  the 
Celebration  of  the  Day  will  not  be  attended  with  the  least  Rioting 
or  Disorder.  The  Officers  to  be  at  their  Quarters  in  Camp,  and 
the  Troops  of  each  State  Line,  are  to  be  kept  within  their  own 
encampment.” 


The  following  order,  which  has  been  attributed  to 
Colonel  Francis  Johnston  of  the  Pennsylvania  Line,  was 
issued  on  the  same  day : 

“The  commanding  officer  desires  that  the  celebration  of  the  Day 
should  not  pass  by  without  having  a little  rum  issued  to  the  troops, 
&nd  has  thought  proper  to  direct  the  commissary  to  send  for  the 
hogshead  which  the  Colonel  has  purchased  already  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  camp.  While  the  troops  are  celebrating  the  bravery  of  Saint 
Patrick  in  innocent  mirth  and  pastime,  he  hopes  they  will  not 
forget  their  worthy  friends  in  the  Kingdom  of  Ireland,  who,  with 
the  greatest  unanimity,  have  stepped  forward  in  opposition  to  the 
tyrant  Great  Britain,  and  who,  like  us,  are  determined  to  die  or 
be  free.  The  troops  will  conduct  themselves  with  the  greatest 
sobriety  and  good  order.” 

The  camp  parole  on  the  17th  of  March,  1780,  was 
“Saint”  and  the  countersign,  “Patrick”  and  “Shelah.” 


Published  in  the  New  York  Gazette  and  Weekly  Mercury  of 
• April  24,  1780.  The  original  order  is  among  the  records  of  the 
War  Department  at  Washington. 

**  One  of  the  historic  personifications  of  Ireland. 


166 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


It  is  said  that  “the  day  was  ushered  in  with  musie  and 
hoisting  of  colors  exhibiting  the  thirteen  stripes,  the 
favorite  harp,  and  an  inscription,  ‘The  Independence  of 
Ireland.’  ” 

The  national  festival  of  Ireland  was  celebrated  by 
the  American  army  before  and  after  this  time.  On 
March  17,  1776,  the  day  the  British  evacuated  Boston 
and  the  Americans  marched  in  and  took  possession. 
General  Washington,  in  the  camp  at  Cambridge,  author- 
ized as  the  parole  for  the  day,  “Boston,”  and  the  counter- 
sign, “Saint  Patrick,”  and  he  appropriately  appointed 
General  Sullivan  “the  Brigadier  of  the  day.”  And 
according  to  an  account  given  by  Colonel  JMcLane  of 
the  Continental  army.  Saint  Patrick’s  Day  in  1778  was 
celebrated  by  the  American  troops.  In  the  Diary  of 

Game’s  New  York  Gazette  and  Weekly  Mercury,  April  24, 
1780.  Game’s  correspondent,  who  sent  this  account  to  the  paper, 
evidently  was  a Tory  beeause  he  expressed  the  thought  that  “the 
Sons  of  Saint  Patrick  who  had  been  seduced  into  the  service  of  the 
Congress  would  go  off  in  a body  on  Saint  Patrick’s  Day”  as  a protest 
against  their  sufferings.  He  sought  to  ridicule  the  celebration  by 
saying:  “The  simple  hearted  Teagues,  charmed  with  the  sight  of 
the  Harp,  forgot  their  sufferings  and  dropped  their  complaints,  and 
seemed  perfectly  happy  for  the  Moment,  though  not  a Drop  of 
Whiskey  or  Taffe  was  to  be  seen  in  the  Camp,  unless  in  the  Tents 
of  the  Contrivers  of  this  dry  and  unusual  Way  of  celebrating  the 
tutelar  Divinity  of  England’s  fair  and  jolly  Sister,  the  Kingdom 
of  Ireland.” 

Force’s  American  Archives,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  V,  p.  421. 

Colonel  McLane’s  account  was  reproduced  in  the  Collections 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society  (Vol.  I,  p.  141),  and  is 
as  follows: 

“When  Washington  and  his  army  lay  at  Valley  Forge  in  1778, 
some  of  the  Pennsylvania  Germans  made  a Paddy,  and  displayed 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


167 


Colonel  Israel  Angell  of  the  Second  Rhode  Island  Regi- 
ment may  be  read  the  following  interesting  entry  under 
date  of  March  17, 1781 : “Good  weather ; a great  parade 
this  day  with  the  Irish,  it  being  Saint  Patrick’s.  I 
spent  the  day  on  the  Point  and  tarried  with  the  offi- 
cers.” And  in  the  Journal  of  Lieutenant  William  Felt- 
man  of  the  First  Regiment  of  the  Pennsylvania  Line, 
under  date  of  March  16, 1782,  is  found  a similarly  inter- 
esting entry  reading : “This  morning  received  an  invita- 
tion from  Lt.  Smith  to  spend  Saint  Patrick’s  Day  with 
him  tomorrow  in  company  with  Lt.  North,  Lt.  McCol- 
1am,  Lt.  Reed,  Dr.  McDowell,  Ensigns  Van  Court  and 
Cunningham.  We  rode  to  a Mr.  Kennedy’s  about  15 
miles  from  camp  at  a place  called  Rantholes  on  Stoneo 
River,  about  twelve  miles  from  Charleston,  and  spent 
the  day  and  greater  part  of  the  night  very  agreeably.” 
The  celebration,  according  to  Lieutenant  F eltman, 
continued  through  the  next  day,  for  he  describes  in  his 


it  on  Saint  Patrick’s  Day  to  the  great  indignation  of  the  Irish 
in  the  camp.  They  assembled  in  large  bodies  under  arms,  swearing 
for  vengeance  against  the  New  England  troops,  saying  they  had 
got  up  the  insult.  The  affair  threatened  a very  serious  issue;  none 
of  the  officers  could  appease  them.  At  this,  Washington,  having 
ascertained  the  entire  innocence  of  the  New  England  troops,  rode 
up  to  the  Irish  and  kindly  and  feelingly  argued  with  them,  and 
then  requested  the  Irish  to  show  the  offenders  and  he  would  see 
them  punished.  They  could  not  designate  anyone.  ‘Well,’  said 
Washington  with  great  promptness,  ‘I,  too,  am  a lover  of  Saint 
Patrick’s  Day  and  must  settle  the  affair  by  making  all  the  army 
keep  the  day.'  He  therefore  ordered  extra  drink  to  every  man  of 
his  command  and  thus  all  made  merry  and  were  good  friends.” 

West  Point,  New  York. 

Published  by  the  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society  in  1855. 


168 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Journal,  under  date  of  the  17th,  how  the  officers 
“dined  very  sumptuously  upon  codfish,  Irish  potatoes, 
asparagus,  fowls,  etc.,  and  after  dinner  we  surrounded  a 
large  table  which  was  decked  Vvdth  good  Nantes  brandy, 
excellent  spirits.  We  then  went  to  work  in  form,  chose 
a President  and  proceeded  to  business,  spending  the 
afternoon  and  greater  part  of  the  night  very  agreeably.” 

In  the  language  of  the  Minutes  of  the  Society  of  the 
Friendly  Sons  of  Saint  Patrick  of  Philadelphia,  Wash- 
ington himself  was  “unanimously  adopted  a member  of 
the  Society”  on  December  18,  1781,  and  his  reply  to  a 
letter  from  the  President  tendering  him  the  badge  of 
the  Society  is  still  preserved  among  its  papers.  It 
reads : 


“I  accept  with  singular  pleasure  the  Ensign  of  so  worthy  a 
fraternity  as  that  of  the  Sons  of  St.  Patrick  in  this  City,  a society 
distinguished  for  the  firm  adherence  of  its  members  to  the  glorious 
cause  in  which  we  are  embarked.  Give  me  leave  to  assure  you.  Sir, 
that  I shall  never  cast  m}^  eyes  upon  the  badge  with  which  I am 
honoured  but  with  a grateful  remembrance  of  the  polite  and  affec- 
tionate manner  in  which  it  was  presented.” 


On  the  1st  of  January,  1782,  Washington  attended 
a dinner  of  the  Society,  and  on  the  18th  of  March  of  the 
same  year  he  was  present  at  the  Saint  Patrick’s  Day 
banquet  of  the  Friendly  Sons,  accompanied  by  some  of 
the  most  distinguished  officers  of  the  American  and 
French  armies.  On  the  membership  roll  of  this  famous 
Irish  society  at  this  time  are  found  the  names  of  Generals 


See  A Brief  Account  of  the  Society  of  the  Friendly  Sons  of 
Saint  Patrich,  by  Samuel  Hood;  Philadelphia,  1844. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


169 


Wayne,  Butler,  Hand,  Irvine,  and  IMoylan,  and  a num- 
ber of  other  officers  of  the  army  and  navy,  as  well  as 
some  of  the  leading  merchants  of  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia. Indeed,  the  Society  was  “composed  for  the 
most  part  of  men  of  fortune,  who  were  associated  on 
terms  of  familiarity,  friendship,  and  equality  with  the 
first  men  of  the  Province;  many  of  them  occupied  the 
highest  and  most  responsible  stations  in  the  army,  navy, 
cabinet,  and  in  Congress,”  and  they  supported  the  cause 
of  the  country  “with  a zeal,  ardour,  and  ability  unsur- 
passed in  those  days  of  intense  patriotism.” 

When  the  historians  who  have  denied  to  the  Irish  a 
place  in  American  Revolutionary  history  read  of  such 
incidents  as  these,  we  can  imagine  that  the  facts  must 
be  rather  disturbing  to  their  consciences,  for  we  cannot 
for  a moment  suppose  that  such  celebrations  would  be 
permitted  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  the  Irish  element 
wielded  considerable  influence  and  that  the  native  Amer- 
ican officers  and  soldiers  fully  recognized  the  aid  re- 
ceived from  Ireland’s  sons  in  their  struggle  for  liberty. 
But  it  was  not  the  native  Americans  alone  who  sym- 
pathized with  Ireland  at  that  time,  for  it  was  the  great 
Frenchman,  Lafayette,  who  proposed  the  toast,  “May 
the  Kingdom  of  Ireland  merit  a stripe  in  the  American 
standard !”  at  a banquet  given  by  the  officers  of  General 
Sullivan’s  forces  in  the  Wyoming  Valley  on  September 
25,  1779,  celebrating  the  announcement  that  Spain  had 
joined  the  Franco- American  alliance. 

Brief  Account,  etc.,  by  Samuel  Hood;  Philadelphia, 

A strong  sentiment  in  favor  of  Ireland  prevailed  in  America, 
especially  in  the  army,  at  the  time  of  the  Revolution,  doubtless 


170 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


American  military  officers  watched  with  considerable 
interest  the  course  of  events  in  Ireland,  as  far  as  they 
could  be  learned  from  the  Irish  newspapers  brought 
into  the  American  camps.  General  Henry  Knox  se- 
lected an  appropriate  date,  March  17,  1780,  to  write 
General  William  Heath  from  Morristown  to  the  effect 
that  “the  affairs  of  Ireland  will  be  a pretty  addition  to 
the  embarrassment  of  England,  and  will,  I hope,  pro- 
duce a speedy  peace  for  America.”  General  Robert 
Howe  also  mentioned  affairs  in  Ireland  in  a letter  to 
Heath  from  the  Highlands  on  April  9,  1780;  and  again, 
in  a letter  from  Heath  to  Howe,  dated  Roxbury,  April 
25,  1780,  England’s  difficulties  in  Ireland  were  the  sub- 
ject of  discussion  between  these  American  officers  of 
high  rank. 

It  is  also  with  considerable  interest  that  we  read  in 
The  Correspondence  of  George  Washington  several 

because  of  the  help  which  it  was  known  the  sons  of  Ireland  had 
given  the  American  cause.  For  example,  one  of  thirteen  toasts 
drunk  at  a celebration  of  the  “Sons  of  Saint  Tammany”  of  Phila- 
delphia on  May  1,  1783,  was:  “The  Friends  of  Liberty  in  Ireland: 
May  the  Harp  be  tuned  to  Independence  and  be  touched  by  skilful 
hands,”  and  in  the  report  of  the  celebration  in  the  Philadelphia 
Freeman’s  Journal  of  May  7,  1783,  it  said,  “at  the  giving  of  each 
toast  cannon  were  fired  and  the  whole  company  gave  three  cheers, 
but  when  ‘General  Washington  and  the  Army’  was  named,  they 
swelled  spontaneously  into  thirteen,  and  upon  naming  ‘The  Friends 
of  Liberty  in  Ireland’  and  the  ‘tuning  of  the  Harp  to  Independence,’ 
the  Sons  of  Saint  Tammany,  anticipating  the  day  in  which  the  brave 
sons  of  Saint  Patrick  shall  be  free  and  happy  as  ourselves,  burst 
into  thirteen  shouts  of  joy  and  the  band  struck  up  ‘Saint  Patrick’s 
Day  in  the  Morning.’  ” 

These  letters  are  among  the  Heath  Letters  reproduced  in  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society  Collections,  7th  Ser.,  Vol.  V. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


171 


letters  in  which  the  affairs  of  Ireland  were  discussed. 
For  example,  a possible  “insurrection  in  Ireland”  was 
commented  upon  in  General  Sullivan’s  letter  to  General 
Washington  of  August  7,  1777;  to  Count  de  Rocham- 
heau,  Washington  wrote  on  August  26, 1780,  expressing 
his  satisfaction  at  “the  intelligence  respecting  the  Irish 
Militia’s  driving  the  English  out  of  the  forts,”  saying 
“it  must  be  embarrassing  to  the  British  Ministry;”^® 
and  two  days  later,  in  a letter  to  John  Mercereau  of 
Woodbridge,  N.  J.,  he  referred  to  “the  disturbances 
in  Ireland.”  In  a letter  of  October  5,  1780,  to  Gen- 
eral John  Cadwalader,  Washington  referred  to  the  fa- 
vorable aspect  of  affairs  in  Europe,  among  which  were 
the  continuance  of  “the  Irish  claims  and  English  dis- 
turbances,” which  “formed  an  opinion  in  his  breast  that 
the  hour  of  deliverance  was  not  far  distant,  for  that 
however  unwilling  Great  Britain  might  be  to  yield  the 
point,  it  would  not  be  in  her  power  to  continue  the  con- 
test”;®^ and  in  a letter  from  General  Heath  to  Wash- 
ington on  January  25,  1783,  he  also  spoke  of  “a  ru- 
moured revolt  in  Ireland.”  These  letters  indicate  that 
American  army  officers  must  have  had  instructions  to  ob- 
tain all  available  information  with  regard  to  Irish  affairs 
and  that  the  Commander-in- Chief  himself  considered  it 
a matter  of  sufficient  importance  to  be  kept  informed 

Correspondence  of  George  Washington,  p.  301;  Library  of 
Congress,  1015. 

The  Writings  of  George  Washington,  collected  and  edited  by 
Worthington  C.  Ford;  Vol.  VIII,  p.  408;  New  York,  1800. 

^^Correspondence  of  George  Washington,  p.  1370. 

The  Writings  of  George  Washington;  Vol.  VIII,  p.  467. 


172  A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY 


of  the  trend  of  political  agitation  in  Ireland,  knowing 
that  the  success,  or  even  the  continuanee,  of  the  move- 
ment for  the  redress  of  Irish  grievances  would  have  the 
effect  of  weakening  England’s  eonduct  of  the  war. 


FACSIMILES  OF  SIGNATURES  OF  GENERAL  GEORGE  WASHINGTON 
AND  EDWARD  HAND,  ADJUTANT  GENERAL  OF -THE  CONTINENTAL 
ARMY  TO  THE  MEMBERSHIP  ROLLOFTHE  SOCIETY  OF  THE 
FRIENDLY  SONS  OF  SAINT  PATRICK  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


CHAPTER  X 


“THE  LINE  OF  IRELAND” 

Lessing’s  description  of  Morgan’s  celebrated  Rifle  Corps.  Four 
regiments  of  the  Pennsylvania  Line,  commanded  by  Irish 
officers,  covered  the  retreat  from  Long  Island.  General  Henry 
Lee  described  the  Pennsylvania  Line  as  “the  Line  of  Ireland.” 
Gallantry  of  Irish  soldiers.  The  New  England  soldiers.  Their 
quality  as  fighting  men.  Washington’s  characterization  of 
them.  The  “mutiny”  of  the  Pennsylvania  Line.  Its  causes. 

WHEN  we  study  the  testimony  of  Galloway  and 
Robertson  and  eompare  it  with  the  many  other 
evidences  that  are  furnished  to  us  by  American  records 
of  the  large  number  of  Irishmen  and  their  sons  who, 
early  in  the  contest,  eagerly  flocked  to  the  standard  of 
Washington,  we  need  not  wonder  at  Lossing’s  de- 
scription of  hlorgan’s  celebrated  rifle  corps.  In  allud- 
ing to  General  Washington’s  organization  of  the  army 
at  Cambridge,  klassachusetts,  in  July,  1775,  Lossing 
says:  “Some  riflemen  from  Maryland,  Virginia,  and 
Western  Pennsylvania  enlisted  under  the  order  of  Con- 
gress, and  led  by  Daniel  Morgan,^  a man  of  powerful 


^ In  biographical  sketches  of  Colonel  Daniel  Morgan  it  is  stated 
that  he  was  born  in  New  Jersey  and  that  his  father  was  a Welsh- 
man. However,  the  late  “Richelieu”  Robinson,  editor  of  the  Irish 
World,  claimed  that  Morgan  was  born  in  County  Derry,  Ireland, 
and  that  his  father,  Peter  Morgan,  also  a native  of  Ireland,  emi- 
grated to  America  in  1742  with  his  seven  sons,  one  of  whom  was 
Daniel.  In  the  Catholic  Encyclopedia  it  is  also  claimed  that  Morgan 

173 


174 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


frame  and  sterling  courage,  soon  joined  the  camp. 
Upon  their  breasts  they  wore  the  motto  ‘Liberty  or 
Death/  A large  proportion  of  them  were  Irishmen 
and  were  not  very  agreeable  to  the  New  Englanders. 
These  men  attracted  much  attention,  and  on  account  of 
their  sure  and  deadly  aim  they  became  a terror  to  the 
British.  Wonderful  stories  of  their  exploits  went  to 
England,  and  one  of  the  riflemen,  who  was  carried 
there  a prisoner,  was  gazed  at  as  a great  curiosity.”  ^ 

The  esteem  in  whieh  IMorgan’s  Rifle  Corps  was  held 
by  General  Washington  is  shown  by  his  letter  to  Gov- 
ernor Clinton  on  August  16,  1777,  informing  Clinton 
that  he  had  ordered  Morgan  to  join  the  army  under 
General  Gates,  then  operating  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany. 
In  that  letter  Washington  said:  “They  are  all  chosen 
men,  selected  from  the  army  at  large,  well  aequainted 
with  the  use  of  rifles  and  with  the  mode  of  fighting 
which  is  necessary  to  make  them  a good  counterpoise 
to  the  Indians,  and  they  have  distinguished  themselves 
on  a variety  of  occasions  since  the  formation  of  the  Corps 
in  skirmishes  with  the  enemy.  I expect  the  most  eminent 
services  from  them,  and  I shall  be  mistaken  if  their 
presence  does  not  go  far  towards  producing  a general 
deserting  among  the  savages.”® 

Of  all  the  provinces  by  far  the  greatest  number  of 

was  an  Irishman,  but  no  authority  for  this  statement  is  given.  While 
the  question  is  in  doubt,  it  is  eertain  that  Daniel  Morgan  exhibited 
many  of  the  well-known  characteristics  of  an  Irishman. 

^Pictorial  Field  Booh  of  the  Revolution,  Vol.  I,  p.  565;  New 
York,  1851. 

® Sparks’  Writings  of  Washington,  Vol.  V,  p.  30. 


OF  AlklERICAN  HISTORY 


175 


Irishmen  enlisted  in  Pennsylvania,  which  was  to  be 
expected  in  view  of  the  large  settlements  of  Irish  people 
in  that  province,  which  continued  for  half  a century 
prior  to  the  Revolution.  In  referring  to  the  racial 
elements  in  America  at  the  time  of  the  outbreak  of  the 
war.  Dr.  David  Ramsay,  himself  a participant,  says: 
“The  Irish  in  America,  with  few  exceptions,  were 
attracted  to  independence,  for  they  had  fled  from 
oppression  in  their  native  country  and  could  not  brook 
the  idea  that  it  should  follow  them.”^  And  in  his  chap- 
ter on  the  Pennsylvania  Line,  Ramsay  says:  “The 
common  soldiers  enlisted  in  that  State  were  for  the 
most  part  natives  of  Ireland,  but  though  not  bound  to 
America  by  the  accidental  tie  of  birth,  they  were  inferior 
to  none  in  discipline,  courage,  or  attachment  to  the  cause 
of  independence.”® 

The  Pennsylvania  Line  comprised  approximately 
twenty  thousand  men  and  is  generally  admitted  to  have 
been  one  of  the  most  eff  ective  flghting  arms  of  the  Rev- 
olutionary forces,  and,  as  an  admiring  officer  once  said 
of  them,  “they  served  everywhere  and  surrendered  no- 
where.” What  finer  compliment  could  be  bestowed  on 
the  prowess  of  any  body  of  troops  than  their  selection 
by  Washington  to  cover  the  retreat  of  the  American 
army  after  the  disastrous  defeat  at  Long  Island  on 
August  28,  1776?  For  we  are  told  that  “the  Pennsyl- 

* History  of  the  American  Revolution,  by  Dr.  David  Ramsay, 
Vol.  Ill,  p.  6;  Trenton,  1811. 

® Ibid.,  Vol.  II,  p.  ^80.  'I'bis  statement  is  also  made  in  History 
of  America  from  the  Earliest  Discovery  to  the  Present  Day,  edited 
by  Samuel  Lorenzo  Knapp  (Library  of  American  History  Series, 
Vol.  II,  p.  28 j New  York,  1856). 


1T6 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


vania  troops  were  done  great  honour  by  being  chosen  the 
corps  de  reserve  to  cover  the  retreat.  The  regiments 
of  Colonels  Hand,  Magaw,  Shea,  and  Haslett  were  de- 
tailed for  that  purpose.” And  it  is  a remarkable  fact 
that  all  four  of  the  commanding  officers  of  these  regi- 
ments were  natives  of  Ireland. 

General  Henry  Lee,  afterward  Governor  of  Virginia, 
in  his  Memoirs  of  the  War  in  the  Southern  Depart- 
ment^ makes  the  following  reference  to  General  Wayne 
and  the  Pennsylvania  Line:  “Wayne  had  a constitu- 
tional attacliment  to  the  decision  of  the  sword,  and  this 
cast  of  character  had  acquired  strength  from  indulgence, 
as  well  as  from  the  native  temper  of  the  troops  he 
commanded.  They  were  known  by  the  designation  of 
the  Line  of  Pennsylvania,  whereas  they  might  have 
been,  with  more  propriety,  called  the  Line  of  Ireland. 
Bold  and  daring,  they  were  impatient  and  refractory, 
and  would  always  prefer  an  appeal  to  the  bayonet  to  a 
toilsome  march.  . . . The  General  and  his  soldiers 
were  singularly  fitted  for  close  and  stubborn  action,  hand 
to  hand  in  the  centre  of  the  army.” 

Throughout  the  Revolution  the  soldiers  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Line  maintained  on  many  a battle-field  that 
reputation  for  gallantry  which  Ireland’s  martial  sons 

® Account  of  the  Retreat  from  Long  Island,  by  Lieutenant-Colonel 
James  Chambers,  in  Pennsylvania  Archives,  5th  Ser.,  Vol.  II,  p.  6l2. 
See  also  letter  from  Lieutenant-Colonel  Chambers  to  his  wife,  dated 
September  3,  1776,  quoted  in  Chambersburg  in  the  Colony  and  the 
Revolution,  by  Lewis  H.  Garrard,  published  by  the  Historical 
Society  of  Pennsjdvania ; Philadelphia,  1856. 

^ Vol.  II,  p.  203;  New  York,  1808.  (See  also  Pennsylvania 
Archives,  5th  Ser.,  Vol.  II,  p.  566.) 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


177 


have  ever  enjoyed,  and  they  furnished  to  the  military 
annals  of  America  a chapter  as  glorious  as  that  which 
the  famous  Irish  Brigade  contributed  to  the  arms  of 
France.  While  the  heroism,  devotion,  and  fidelity  of 
that  renowned  corps,  in  supporting  and  defending  the 
cause  they  espoused,  constitute  for  it  imperishable  claims 
to  the  respect  and  admiration  of  posterity,  their  story  is 
comparatively  little  known  to  the  American  people,  for 
no  literary  trumpet  has  sounded  their  praises.  What 
a field  has  existed  for  a romantic  writer  in  the  traditions 
that  have  lived,  but  are  gradually  becoming  dimmed  by 
time,  among  the  descendants  of  those  gallant  men  in 
the  mountains  and  valleys  of  Pennsylvania!  But,  alas 
for  the  Irish  in  America,  in  this,  as  well  as  in  many  other 
phases  of  American  history,  they  have  neglected  their 
opportunities  and  no  writer  has  sought  to  keep  alive  their 
memory,  and  their  story  is  now  found  only  in  the  prosaic 
official  records  of  the  Revolution.  What  more  gallant 
spirits  figure  in  American  military  annals  than  Cap- 
tain John  Brady,  the  Revolutionary  scout  and  frontiers- 
man; or  Timothy  Murphy,  the  hero  of  Saratoga;  or 
Major  John  Kelly,  who  destroyed  the  bridge  at  Stony 
Brook  on  the  retreat  from  Trenton,  thereby  saving  the 
American  troops  from  capture;  or  Lieutenant  James 
Gibbons,  who  led  the  forlorn  hope  at  the  storming  of 
Stony  Point;  or  Captain  William  O’Neill  and  his  gal- 
lant band,  who  held  in  check  a British  force  at  the  battle 
of  the  Brandywine?  These  and  many  other  equally 
gallant  soldiers  were  attached  to  regiments  of  the  “Line 
of  Ireland,”  but  no  one  except  the  student  of  history 
now  recalls  their  services  to  their  country. 


178 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Much  stress  has  been  laid  upon  the  part  played  by 
the  New  England  States  in  the  Revolutionary  conflict, 
— so  much,  indeed,  that  one  would  be  compelled  to  con- 
clude, in  the  absence  of  other  evidence,  that  to  New  Eng- 
land is  due  the  independence  of  the  United  States.  Some 
few  years  ago,  I received  from  Mr.  Henry  Cabot  Lodge 
a copy  of  a pamphlet  prepared  by  him  containing  com- 
parative statistics  of  the  number  of  soldiers  who  enlisted 
from  each  province  or  State,  and  purporting  to  show 
that  by  far  the  greatest  number  enlisted  from  IMassa- 
chusetts,  and  that  New  England  furnished  more  men 
to  the  Revolutionary  army  than  all  the  other  Colonies 
combined.  Mr.  Lodge  pointed  to  this  as  “proof”  of 
the  statements  of  the  historians  that  the  New  England- 
ers were  a preponderating  element  in  the  Revolution. 

Now,  without  questioning  the  authenticity  of  ]Mr. 
Lodge’s  figures,  a thought  that  naturally  arises  is  that 
in  making  such  comparisons  the  quality  of  the  soldiers 
as  fighting  material  is  a very  important  factor, — indeed, 
just  as  important  as  their  relative  numbers.  For  we 
know  that  in  every  sphere  of  human  activity  the  quahty 
and  capacity  of  men  in  the  particular  calling  in  which 
they  may  be  engaged  varies  in  a greater  or  lesser  degree 
according  to  circumstances  and  conditions,  and  to  no 
class  more  than  to  soldiers  does  this  apply.  Bruce  at 
Bannockburn,  with  ten  thousand  men,  decisively  de- 
feated an  English  army  of  thirty  thousand ; which  proves 
that  it  is  not  numbers  alone  that  conquer  in  battle,  but 
the  quality  and  determination  of  “the  men  behind  the 
guns.” 

When  we  compare  the  New  England  troops  with 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


179 


those  who  came  from  other  sections  of  the  country,  what 
do  we  find  ? On  the  one  hand,  General  Richard  Mont- 
gomery, writing  to  General  Washington  on  October  5, 
1775,  of  the  personnel  of  his  command  during  the 
Canadian  campaign,  said:  “The  New  Englanders  are 
the  worst  stuff  imaginable  for  soldiers.  They  are  home- 
sick. Their  regiments  are  melted  away,  and  yet  not 
a man  dead  of  any  distemper.  There  is  such  an  equality 
among  them,  that  the  officers  have  no  authority,  and 
there  are  very  few  among  them  in  whose  spirit  I have 
any  confidence.  The  privates  are  all  generals,  but  not 
soldiers,  and  so  jealous  that  it  is  impossible,  though  a 
man  risque  his  person,  to  escape  the  imputation  of 
treachery.  I don’t  see  amongst  them  that  zealous  attach- 
ment to  the  cause  I flattered  myself  with,  but  indeed 
they  are  homesick.”  ® And  Washington  himself  wrote 
on  January  31,  1776,  on  receiving  Montgomery’s  letter: 
“The  account  given  of  the  behaviour  of  the  men  under 
General  Montgomery  is  exactly  consonant  to  the  opinion 
I have  formed  of  these  people,  and  such  as  they  will 
exhibit  abundant  proof  of  in  similar  cases  whenever 
called  upon.  Place  them  behind  a parapet,  a breast- 
work, stone  wall,  or  anything  that  will  afford  shelter, 
and  from  their  knowledge  of  a firelock,  they  will  give 
a good  account  of  the  enemy;  but  I am  as  well  convinced 
as  if  I had  seen  it  that  they  will  not  march  boldly  up 
to  a work,  nor  stand  exposed  in  a plain.”  ^ 

Bancroft  informs  us  that  “Montgomery’s  troops  de- 

* Robert  R.  Livingston  MS.  Letters,  fol.  57,  at  New  York  Public 
Library. 

® Washington’s  Works,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  277,  285, 


180 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


serted  in  such  numbers  [in  Canada]  that  only  eight 
hundred  remained”;  and  Lecky  says,  in  referring  to  the 
soldiers  engaged  in  Montgomery’s  operations  in  Quebec 
in  1775 : “They  were  turbulent,  insubordinate,  and  half 
trained,  and  they  had  enlisted  for  so  short  a period  and 
were  so  unwilling  to  renew  their  contract  that  it  was 
necessary  to  press  on  operations  as  quickly  as  possi- 
ble.” In  fact,  we  find  Washington’s  letters  full  of 
complaints  of  the  conduct  of  the  New  England  troops. 
In  a letter  to  General  Joseph  Reed,  dated  Cambridge, 
November  28,  1775,  he  complained  about  their  “dearth 
of  public  spirit,  and  such  want  of  virtue,  such  stock- 
jobbing  and  fertility  in  all  the  low  arts  to  obtain  ad- 
vantages of  one  kind  or  another,  that  I never  before  saw, 
and  pray  God’s  mercy  that  I may  never  be  witness  to 
again.”  “Such  a mercenary  spirit,”  wrote  Washington 
in  another  place,  “pervades  the  whole,  that  I should  not 
at  all  be  surprised  at  any  disaster  that  may  happen.  . . . 
Could  I have  foreseen  what  I have  experienced,  and  am 
likely  to  experience,  no  consideration  upon  earth  should 
have  induced  me  to  accept  this  command.”  “ “No 
troops,”  he  wrote  in  another  letter,  “were  ever  better 
provided  or  higher  paid,  yet  their  backwardness  to  enlist 
for  another  year  is  amazing.  It  grieves  me  to  see  so 
little  of  that  patriotic  spirit  which  I was  taught  to 
believe  was  characteristic  of  this  people.”  Washing- 
ton’s opinion  of  the  New  England  troops  is  further 

W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  History  of  the  American  Revolution,  pp. 
215-216. 

^^Washington’s  Works,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  179. 

Ibid.,  p.  181. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


181 


shown  by  his  letter  of  August  20, 1775,  from  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  to  Lund  Washington,  in  which  he  said:  “The 
People  of  this  Government  have  obtained  a character 
Avhich  they  by  no  means  deserved ; their  officers  generally 
speaking  are  the  most  indifferent  kind  of  people  I ever 
saw.  I have  already  broke  one  Colonel  and  five  Cap- 
tains for  Cowardice,  or  for  drawing  more  Pay  and  Pro- 
visions than  they  had  Men  in  their  Companies;  there 
is  two  more  Colonels  now  under  arrest  and  to  be  tried 
for  the  same  offences;  in  short,  they  are  by  no  means 
such  Troops,  in  any  respect,  as  you  are  led  to  believe  of 
them  from  the  accounts  which  are  published,  but  I need 
not  make  myself  enemies  among  them  by  this  declara- 
tion, although  it  is  consistent  with  truth.  I dare  say  the 
men  would  fight  very  well  (if  properly  officered),  al- 
though they  are  exceeding  dirty  and  nasty  people.” 

General  Philip  Schuyler  also  made  considerable  com- 
plaint against  the  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts  mili- 
tia,^® and  General  Trumbull,  in  a letter  to  Washington 
in  December,  1775,  spoke  of  his  “grief,  surprise,  and 
indignation”  at  the  conduct  of  the  New  England  troops. 
Lecky  states:  “The  term  of  enlistment  of  the  Connecticut 
troops  expired  in  December,  1775,  and  the  whole  body, 
amounting  to  some  five  thousand  men,  positively  refused 
to  re-enlist,”  and  “ it  was  vainly  represented  to  them 
that  their  desertion  threatened  to  bring  absolute  ruin 
to  the  American  cause.”  Neither  Mr.  Lodge  nor  any 


Letter  from  General  Schuyler  to  Congress,  August  10,  1777,  in 
Schuyler  MSS.  at  New  York  Public  Library. 

History  of  the  American  Revolution,  p.  228. 


182 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


other  New  England  historian  takes  any  of  these  facts 
into  consideration. 

Contrast  aU  this  with  the  statement  of  Lee,  that  the 
soldiers  of  the  famous  corps  whom  he  called  “the  Line 
of  Ireland”  were  the  type  of  men  who  were  always  ready 
to  meet  the  enemy  under  any  conditions.  They  were 
“singularly  fitted,”  says  Lee,  “for  close  and  stubborn 
action,  hand  to  hand  in  the  centre  of  the  army,”  and 
“always  preferred  an  appeal  to  the  bayonet  to  a toil- 
some march,” — the  kind  of  soldiers  best  qualified  for 
the  warfare  of  that  time.  Men  of  that  calibre  were 
immeasurably  superior  to  the  type  whom  ISIontgomery 
and  Washington  described,  for  they  required  the  pro- 
tection of  neither  “parapet,  breastwork,  nor  stone  wall” 
to  prop  up  their  courage,  and  their  most  cheerful  mo- 
ments were  when  grappling  with  the  enemy  “hand  to 
hand  in  the  centre  of  the  army.”  For  individual  initia- 
tive, physical  endurance,  grim  determination,  dash  and 
courage,  and  all  those  qualities  that  were  necessary  to 
the  efficient  soldier  of  that  time,  no  single  aggregation 
of  men  in  the  Revolutionary  army  equalled  the  soldiers 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Line;  for  they  were  “born  soldiers,” 
their  lives  having  been  spent  largely  in  savage  warfare 
against  the  Indians  or  in  conquering  the  forces  of  nature 
in  the  wild  country  which  they  or  their  fathers  had 
settled. 

Nothing  better  illustrates  the  character  of  these  men 
than  the  outbreak  which  occurred  in  their  ranks  in  the 
winter  of  1780-81,  the  result  of  the  “nakedness  and 
famine  which  were  their  daily  companions.”  This 


Lossing,  Pictorial  Field  Book  of  the  Revolution,  Vol.  I,  p.  312. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


183 


outbreak  is  known  in  history  as  “the  Mutiny  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Line.”  The  celebrated  Matthew  Carey 
gave  a graphic  account  of  this  movement  and  of  the 
sufferings  and  fidelity  of  the  “mutineers”: 

“During  the  American  Revolution  a band  of  Irishmen  were  em- 
bodied to  avenge,  in  the  country  of  their  adoption,  the  injuries  of 
the  country  of  their  birth.  They  formed  the  major  part  of  the 
celebrated  Pennsylvania  Line.  They  fought  and  bled  for  the 
United  States.  Many  of  them  sealed  their  attachment  with  their 
lives.  Their  adopted  country  was  shamefully  ungrateful.  The 
wealthy,  the  indolent,  and  the  luxurious,  for  whom  they  fought, 
were  rioting  in  all  the  comforts  and  superfluities  of  life.  Their 
defenders  were  literally  half-starved  and  half-naked.  Their 
shoeless  feet  marked  with  blood  their  tracks  on  the  highway.  They 
bore  their  grievances  patiently.  They  at  length  murmured.  They 
remonstrated.  They  implored  a supply  of  the  necessities  of  life, 
but  in  vain.  A deaf  ear  was  turned  to  their  complaints.  They  felt 
indignant  at  the  cold  neglect,  at  the  ingratitude,  of  that  country  for 
which  so  many  of  their  companions  in  arms  had  expired  on  the 
crimsoned  field  of  battle.  They  held  arms  in  their  hands.  They 
had  reached  the  boundary  line  beyond  which  forbearance  and  sub- 
mission became  meanness  and  pusillanimity.  As  all  appeals  to  the 
gratitude,  the  justice  and  generosity  of  the  country  had  proved  un- 
availing, they  determined  to  try  another  course.  They  appealed  to 
its  fears.  They  mutinied.  They  demanded  with  energy  that  redress 
for  which  they  had  before  supplicated.  It  was  a noble  deed;  I 
hope  in  all  similar  cases  similar  measures  will  be  pursued. 

“The  intelligence  was  carried  to  the  British  camp.  It  there 
spread  joy  and  gladness.  Lord  Howe  hoped  that  a period  had 
arrived  to  the  ‘rebellion,’  as  it  would  have  been  termed.  There 
was  a glorious  opportunity  of  crushing  the  half-formed  embryo  of 
the  Republic.  He  counted  largely  on  the  indignation  and  on  the 
resentment  of  the  natives  of  the  Emerald  Isle.  He  knew  the  iras- 
cibility of  their  tempers.  He  calculated  on  the  diminution  of  the 
strength  of  ‘the  rebels,’  and  the  accession  to  the  numbers  of  the 
royal  army.  Messengers  were  despatched  to  the  mutineers.  They 
had  carte  blanche.  They  were  to  allure  the  poor  Hibernians  to 


184 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


return,  like  prodigal  children,  from  feeding  on  husks  to  the  plen- 
tiful fold  of  their  royal  master.  Liberality  itself  presided  over  his 
offers.  Abundant  supplies  of  provisions,  comfortable  clothing  to 
their  hearts’  desire,  all  arrears  of  pay,  bounties,  and  pardon  for 
past  offences  were  offered.  There  was,  however,  no  hesitation 
among  those  poor,  neglected  warriors.  They  refused  to  renounce 
poverty,  nakedness,  suffering  and  ingratitude. 

“The  splendid  temptations  were  held  out  in  vain.  There  was 
no  Judas,  no  Arnold  there.  They  seized  the  tempters.  They  tram- 
pled on  their  shining  ore.  They  sent  them  to  their  General’s  tent. 
The  miserable  wretches  paid  their  forfeited  lives  for  attempting 
to  seduce  a band  of  ragged,  forlorn,  and  deserted,  but  illustrious 
heroes.  We  prate  about  Roman,  about  Grecian  patriotism.  One- 
half  of  it  is  false.  In  the  other  half  there  is  nothing  that  excels 
this  noble  trait,  which  is  worthy  the  pencil  of  a West  or  a Trum- 
bull !’’ 


Washington,  writing  to  Rochambeau  on  January  20, 
1781,  relative  to  “the  late  disturbances  in  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Line,”  said:  “The  causes  of  complaint  of  this  Line, 
mostly  composed  of  foreigners,  and  having  even  some 
British  deserters,  must  in  great  part  be  known  to  your 
Excellency.  The  absolute  want  of  pay  and  clothing, 
the  great  scarcity  of  provisions,  were  too  severe  a trial 
for  the  men,  a great  proportion  of  whom  could  not  be 
deeply  impressed  with  the  feelings  of  citizens.  It  is 
somewhat  extraordinary  that  these  men,  however  lost 
to  a sense  of  duty,  had  so  far  retained  that  of  honour, 
as  to  reject  the  most  advantageous  propositions  from 
the  enemy”;  ” and  Lafayette,  in  a letter  to  Vergennes, 
French  Minister  of  Foreign  AtFairs,  said:  “Some 
Pennsylvania  troops,  almost  'wholly  composed  of  for- 

The  Olive  Branch,  10th  edition;  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Ford’s  Writings  of  Washington,  Vol.  IX,  p.  115. 


fiSPf/ODUC^O  BY  AVUA  FRAA/CBS  LBV/A/S 


COLONEL  WALTER  8TE\A'ART 

OF  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  LINE,  CONTINENTAL  ARMY. 
BORN  IN  DONEGAL,  IRELAND. 


f 


•-v.-i. 


■/ 


< 

j 

I 

i 

•1 

. J 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


18.“ 


eigners,  and  stationed  at  Morristown,  had  revolted.” 

As  further  illustrating  the  character  of  the  men  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Line,  after  the  mutiny  was  settled 
Wayne  wrote  to  Washington  in  January,  1781,  that 
“the  disbanded  soldiers  were  as  importunate  to  be  re- 
enlisted as  they  had  been  to  be  discharged ; a reclaimed 
and  formidable  Line  was  the  result  in  the  spring.” 
General  Rochambeau  also  touches  upon  this  incident 
in  his  Memoirs,  where,  referring  to  the  march  of  the 
“mutineers”  to  Philadelphia  to  appeal  to  Congress  for 
redress  of  their  grievances,  he  says:  “I  should  here  men- 
tion a most  extraordinary  trait  of  patriotism  in  these 
times  of  rebellion.  General  Clinton,  the  Commandant 
at  New  York,  within  whose  reach  these  men  had  to  pass, 
sent  off  emissaries  to  beg  them  to  join  the  American 
refugees  who  were  serving  in  his  army,  offering  at  the 
same  time  to  pay  the  arrears  which  were  due  to  them. 
The  sergeant  who  commanded  them  exclaimed:  ‘Com- 
rades, he  takes  us  for  traitors;  but  we  are  brave  men, 
who  demand  justice  of  our  country.’  He  hanged  the 
spies  sent  by  Clinton  and  proceeded  on.” 

Document  No.  1632  in  Stevens’  Facsimiles. 

Border  Wars  of  the  American  Revolution,  by  William  L.  Stone, 
Vol.  II,  p.  135;  New  York,  1900. 

Memoirs  of  the  Marshal  Count  de  Rochambeau  relative  to  the 
War  of  Independence  in  the  United  States,  p.  30;  Paris,  1838. 


CHAPTER  XI 


MORE  HISTORY  BY  SUPPRESSION 


The  “Volunteers  of  Ireland”  and  the  “Roman  Catholic  Volunteers” 
in  the  English  service.  How  organized,  and  their  composition. 
Bancroft  suppresses  the  facts.  Desertions  to  the  American 
Army  and  disintegration  of  the  Volunteers.  The  Irish  Vol- 
unteers in  the  American  service.  The  Virginia  regiments. 
“The  Irish  will  enlist  in  crowds.”  Irish  recruits  in  the  Caro- 
linas.  Lord  Cornwallis’  letter  to  General  Clinton. 

IN  an  attempt  to  show  that  the  Irish  in  Ameriea  did 
not  favor  the  Revolutionary  cause,  Bancroft  says: 
“While  it  was  no  longer  possible  for  the  Americans  to 
keep  up  their  army  enlistments,  the  British  gained 
numerous  recruits  from  immigrants.  In  Philadelphia, 
Howe  had  formed  a regiment  of  Roman  CathoHcs. 
With  better  success,  Clinton  courted  the  Irish.  They 
had  fled  from  the  persecution  of  inexorable  landlords 
to  a country  which  off ered  them  freeholds.  By  flatter- 
ing their  nationahty  and  their  sense  of  importance  at- 
tached to  their  numbers,  Clinton  allured  them  to  a com- 
bination directly  averse  to  their  own  interests  and  raised 
for  Lord  Rawdon  a large  regiment  in  which  officers  and 
men  were  exclusively  Irish.  Among  them  were  nearly 
five  hundred  deserters  from  the  American  Army.”  ^ 
This  statement  is  true  only  in  its  barest  essential, 

^ History  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  X,  p 175. 

186 


A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY  187 


namely,  in  the  fact  that  the  two  “regiments”  referred  to 
were  actually  organized;  and  it  serves  as  another  instance 
of  the  “writing  of  history  by  suppression”  before  alluded 
to.  The  first-mentioned  “regiment”  was  known  as  the 
“Roman  Catholic  Volunteers”  and  was  formed  in  1777 
while  the  British  were  in  possession  of  Philadelphia; 
and  the  second,  known  as  the  “Volunteers  of  Ireland,” 
was  formed  in  the  year  1778.  In  thus  attempting  to 
seduce  the  Irish  Catholics  from  the  American  cause, 
England  was  only  following  the  same  tactics  which  had 
failed  in  Ireland,  where,  by  the  relaxation  of  the  penal 
laws  and  the  granting  of  certain  measures  of  relief  to 
the  Catholics,  she  sought  to  arouse  religious  animosities 
against  the  Americans  to  promote  her  own  interests; 
but  the  extent  to  which  they  succeeded  in  America  will 
be  shown  by  a brief  narration  of  the  facts  on  record. 

According  to  an  account  printed  in  Rivington’s  Royal 
Gazette,  the  “Roman  Catholic  Volunteers”  were  com- 
manded by  Colonel  Alfred  Clifton,  “an  English  Catholic 
gentleman,”  ^ and  the  “Volunteers  of  Ireland”  were 
under  the  command  of  Lord  Rawdon,  who,  although  a 
native  of  Ireland,  was  “British  to  the  core.”  As  to 
how  much  faith  we  may  place  in  Bancroft’s  assertion 
that  “the  officers  were  exclusively  Irish,”  we  have  a 
fairly  safe  guide  in  the  following  official  list  of  the  officers 
of  these  regiments : ^ 


* Statement  of  Rev.  Ferdinand  Farmer  in  Woodstock  Letters, 
Vol.  XIV,  p.  196. 

® From  A List  of  General  and  Staff  Officers  of  the  British  Army 
in  America,  p.  64. 


188 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


ROMAN  CATHOLIC  VOLUNTEERS 

Colonel 
Alfred  Clifton 

Lieutenant-Colonel 


Majors 

John  Lynch 

Captains 

Kenneth  McCulloch 
Matthias  Hanely 
Martin  McEvoy 
Nicholas  Wiergan 
John  McKinnon 

Lieutenants 

Peter  Eck 
John  Connell 
James  Hanrahan 
Edward  Holland 
John  Neill 
Ebenezer  Wilson 
Harman  Black 
John  Jewell 

Surgeon 

Chaplain 

Rev.  Ferdinand  Farmer 

Ensigns 
John  Grashune 
Arthur  Bailie 
Thomas  Quinn 
Edward  Goodwin 
H.  P.  Sergeant 
Mark  Ransford 

Quartermaster 
John  Holland 


VOLUNTEERS  OF  IRELAND 

Colonel 

Right  Hon.  Lord  Rawdon 
Lieutenant-Colonel 
Welborne  Ellis  Boyle 

Majors 
John  Despard 
Henry  Rugely 

Captains 
John  Campbell 
John  Doyle 
James  King 
William  Barry 
Thomas  Silverton 

Lieutenants 
David  Dalton 
Charles  Vallency 
Charles  Bingham 
Thomas  Proctor 
Samuel  Bradstreets 
Hugh  Gillespie 
Henry  Munro 
James  Moffat 

Surgeon 
Dr.  Armstrong 

Chaplain 


Ensigns 

Edward  Gilbourne 
Thomas  Hyn 
George  Cunningham 
John  Thompson 
Davies  Whitely 
John  Wilson 

Quartermaster 
Hugh  Sturat 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


189 


That  there  are  some  Irish  Catholie  names  in  these 
lists  is  not  at  all  surprising,  for  of  course  it  is  just  as 
natural  that  Catholics  should  be  divided  on  political 
questions  as  those  of  other  religious  persuasions ; but  in 
any  event  there  is  proof  that  all  of  these  officers  were 
drawn  from  other  English  regiments  and  assigned 
especially  to  these  new  formations  in  order  to  give  them 
the  appearance  of  being  “Irish”  regiments.^  It  is  en- 
tirely probable  that  if  the  names  of  the  enlisted  men  were 
obtainable,  the  list  would  show  the  same  mixed  racial 
complexion  as  is  illustrated  by  the  above.  But,  apart 
from  this,  the  importance  of  Bancroft’s  statement  is 
that  it  creates  the  impression,  inasmuch  as  a regiment 
usually  consists  of  one  thousand  men,  that  that  number 
of  Irish  Catholic  recruits  was  obtained  for  each  of  these 
regiments.  What  are  the  actual  facts  in  regard  to 
this? 

Besides  various  tricks  and  cajoleries  which  were  used 
in  the  efforts  to  raise  recruits,  offers  of  bounties  and 
large  pay  were  made  to  the  men,  many  of  whom  were 
in  privation  and  out  of  employment,  and  one  of  the 
recruiting  officers  promised  every  recruit  after  the  war 
“fifty  acres  of  land  to  which  every  gallant  hero  may 
retire  to  enjoy  his  bottle  and  his  lass.”  ® Yet  the  at- 
tempt to  organize  a “regiment  of  Roman  Catholic 
Volunteers”  proved  “an  utter  failure,”  ® and  we  find 

* Letter  from  General  Sir  Henry  Clinton  to  Lord  George  Ger- 
main, dated  October  23,  1778,  in  Stevens’  Facsimile  Documents  in 
the  European  Archives  relating  to  America,  1773-1783,  Document 
No.  1190. 

® F.  394,  Ridgway  Library,  Philadelphia. 

® Shea,  History  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States. 


190 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


General  Howe  stating  in  his  Narrative  that  “on  taking 
possession  of  Philadelphia  I appointed  William  Allen, 
Mr.  Chambers,  and  Mr.  Clifton,  the  chief  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  persuasion,  of  whom  there  were  said  to  be  many 
in  Philadelphia  as  well  as  in  the  Rebel  army  serving 
against  their  inclinations,  to  receive  and  form  for  service 
all  the  well  affected  that  could  be  obtained.  And  what 
was  the  result  ? In  INIay,  when  I left  America,  Colonel 
Clifton  had  raised  only  one  hundred  and  eighty.”  ^ And 
so  we  find  that  this  “regiment,”  which  Bancroft  speaks 
of,  was  comprised  of  only  one  hundred  and  eighty  Cath- 
olic Tories  of  mixed  nationalities;  and  in  October,  1778, 
five  months  after  its  formation,  it  had  dwindled  to  “near 
eighty  men.”  ® It  was  then  evident  that  the  “Roman 
Catholic  Volunteer”  regiment  was  a failure,^  so  the 
“regiment”  was  disbanded  and  its  sorry  remnant  w^as 
transferred  to  the  “Volunteers  of  Ireland.”  There  is 
nothing  on  record  to  indicate  what  became  of  the  other 
one  hundred  men  who  joined  this  “regiment,”  although 
it  is  certain  that  many  of  them  “deserted  to  the  rebels.” 

The  “Volunteers  of  Ireland”  were  also  organized  in 

^ Narrative  of  General  Sir  William  Howe,  appended  to  his  Obser- 
vations on  a Pamphlet  of  Joseph  Galloway,  pp.  51-53;  London, 
1779. 

* Letter  from  Sir  Henry  Clinton  to  Lord  George  Germain. 

® In  June,  1778,  its  strength  was  one  hundred  and  seventy-seven, 
and  on  August  24,  1778,  only  one  hundred  and  seventy-three  men. 

References  to  “desertions  to  the  rebels”  from  this  “regiment” 
may  be  seen  in  the  Kemble  Papers  in  New  York  Historical  Society 
Collections,  Vol.  I;  in  the  Orderly  Booh  of  Captain  Robert  Clayton 
of  the  17th  Foot  Regiment  of  the  British  Army,  now  at  the  Penn- 
sylvania Historical  Society;  in  the  Philadelphia  newspapers  of  the 
year  1778,  and  in  the  Pennsylvania  Archives  for  1779. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


191 


Philadelphia  during  the  British  occupancy,  and  after 
the  battle  of  Monmouth  (June,  1778)  they  proceeded  to 
New  York,  where  extraordinary  efforts  were  made  to 
get  recruits.  Clinton,  when  informing  the  English 
Secretary  of  War  of  his  intention  to  raise  this  regiment, 
expressed  the  hope  that  it  would  be  recruited  “from  the 
emigrants  from  Ireland,”  who,  he  explained,  “kept  up 
their  national  customs”;  and  “to  work  upon  this  latent 
seed  of  national  attachment”  appeared  to  him  “the  only 
means  of  inciting  these  refugees  to  a measure  contrary 
perhaps  to  the  particular  interests  of  most  of  them.”  On 
the  17th  of  March,  1779,  an  advertisement  appeared  in 
the  Royal  Gazette  of  New  York,  in  which  Lord  Rawdon 
off ered  each  recruit  “thirty  shillings  sterling  and  equip- 
ment in  the  most  complete  manner,”  and  on  the  same 
day  the  men  were  paraded  through  the  streets  with  great 
noise  and  ceremony  and  “the  Anniversary  of  Saint 
Patrick,  Tutelar  Saint  of  Ireland,  was  celebrated  with 
accustomed  hilarity.”  “The  officers  of  the  garrison  ac- 
companied them  to  the  Bowery,  where  dinner  was  pro- 
vided, consisting  of  five  hundred  covers and  after 
the  men  were  seated  and  had  proceeded  to  the  enjoyment 
of  the  noble  Banquet,  the  Officers  returned  to  town  and 
dined  with  his  lordship.”  The  account  in  the  Gazette 
goes  on  to  describe  “the  soldierly  appearance  of  the 
men,”  what  “fine,  strapping  fellows”  they  were,  “nei- 
ther influenced  by  Yankee  nor  Ague,”  and  their  country- 

It  is  probable  that  this  is  Bancroft’s  “authority”  as  to  the 
“nearly  five  hundred  deserters  from  the  American  army”  who,  he 
alleges,  joined  the  “Volunteers  of  Ireland.” 


192 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


men  were  told  that  “however  long  they  may  have  re- 
mained in  the  Haunts  of  Hypocrasy,  Cunning,  and 
Disaifection,  being  naturally  gallant  and  loyal,  such 
men  crowd  with  Ardour  to  stand  forth  in  the  Cause  of 
their  King,  of  their  Country,  and  of  real,  honest,  general 
liberty  whenever  an  opportunity  offers.”  And  after  the 
next  Saint  Patrick’s  Day  the  same  paper  also  gave  an 
account  of  “A  Munificent  entertainment  given  by  Lord 
Rawdon  to  the  Volunteers  of  Ireland”  at  Jamaica,  Long 
Island. 

It  may  be  supposed  that  the  “Volunteers  of  Ireland” 
secured  some  recruits  on  these  occasions,  for  “noble  ban- 
quets” and  “munificent  entertainments”  must  have 
proven  powerful  appeals  to  hungry  stomachs ; but  while 
it  cannot  be  shown  what  the  strength  of  the  “regiment” 
then  was,  there  is  evidence  that  in  August,  1780,  at  which 
time  they  were  stationed  at  Camden,  South  Carolina,  it 
numbered  only  “two  hundred  and  fifty-three  rank  and 
file.”  In  June,  1780,  Cornwallis  sent  Rawdon  and 
his  “Volunteers  of  Ireland”  to  the  Irish  settlement  at 
W axhaw.  North  Carolina,  “thinking,”  wrote  he  to  Corn- 
wallis, that  “as  it  was  an  Irish  Corps  it  would  be  received 
with  a better  temper  by  the  settlers  of  that  district,  who 
were  universally  Irish  and  universallj’’  disaffected”;  but 
“I  had  the  fullest  proof  that  the  people  who  daily  visited 
my  camp  not  only  held  constant  correspondence  with  the 
rebel  militia,  but  used  every  artifice  to  debauch  the  minds 
of  my  soldiers  and  persuade  them  to  desert  from  their 

Beatson’s  Naval  and  Military  Memoirs,  Vol.  VI,  App.  211 ; Lon- 
don. 1790-1804.. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


195 


colours.”  In  fact,  so  many  were  the  deserters  from 
Rawdon’s  “Irish  Corps”  at  this  time  that  on  J uly  1, 1780, 
he  directed  Major  Rugely  to  deal  severely  with  all  who 
harbored  deserters  and  to  “use  invariable  severity 
towards  every  one  who  shall  show  so  criminal  neglect 
of  the  public  interests.”  And  this  atrocious  offer  was 
made  by  the  British  commander:  “I  will  give  the  in- 
habitants ten  guineas  for  the  head  of  any  deserter  be- 
longing to  the  Volunteers  of  Ireland  and  five  guineas 
only  if  they  bring  him  in  alive.  They  shall  likewise  be 
rewarded,  though  not  to  that  amount,  for  such  deserters 
as  they  may  secure  belonging  to  any  other  Regiment.” 

In  the  summer  of  1781,  Lord  Rawdon,  on  orders  from 
Cornwallis,  took  his  “Volunteers  of  Ireland”  from  Cam- 
den to  the  Savannah  River,  and  on  the  march  they 
passed  through  the  Irish  settlements  in  the  Chester  and 
Newberry  districts,  where  he  lost  more  than  half  of 
his  effectives  through  desertion.  This  incident  is  re- 
ferred to  by  Joseph  Jones,  a Virginia  member  of  the 
Continental  Congress,  in  a letter  to  General  Washing- 
ton on  August  6,  1781,  in  which  he  said:  “Rawdon’s 
troops  had  been  reduced  about  half  by  the  march  to 
Ninety-six.”  And  his  remark  that  “Lord  Rawdon  is 
in  Charleston,  much  indisposed  and  bound  for  England,” 

A full  copy  of  this  letter  may  be  seen  in  Hartley’s  Life  of  Gen- 
eral Francis  Marion,  p.  130.  It  must  be  said,  to  the  eternal  credit 
of  the  Irish  of  this  vicinity,  that  not  one  deserter  from  Rawdon’s 
"corps”  was  betrayed  by  them,  notwithstanding  these  alluring  re- 
wards. 

“ The  town  of  Ninety-six,  South  Carolina. 


194 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


now  reads  like  the  funebrial  of  the  “Volunteers  of  Ire- 
land”!'® 

Before  the  elose  of  the  war,  the  desertions  from  the 
“Volunteers  of  Ireland”  reduced  the  “corps”  to  a mere 
fragment;  and  indeed  from  1781  forward  there  is  no 
mention  of  it  in  any  of  the  reports  from  either  side.  And 
so  Bancroft’s  assertion  as  to  this  “large  regiment,”  which 
included  “nearly  five  hundred  deserters  from  the  Amer- 
ican army,”  is  effectually  disposed  of  by  the  indisputable 
evidence  of  the  records  of  the  time!  Yet  Bancroft 
wrote:  ‘'History  is  the  high  court  of  humanity,  •inhere 
truth  must  he  heard  and  justice  must  he  pronounced/’ 
and  I doubt  not  that  Bancroft  himself  would  agree  that 
the  wilful  assertion  of  what  is  false  is  less  reprehensible 
than  the  suppression  of  facts! 

It  is  rather  strange  that  when  Bancroft  was  writing 
on  the  “Irish  Volunteers”  in  the  English  service  it  did 
not  occur  to  him  to  give  some  credit  to  the  “Irish  Volun- 
teers” in  the  American  service.  Several  references  to 
this  last-mentioned  body  of  men  may  be  found  in  New 
England  Revolutionary  records.  They  were  part  of 
a regiment  commanded  by  Colonel  John  Adlan  and 
under  the  immediate  command  of  Captain  John  Preble, 
and  are  recorded  officially  as  “a  Detachment  of  Irish 
Volunteers.”  In  Januaiy,  1777,  Colonel  Allan  was 
commissioned  by  Congress  “Colonel  of  Infantry  and 
Superintendent  of  Eastern  Indians,”  and  in  March  of 
that  year  he  proceeded  to  the  district  of  JMaine,  where 

Letters  of  Joseph  Jones  of  Virginia,  1777-1787,  edited  by 
Worthington  C.  Ford  and  published  by  the  Department  of  State; 
Washington,  D.  C.,  1889. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY  195 

he  raised  a body  of  troops,  of  which  the  Irish  Volunteers 
were  a part,  for  defence  of  the  frontier  against  the 
hostile  Indians  and  the  English  of  New  Brunswick  and 
Nova  Scotia.  Between  1777  and  1783  the  Volunteers 
were  stationed  in  the  vicinity  of  Machias  and  took  part 
in  the  repulse  of  the  British  troops  in  the  attack  on 
that  town  in  August,  1777.  Very  little  information  is 
obtainable  as  to  the  strength  or  record  of  the  Irish 
Volunteers  and  only  comparatively  few  of  their  names 
are  on  record,  yet  they  seem  to  have  been  important 
enough  to  secure  recognition  in  official  records.  They 
are  supposed  to  have  been  raised  in  the  vicinity  of 
Machias,  the  home  of  the  famous  O’Brien  brothers,  six 
of  whom  fought  in  the  Revolutionary  navy,  and  it  is 
probable  that  the  O’Brien  family  had  a hand  in  the 
raising  of  this  detachment  and  naming  them  the  “Irish* 
Volunteers.” 

In  the  southern  provinces  large  numbers  of  Irishmen 
and  their  sons  joined  the  patriot  forces.  They  are 
generally  described  as  “a  rough  and  ready  element,” 
whose  lives  were  spent  between  the  hard  tasks  of  cul- 
tivating the  soil  and  defending  their  homes  against  the 
Indians.  In  the  beginning  they  were  not  always  wel- 
comed to  the  ranks  by  the  “upper  classes,”  but  when 
it  came  to  hard  fighting  and  the  sort  of  guerrilla  warfare 
which  the  conditions  often  necessitated,  they  were  the 
types  of  men  whom  the  officers  invariably  trusted  to 
stand  against  unfavorable  odds.  So  many  of  this  class 
joined  the  Virginia  regiments,  and  so  eager  were  they 


For  further  references  to  the  Irish  Volunteers,  see  Massachu- 
setts Soldiers  and  Sailors  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 


190 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


for  contact  with  the  enemy,  that  at  times  the  officers 
could  with  difficulty  restrain  them,  and  we  find  General 
Lee  writing  to  Edmund  Pendleton,  a Virginia  member 
of  the  Congress,  on  May  24, 1776,  that  “the  old  country- 
men, particularly  the  Irish,  whom  the  officers  injudi- 
ciously enlisted  in  order  to  fill  up  their  companies,  have 
much  contaminated  the  troops.”  And  in  another 
letter  to  Pendleton  on  May  25,  1776,  relating  to  the 
difficulties  in  raising  recruits  in  certain  parts  of  Virginia, 
Lee  said:  “I  do  not  believe  that  many  of  the  native 
Virginians  will  offer  themselves;  the  Irish,  I am  per- 
suaded, will  enlist  in  crowds.” 

Virginia  historians  inform  us  that  “in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War  the  choicest  troops  from  Virginia  were 
from  Augusta,  Rockbridge,  and  Fincastle  Counties 
and  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  for  not  only  were  they  the 
best-armed  men  in  the  State,  hut  their  training  for  many 
years  had  been  a never-ending  warfare  with  the  In- 
dians.” Washington  was  personally  well  known  in  that 
seetion,  having  been  employed  there  as  a surveyor,  and 
the  regiment  which  he  commanded  in  the  Colonial  War 
was  raised  largely  in  the  Valley  of  the  Shenandoah. 
“Place  me  in  Roekbridge  County,”  said  the  Comman- 
der-in-chief  on  one  occasion  when  hard  pressed  by  his 
foes,  “and  I will  get  men  enough  to  save  the  Revolu- 
tion!” How  significant  was  this  remark  and  what  a 
fine  compliment  to  the  Irish  was  thus  implied,  we  may 

Lee  Papers,  in  Collections  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society, 
Vol.  for  1872,  p.  38. 

Ibid. 

Now  in  Kentucky. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY  197 

judge  from  the  fact  that  Rockbridge  and  the  neighbor- 
ing counties  were  largely  settled  by  immigrants  from 
Ireland  who  began  to  come  there  about  thirty  years 
before  the  Revolution.^”  And  Lossing  informs  us  that 
at  the  battle  of  Guilford  Court  House, the  militia, 
under  Generals  Stevens  and  Lawson,  “were  chiefly  from 
Augusta  and  Rockbridge  Counties  and  were  de- 
scendants of  the  Scotch- Irish  who  first  settled  that  por- 
tion of  Virginia.”  As  to  the  “Scotch-Irish,”  that  racial 
misnomer  is  discounted  by  the  Irish  names  that  crowd 
themselves  upon  the  records,  and  as  a matter  of  fact  these 
men  were  generally  known  as  “the  Irish  Line.”  Testi- 
mony of  their  prowess  is  found  in  a letter  from  Captain 
Dugald  Stuart,  who  commanded  a company  of  Scotch 
Highlanders  in  the  British  service.  Writing  to  a rela- 
tive in  Guilford  County,  North  Carolina,  on  October 
25,  1825,  in  reference  to  the  battle  of  Guilford  Court 
House,  Captain  Stuart  said:  “In  the  advance  we  re- 
ceived a very  deadly  fire  from  the  Irish  Line  of  the 
American  army,  composed  of  their  marksmen,  lying  on 
the  ground  behind  a rail  fence.  One-half  the  High- 
landers dropped  on  that  spot.  There  ought  to  be  a 
very  large  tumulus  on  that  spot  where  our  men  were 
buried.” 

The  names  of  many  of  the  Irish  settlers  in  this  section  may 
be  foimd  in  the  county  records  of  Virginia  and  in  the  county  his- 
tories. 

March  15,  1781. 

Letter  quoted  in  Schenck’s  History  of  the  Invasion  of  the  Caro- 
linas  by  Cornwallis.  Schenck,  in  referring  to  this  statement,  says: 
“The  militia  were  called  ‘the  Irish  Line’  on  account  of  the  large 


198 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


A large  proportion  of  Morgan’s  riflemen  were  enlisted 
in  Virginia.  “I  expect  much  of  them,”  wrote  Alexan- 
der Hamilton  on  one  occasion,  for  “they  are  a picked 
corps,  well  used  to  rifles  and  to  wood  flghts,  commanded 
by  officers  of  distinguished  bravery,  and  have  been  very 
serviceable  in  frequent  skirmishes  with  the  enemy.  I 
dare  say  these  people  will  soon  chastise  the  forwardness 
of  the  Indians,  and  I should  not  be  surprised  if,  after 
a little  time,  they  make  them  desert  their  British  friends. 
Their  known  inconstancy  and  want  of  perseverance 
give  great  reasons  to  hope  a few  drubbings  will  exceed- 
ingly discourage  them  and  send  the  greatest  part  of 
them  home.  From  every  account,  I am  led  to  believe 
our  misfortunes  are  greatly  owing  to  a panic  dread  of 
the  Indians.  If  this  is  so,  the  presence  of  Morgan’s 
Corps  will  not  fail  to  have  the  most  happj^  effect.  It 
would  be  well  to  propagate  through  the  country  and 
army  such  ideas  of  this  corps  as  will  tend  to  revive  the 
spirits  of  both  inhabitants  and  soldiers.” 

“The  Irish  were  generally  good  Whigs,  almost  from 
necessity,”  writes  Judge  John  Belton  O’Neall,  historian 


number  of  Irish  in  the  State  who  joined  the  American  forces.’-' 
When  some  regiments  of  the  Pennsylvania  Line  reached  Guil- 
ford in  1781,  it  is  related  that  they  received  large  accessions 
from  the  Irish  of  that  neighborhood.  Lieutenant  William  Feltman 
of  the  First  Regiment  of  the  Line,  in  his  Journal  under  date  of 
December  8,  1781,  says  of  Guilford  Court  House;  "This  place  is 
called  the  Irish  Settlement.”  {Journal  of  Lieutenant  William  Felt- 
man  relating  to  the  march  into  Virginia  and  the  Carolinas,  published 
by  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania  in  1853.) 

Letter  from  Alexander  Hamilton  to  Robert  R.  Livingston,  Au- 
gust 18,  1777,  in  Livingston  MSS.  at  New  York  Public  Library. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


199 


of  Newberry,  South  Carolina.  “They  had  left  oppres- 
sion in  their  own  country  and  therefore  knew  the  value 
of  liberty.  They  had  long  known  our  enemies,  the  Brit- 
ish, and  entertained  for  them  a hereditary  hatred, — a 
hatred  arising  out  of  long  political  oppression,  and  made 
more  intense  by  diff erences  of  disposition,  manners,  race, 
and  religion.  An  Irishman  could  not  be  a bloody  Tory 
without  doing  violence  to  the  generous,  merciful  impulses 
of  his  own  nature  and  all  his  political  antecedents,  associ- 
ations, and  prejudices, — in  other  words,  without  ceasing 
to  be  an  Irishman.”  And  Alexander  Graydon,  colonel 
in  the  Continental  army,  in  referring  to  the  spirit  which 
prevailed  among  the  Irish  in  America,  says  in  his  Me- 
moirs: “As  to  the  genuine  sons  of  Hibernia,  it  was 
enough  for  them  to  know  that  England  was  the  antago- 
nist. Stimulants  here  were  wholly  superfluous,  and  the 
sequel  has  constantly  shown  that  in  a contest  with 
Englishmen,  Irishmen,  like  the  mettlesome  coursers  of 
Phaethon,  only  required  reining  in.” 

History  of  Newberry,  S.  C.,  by  Judge  John  Belton  O’Neall; 
Charleston,  1859. 

Colonel  Alexander  Graydon,  Memoirs  of  His  Own  Time,  p.  122; 
Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania,  1811. 


CHAPTER  XII 


MARION,  LACEY,  AND  AIcCLURE 


The  Irish  of  South  Carolina.  Their  historic  antipathy  to  the  Eng- 
lish made  them  “excellent  patriots  and  daring  soldiers.”  The 
Franco-Irish  Brigade.  Franklin  sought  the  aid  of  Irish  officers 
in  the  French  service.  General  Sumter  recruited  his  shattered 
forces  among  the  South  Carolina  Irish.  Numerous  Irish  fam- 
ilies in  South  Carolina. 

LOS  SING  informs  us  that  “between  1730  and  1740 
an  Irish  settlement  was  planted  between  the  San- 
tee and  Pedee  Rivers  in  South  Carolina,  to  w'hich  was 
given  the  name  of  Williamsburg  Township.”  . . . 
“Far  removed  from  the  political  pow'er  they  had  been 
taught  to  reverence,  they  soon  became  alienated.  They 
felt  neither  the  favors  nor  the  oppressions  of  Govern- 
ment, and  in  the  free  wdlderness  their  minds  and  hearts 
became  schooled  in  that  sturdy  independence  which  de- 
veloped bold  and  energetic  action  when  the  Revolution 
broke  out.”  ^ “It  was  while  in  the  camp  of  Gates  that 
Governor  Rutledge  commissioned  Francis  Clarion  a 
Brigadier,  and  he  sped  to  the  district  of  Williamsburg 
to  lead  its  rising  patriots  to  the  field  of  active  military 
duties.”  ^ So  we  can  understand  why  Lossing  calls  the 
Williamsburg  district  “a  hotbed  of  rebellion,”  and  why 
Lord  Cornwallis  wrote  Sir  Henry  Clinton  on  December 

^ Pictorial  Field  Boole  of  the  Revolution,  Vol.  II,  pp.  746-747. 
Ubid..  pp.  769-771. 


A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY  201 


3,  1780:  “There  is  scarcely  an  inhabitant  between  the 
Pedee  and  the  Santee  that  is  not  in  arms  against  us.”  ^ 

These  statements  are  verified  by  Simms  in  his  Life  of 
General  Francis  Marion.  “The  people  of  Williams- 
burg,” says  Simms,  “by  whom  Marion  was  summoned 
from  the  camp  of  Gates,  were  sprung  generally  from 
Irish  parentage.  They  inherited,  in  common  with  all 
the  descendants  of  the  Irish  in  America,  a hearty  detes- 
tation of  the  English  name  and  authority.  This  feeling 
rendered  them  excellent  patriots  and  daring  soldiers 
wherever  the  British  lion  was  the  object  of  hostility.”  ^ 
In  the  Georgetown,  Black  River,  and  Great  Pedee  dis- 
tricts of  South  Carolina,  Marion  recruited  his  famous 
Second  South  Carolina  Regiment  in  1775.  “Here  Mar- 
ion was  already  a favorite,  and  he  succeeded  beyond  his 
expectations  and  was  soon  enabled  to  complete  the  full 
number  of  his  companies.  Another  circumstance,  apart 
from  his  personal  popularity,  facilitated  his  object.  Some 
of  the  settlements  into  which  they  penetrated  were  origi- 
nally founded  by  the  Irish.  The  bitter  heritage  of  hate 
to  the  English  which  they  brought  with  them  to  America 
was  transmitted  with  undiminished  fervor  to  their  de- 
scendants. It  was  easy  to  show  that  the  power  which  had 
trampled  upon  the  affections  of  their  fathers  and  tyran- 
nized over  their  rights  in  the  old  world,  was  aiming  at 
the  same  object  in  the  case  of  their  children  in  the  new. 
At  one  remove  only  from  the  exiled  and  suff ering  gen- 

® Sir  Henry  Clinton’s  Observations  on  Earl  Cornwallis"  Answer  to 
Clinton"s  Narrative;  London,  1783. 

* Life  of  General  Francis  Marion,  by  W.  Gilmore  Simms,  p. 
60;  New  York,  1844. 


202 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


eration,  the  sons  had  as  lively  a recollection  of  the  tyran- 
nies of  Britain  as  if  the  experience  had  been  immediately 
their  own.  To  this  cause  our  recruiting  officers  owed 
fcome  of  their  success  in  the  present  expedition.  Some 
of  the  bravest  fellows  in  the  Second  Regiment  were 
picked  up  on  this  occasion.  It  was  the  spirit  which  they 
brought,  and  to  which  the  genius  of  Marion  gave  lively 
exercise,  that  imparted  a peculiar  vitality  at  all  times 
to  his  little  brigade.”  ® In  referring  to  this  Irish  regi- 
ment, General  Peter  Horry,  who  served  as  an  officer 
under  Marion,  says:  “The  laurels  of  the  Second  Regi- 
ment can  never  fade.  The  destructive  fire  of  their  guns 
gave  glorious  proof  that  they  levelled  their  pieces  like 
men  who  wished  every  shot  to  tell.  They  all  fought  like 
veterans,  but  the  behaviour  of  some  was  gallant  beyond 
compare,  and  the  humble  names  of  J asper  and  IMcDon- 
ald  shall  be  remembered  when  those  of  proud  kings 
shall  he  forgotten.”  ® 

Marion’s  famous  brigade  fought  at  the  siege  of  Savan- 
nah, and  Simms,  in  referring  to  that  engagement,  says : 
“The  slaughter  for  so  brief  an  engagement  had  been 
terrible,  amounting  to  1,100  men,  637  French  and  457 
Americans.  Of  the  former,  the  Irish  Brigade,  and  of 
the  latter,  the  Second  South  Carolina  regiment  particu- 
larly distinguished  themselves  and  suffered  most.”  ^ In 
crediting  to  France  the  assistance  rendered  by  her  to 
the  American  cause,  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  among 

® Life  of  General  Francis  Marion,  by  W.  Gilmore  Simms,  p. 
60;  New  York,  1844. 

^ Life  of  General  Francis  Marion,  by  Peter  Horry,  p.  40;  Phila- 
delphia, 1841. 

’’  Life  of  General  Francis  Marion,  by  W.  Gilmore  Simms,  p.  90. 


COUNT  ARTHUR  BILLON 

COLONEL,  REGIMENT  DE  DILLON,  FRENCH-IRISH  BRIGADE, 
A NATIVE  OF  IRELAND. 


/t£P/fOO(yC£0  By  A A/ZVA  B/fAA'CBS  LEV/A/S 


or  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


203 


the  troops  sent  to  America  from  that  country  were  the 
regiments  of  the  historic  Irish  Brigade,  commanded  re- 
spectively by  Dillon  and  Walsh,  and  that  the  officers 
of  these  regiments  actually  demanded  the  right  and  the 
privilege  to  be  the  first  to  be  selected  to  meet  the  British 
forces  on  the  American  battle-ground.  ® General  Count 
Dillon,  in  his  narrative  of  the  services  rendered  to  the 
American  Revolutionary  cause  by  these  Franco-Irish 
soldiers,  says : "Ow  a vu  que  les  regimens  Irlandois  ont 
He  constannent  employes  dans  toutes  les  guerres  pre- 
cedentesj  Us  ont  ton  jours  reclame  le  privilege  de  marcher 
les  premiers  contre  les  Anglais  dans  tons  les  climats  ou 
la  France  leur  ferait  la  guerre.”  (“Thus  we  see  that  the 
Irish  regiments  have  been  constantly  employed  in  all 
the  preceding  wars ; they  have  always  claimed  the  privi- 
lege of  being  the  first  to  march  against  the  English  in 
all  countries  where  France  has  been  at  war  against 
them.”) 

Long  before  our  alliance  with  France  was  a fait  ac- 
compli, the  French  government  watched  with  no  little 
interest  the  development  of  aff airs  in  Ireland,  and  there 
is  an  interesting  letter^  from  Marquis  de  Noailles  to 
Count  de  Vergennes,  French  Minister  of  Foreign  Af- 
fairs, dated  London,  December  26,  1777,  in  which  he 
related  with  evident  satisfaction  “the  discouragement  of 
the  government  because  of  its  difficulties  in  raising  six 

® A third  regiment  of  the  Irish  Brigade — that  commanded  by 
Colonel  O’Brien — was  also  sent  to  America,  but  was  detained  in  the 
West  Indies. 

® Stevens’  Facsimiles  of  Documents  in  European  Archives  relating 
to  America,  Document  No.  1803. 


204 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


thousand  troops  for  the  American  service,”  the  Irish 
demanding,  as  a first  consideration,  the  repeal  of  cer- 
tain obnoxious  laws.  And  even  if  they  decided  to  ac- 
cede to  the  Irish  demands,  the  Marquis  de  Noailles  stated 
as  his  opinion  that  their  efforts  to  obtain  recruits  among 
the  Irish  would  not  succeed.  Noailles  also  transmitted 
to  Vergennes  translations  of  certain  speeches  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Irish  Parliament,  as  showing  the  drift  of 
opinion  in  that  body  as  it  related  to  the  American  war. 

At  this  time  Franklin  was  in  France,  and  there  is 
evidence  of  his  activity  in  securing  Franco-Irish  sup- 
port for  the  American  cause  in  a letter  dated  Paris,  Jan- 
uary 4,  1778,  from  Lord  Stormont,  the  English  INIin- 
ister,  to  Lord  Weymouth,  in  which  he  said:  “I  am 
informed  that  Doctor  Franklin,  with  the  secret  appro- 
bation of  this  Court,  has  engaged  between  thirty  and 
forty  of  the  Irish  officers  in  this  service  to  go  and  serve 
in  the  Rebel  Army.  Several  of  these  are  Captains,  but 
there  are  more  above  that  Rank.  They  are  to  assemble 
in  the  Isle  of  Rhe,  where  Dillon’s  regiment  is  garrisoned 
at  present,  and  embark  there  for  North  America.” 
But  that  the  affair  was  of  a more  serious  nature,  Stor- 
mont discovered  during  the  next  month,  as  his  letter  to 
Lord  Dartmouth  of  February  25,  1778,  indicates. 
“There  is  reason  to  suspect,”  he  wrote,  “that  the  Irish 
Regiments  in  this  service  are  designed  for  some  expedi- 
tion, and  that  it  is  with  that  view  that  they  are  quartered 
in  the  He  de  Rhe  and  along  the  coast  of  Brittany.”  They 
were  mobilized,  he  thought,  “either  for  a descent  on  Ire- 

Stevens’  Facsimiles  of  Documents  in  European  Archives  relating 
to  America.  Document  No.  1836. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


205 


land  or  to  the  West  Indies  and  thence  to  North  Amer- 
ica.” “ 

The  York  and  Chester  districts  of  South  Carolina, 
which  were  largely  settled  by  Irish  families,  are  also 
noted  for  having  furnished  to  the  patriot  forces  numbers 
of  volunteers  of  the  best  sort,  among  whom  were  some 
frontiersmen  and  trappers,  who,  local  historians  tell  us, 
were  “famous  for  their  accuracy  with  the  rifle.”  Moore, 
in  his  Life  of  General  Edward  Lacey  of  South  Caro- 
lina, pays  the  following  tribute  to  the  Irish:  “In  the 
Chester  District  of  South  Carolina,  Lacey  organized 
companies  and  battalions  as  the  fortunes  of  war  de- 
manded and  after  the  manner  of  partisan  leaders,  with 
which  he  annoyed  the  Tories  greatly,  taking  many  of 
them  prisoners.  Of  these  there  were  a few  in  his  neigh- 
borhood, but  not  among  the  Irish.  To  their  eternal 
honor  let  it  be  spoken,  none  of  the  New  York  or  Ches- 
ter Irish  were  Tories,  and  but  few  of  them  took  British 
protection.”  General  Lacey  is  described  as  “one  of  the 
most  resolute  and  sturdy  patriots  of  South  Carolina,” 
and  one  of  his  most  noted  officers  was  Captain  John 
McClure,  the  story  of  whose  gallantry  at  the  battle  of 
Rocky  Mount,  South  Carolina,  in  1780  is  still  handed 
down  in  the  old  families  of  that  part  of  the  State.  Loss- 
ing  thus  refers  to  McClure : “He  was  one  of  the  master 
spirits  of  South  Carolina.  He  was  a native  of  the  Ches- 
ter District,  and  his  men  were  known  as  the  Chester 
Rocky  Creek  Irish.” 

Stevens’  Facsimiles  of  Documents  in  European  Archives  relating 
to  America.  Document  No.  1872. 

Lossing,  Pictorial  Field  Booh  of  the  Revolution,  Vol.  II,  p,  663. 


206 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Moore  relates  an  incident  which  well  illustrates  the 
eagerness  of  the  Irish  of  that  district  to  aid  the  patriot 
cause.  When  General  Sumter’s  camp  at  Fishing  Creek, 
South  Carolina,  was  attacked  by  Tarleton  on  the  night 
of  August  18, 1780,  the  Americans  were  completely  sur- 
prised, many  being  killed  and  wounded  and  about  three 
hundred  made  prisoners.  Sumter  and  Lacey  made  their 
escape  with  a few  men  into  Mecklenburg  County,  N orth 
Carolina.  “Here  Lacey  was  ordered  by  General  Sum- 
ter to  take  wliat  men  he  had  who  had  escaped  with  him, 
to  go  into  the  York  and  Chester  Districts,  collect  his 
straggling  soldiers,  beat  up  for  more  men  among  the 
Irish,  and  reorganize  his  regiment  with  mounted  infan- 
try. All  of  which  he  accomplished  in  a short  time  and 
rejoined  Sumter  at  Clem’s  Branch.”  In  November 
following.  General  Sumter  again  called  on  Lacey  to  re- 
cruit one  hundred  and  fifty  men  in  the  York  and  Chester 
Districts  to  fill  up  some  depleted  Georgia  regiments. 
“Lacey,  leaving  Major  Charles  Mills  in  command  of 
his  regiment,  took  with  him  several  men,  all  from  the 
Emerald  Isle, — a more  brave  and  truer  set  of  men  never 
lived, — and  in  less  than  three  days  Lacey  came  dashing 
into  camp  with  one  hundred  and  fifty  mounted  men.” 
When  Sumter  later  encamped  in  the  York  District, 
“many  of  the  patriots  flocked  to  his  standard  and  en- 
rolled themselves  under  his  banner.” 

Incidents  like  these  prove  the  mettle  of  the  people, 
especially  when  it  is  borne  in  mind  that  at  this  very  time 

Moore,  Life  of  General  Edward  Lacey  of  South  Carolina. 

Ibid. 

Ibid. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


207 


the  English  had  the  upper  hand  and  the  South  was 
overrun  by  the  troops  of  Cornwallis.  As  showing  that 
General  Sumter’s  lieutenants  had  good  fighting  material 
to  draw  from  in  these  districts,  I have  taken  the  follow- 
ing surnames  from  the  Census  Returns  of  the  York 
and  Chester  Districts,  as  recorded  in  the  First  Census 
of  the  United  States  (1790).  The  census  having  been 
taken  only  seven  years  after  the  close  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  these  families 
lived  there  at  that  period.  Large  as  this  list  is,  it  gives 
no  adequate  idea  of  the  number  of  Irish  people  who 
lived  in  these  districts  at  that  time  (1)  because  “Heads 
of  Families”  only  are  included,  and  (2)  because  some 
of  the  same  surnames  appear  several  times,  indicating 
separate  families  of  the  same  name.  To  select,  for  in- 
stance, only  a few  of  the  distinctive  Irish  names,  there 
are  enumerated  in  the  census  returns  of  these  districts 
twenty  diiferent  families  named  Kelly;  nineteen  named 
Murphy;  thirteen  Rileys;  eleven  McCoys;  ten  Dunns 
and  Higgins;  nine  McDowells,  Duggins,  and  O’Neills; 
eight  Connors  and  Hogans ; seven  Logans,  Caseys,  and 
Regans;  six  Powers;  five  McCartys,  McMahons,  Mc- 
Graws,  McConnells,  Drenans,  Conwells,  Gillespies, 
Kearns,  Nolands,  Malones,  McBrides,  and  Walshes; 
and  so  on  down  the  line. 


Surnames  of  Heads  of  Families  in  York  and  Chester  Districts  of, 
South  Carolina,  in  1790 


Adair 

Bannon 

Branon 


Brandon 

Bradley 

Brady 


Barron 

Barry 

Burke 


'Branhan 

Brawnin 

Butler 


208  A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Bogan 

Dunphy 

Boland 

Duggins 

Barrett 

Dunn 

Caheen 

Drenan 

Connery 

Donaly 

Coffey 

Dunagan 

Corbett 

Dunahoo 

Carrell 

Donadon 

Carroll 

Dempsey 

Cotrill 

Doyle 

Collins 

Eager 

Conner 

Foley 

Connor 

Farrell 

Cunningham 

Fagan 

Cotter 

Flannegan 

Currey 

Fitzpatrick 

Cummins 

Flin 

Cochran 

Fitzgerrel 

Cassity 

Ford 

Courtney 

Gill 

Coleman 

Geralds 

Cantey 

Given 

Casey 

Gaston 

Clenighan 

Gilaspy 

Clary 

Gillespie 

Cleary 

Gilmore 

Connoly 

Garrett 

Connelly 

Garvin 

Connel 

Garrey 

Cain 

Goggins 

Cane 

Gilliland 

Callahan 

Higgins 

Conway 

Hagin 

Conwell 

Hogan 

Dougherty 

Hayes 

Dohertie 

Hughey 

Dorety 

Herron 

Donovan 

Harty 

Kelley 

McKenny 

Kelah 

McKee 

Kern 

McNeal 

Kernaghan 

McGuire 

Kearns 

McQuire 

Kennedy 

McElwean 

Kenneley 

McFadden 

Kinsaloe 

Mahon 

Kilpatrick 

McHaghy 

Kain 

McGee 

Leonard 

McNees 

Looney 

McKelvey 

Logan 

McLaughlin 

Laughlin 

McConarthy 

Linn 

McGinn 

Laney 

Miles 

Lyons 

McComb 

Leaverty 

McGriff 

Lynch 

McTyre 

Madden 

McGowen 

Malone 

McGarrow 

Murphy 

McFaul 

McRory 

McGlamory 

McKerley 

McMain 

McFall 

McMorris 

McCarter 

McLemore 

McCaffrey 

McCawly 

Mehaffey 

McCauley 

Melone 

^IcCortey 

Mullins 

Moore 

McClaren 

Murrow 

McCarty 

McGuara 

McCoy 

McDowell 

McCarley 

McWilliams 

McDonald 

McClure 

McCaharty 

McClennihan 

McCafferty 

McMahon 

McGaughy 

McDaniel 

OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY  209 


Mitchel 

McLoney 

McDonneh 

Reily 

McMurray 

McKenna 

Neil 

Riley 

McDurnan 

McBride 

Nealey 

Rylie 

McComon 

McClendon 

Neely 

Royley 

McConor 

McGinnis 

Nolaird 

Reynolds 

McKee 

McKain 

O’Neal 

Redmond 

McClennon 

McGomery 

Orneal 

Regan 

McCaw 

McDormand 

Onail 

Regin 

]\IcManus 

McMullan 

O’Neil 

Raygan 

McCrivan 

McConorico 

Ownail 

Ragen 

McCool 

McCartney 

O’Conner 

Rowan 

McNeil 

Mcllveen 

O’Brien 

Roney 

McCredy 

McGraw 

O’Bryant 

Roach 

McGee 

McGarrity 

O’Quin 

Rutledge 

McCroy 

McCan 

Odair 

Shehaun 

McMullin 

McClenaghan 

Odonald 

Shields 

McCowen 

Mildoon 

O’Shields 

Sheal 

McClarkin 

McElmore 

O’Berry 

Sullivan 

McConnel 

McCormack 

Prendergrass 

Sweeney 

McAlily 

McClees 

Phlyn 

Sullivant 

McCalla 

McKonnell 

Patten 

Timmons 

Manning 

McCart 

Powers 

Ward 

McCally 

McMehael 

Quinlin 

Walsh 

McHory 

McClarey 

Rion 

It  is  possible  that  some  of  the  “Macs”  on  this  list  may 
have  been  Scotch,  for  while  I have  omitted  such  names 
as  are  known  to  be  exclusively  Scotch,  I have  included 
those  that  are  common  to  both  Ireland  and  Scotland. 


CHAPTER  XIII 


IRISHMEN  FLOCK  TO  THE  STANDARD 
OF  WASHINGTON 

The  assertions  of  an  English  historian  and  of  a Harvard  professor 
that  “there  were  not  three  hundred  real  Celts  in  the  whole 
Continental  Line”  absolutely  refuted.  Where  the  evidence  is 
to  be  found.  An  Irish  company  at  Bunker  Hill,  Washington’s 
esteem  for  Irish  officers.  The  “Volunteer”  rising  in  Ireland 
aided  the  American  cause.  Letters  of  John  Adams.  Irish  im- 
migrants brought  much  specie  to  America. 

Much  similar  testimony  from  authoritative  sources 
can  be  quoted  for  a more  lengthy  review  of  the 
subject,  but  this  will  be  sufficient  to  show  that  the  Irish 
took  no  mean  part  in  the  achievement  of  American  lib- 
erty. I find  those  Irish  soldiers  of  the  Revolution  among 
the  contingents  that  came  from  nearly  every  section  of 
the  Colonies.  From  the  pine  forests  of  Maine,  the 
granite  hills  of  New  Hampshire,  and  down  the  green 
mountain  slopes  of  Vermont,  Irish  soldiers  flocked  to 
the  standard  of  Washington.  Even  little  Rhode  Island 
furnished  a large  quota  of  Irish  soldiers,  and,  strange 
to  say,  so  also  did  Massachusetts  of  the  Puritans  and 
Connecticut  of  the  “Blue  Laws.”  From  the  staid  old 
Dutch  provinces  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey  came 
many  “Dutchmen”  bearing  such  significant  names  as 
“Kelly,  Burke,  and  Shea.”  Maryland  furnished  sev- 
eral thousand  Irish  soldiers,  and  from  the  valleys  of 

210 


A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY  211 


Virginia,  the  mountains  of  the  Carolinas,  and  from  far 
out  on  the  frontiers  of  Pennsylvania,  Georgia,  and  Ten- 
nessee, Irishmen  and  their  sons,  at  the  very  outset  of  the 
struggle,  answered  the  clarion  call  of  patriotism  and 
came  to  fight,  as  Irishmen  know  how  to  fight,  to  make 
this  country  a free  and  independent  nation.  Yet  some 
of  the  historians  of  the  time  have  suppressed  their  story, 
and  have  led  the  world  to  believe  that  the  Irish  had  an 
insignificant  part  in  this  glorious  work! 

As  an  example  of  the  way  the  facts  of  history  have 
been  distorted.  Sir  George  Otto  Trevelyan  states  that 
“Irish  Catholics,  whether  in  or  out  of  Ireland,  had  no 
love  for  the  American  Revolution,  and  those  of  them 
who  emigrated  to  America  showed  little  inclination  to 
enlist  in  the  Republican  army”;^  and  he  seeks  to  sup- 
port this  view  by  quoting  from  an  alleged  “high  author- 
ity” who  says:  “It  is  probable  that  there  were  not  three 
hundred  real  Celts  in  the  whole  Continental  Line.  The 
rest  of  the  so-called  ‘Irish’  were  emigrants,  or  the  chil- 
dren of  emigrants,  from  Ulster,  and  were  of  Scotch  de- 
scent.” 

Trevelyan  was  a member  of  the  British  cabinet  in  the 
administration  of  the  great  Gladstone,  and  had  the 
reputation  of  being  a man  of  unbiased  mind,  but  his 
willingness  to  accept  such  a wild  statement  without  con- 
firmation reflects  very  little  credit  upon  him.  His  His- 
tory of  the  American  Revolution  is  a voluminous  work 
which  must  have  involved  many  years  of  labor,  but  an 
historian  who  would  undertake  to  write  upon  the  racial 
or  religious  elements  in  the  Revolutionary  army  with- 


^ History  of  the  American  Revolution,  Vol.  II,  p.  32. 


212 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


out  examining  the  muster-rolls  is  entirely  unworthy  of 
belief.  As  an  instance  of  Trevelyan’s  inconsistency,  he 
admits  earlier  in  his  work  ^ — quite  unconsciously,  no 
doubt — that  recruiting  in  Ireland  for  the  American  ser- 
vice was  “a  failure.” 

Trevelyan’s  work  has  had  a wide  circulation  and  is 
found  on  the  shelves  of  the  leading  libraries,  historical 
societies,  and  institutions  of  learning,  where  it  is  re- 
garded as  an  authority.  As  in  the  case  of  Bancroft’s 
history,  it  has  been  an  influential  factor  in  moulding 
public  opinion  upon  matters  relating  to  the  American 
Revolution ; so  that,  when  we  consider  the  true  facts  of 
the  case,  it  is  not  surprising  that  the  Irish  should  feel 
the  serious  injustice  that  has  been  done  to  them  and  to 
the  national  reputation  of  the  race. 

The  “high  authority”  to  whom  Trevelyan  refers  is 
INIr.  Louis  Clinton  Hatch,  a professor  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, author  of  a book  entitled  The  Administration  of 
the  American  H evolutionary  Army.  With  the  view  of 
determining  what  possible  basis  there  could  be  for  the 
statement  quoted  by  Trevelyan,  I asked  Mr.  Hatch  if 
he  would  care  to  explain  his  reasons  for  making  an  as- 
sertion that  is  so  obviously  contrarj-  to  the  facts.  He 
informs  me  that  he  did  not  make  this  statement  upon 
his  own  responsibility,  but  “upon  that  of  Charles  J. 
Stifle,  a Pennsylvania  historian.”  Furthermore,  Mr. 
Hatch  now  says  he  “did  not  intend  to  convey  the  impres- 
sion that  there  were  less  than  three  hundred  Irislimen 
in  the  whole  Continental  Line,  but  only  in  the  Pennsyl- 


^ History  of  the  American  Revolution,  Vol.  I. 


GENERAL  JOHN  SHEE 

OF  THE  CONTINENTAL  ARMY 
BORN  IN  COUNTY  MEATH,.  IRELAND. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY  213 

vania  Line.”  ^ He  “regrets”  that  his  statement  was 
“misquoted  by  Trevelyan,”  who  “changed  the  reference 
to  the  Pennsylvania  Line  to  make  it  appear  that  in  the 
whole  Continental  Line  there  were  less  than  three  hun- 
dred Irish  soldiers.”  On  inquiring  of  Mr.  Hatch  if  a 
list  which  I submitted  to  him  of  more  than  five  thousand 
Revolutionary  soldiers  of  ancient  Irish  surnames  would 
have  any  influence  on  his  mind,  all  he  is  willing  to  say 
is  that  “the  information  is  very  interesting,”  but  that, 
when  compiling  his  work,  he  “did  not  consider  the  ques- 
tion of  sufficient  importance  to  make  any  special  study 
of  the  Irish  proportion”!  Thus  he  admits  that  he  has 
no  knowledge  of  what  the  Irish  proportion  of  the  sol- 
diers of  the  Revolution  may  have  been,  yet  he  was  will- 
ing enough  to  use  without  question  a defamatory  state- 
ment concerning  them!  Fie  seems  entirely  unconscious 

® If  “there  were  not  three  hundred  real  Celts  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Line,”  it  is  most  surprising  to  find  Mr.  Hateh  admitting  that  “the 
British  had  thought  it  worth  while  to  make  a special  appeal  to 
Irish  feeling”;  for  he  quotes  a paper  distributed  by  order  of  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  among  the  soldiers  of  the  Line,  urging  them  to  desert, 
which  contains  this  sentence:  “I  am  happy  in  acquainting  the  old 
countrymen  [a  name  given  to  the  Irish]  that  the  affairs  of  Ireland 
are  fully  settled,”  etc.  The  Revolutionary  armies  are  usually 
spoken  of  as  “the  Continental  Line,”  and  whether  Professor  Hatch 
meant  to  convey  the  impression  that  the  Irish  representation  was 
less  than  three  hundred  in  the  entire  Continental  Line  or  in  the 
Pennsylvania  Line  alone,  is  of  little  consequence,  since  the  in- 
ference that  has  been  drawn  from  this  statement  is  the  same  in 
either  case.  Throughout  his  book  this  “high  authority”  refers  to 
several  prominent  Irishmen  like  Sullivan,  Duane,  Governor  Burke 
of  North  Carolina,  and  others  who  rendered  valuable  services  to 
the  American  cause,  yet  has  not  a good  word  to  say  for  any  one 
of  them! 


214 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


of  having  been  a party  to  disseminating  an  outrageous 
libel  upon  a people  who  eontributed  so  mueh  to  the 
suceess  of  the  Revolution;  and  while  in  that  respect  his 
work  is  only  on  a par  with  that  of  other  historians,  I 
think  we  can  confidently  leave  such  rash  statements  to 
those  American  lovers  of  fair  play  who  examine  the 
counter-evidence  here  presented. 

On  following  the  matter  up  further,  I find  that  Stille 
also  did  not  make  the  assertion  as  to  the  Pennsylvania 
Line  having  had  less  than  “three  hundred  real  Celts” 
solely  on  his  own  responsibility,  but  upon  the  authority 
of  William  H.  Egle,  at  one  time  librarian  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Historical  Society.  Egle  was  the  compiler  of 
the  original  series  of  the  Pennsylvania  Archives,  and 
as  an  example  of  his  worth  and  credibility  as  an  his- 
torian it  is  necessary  only  to  point  to  the  fact  that  the 
work  proved  so  unreliable,  and  certain  statements  of 
“fact”  in  it  were  so  obviously  in  conflict,  that  the  Legisla- 
ture ordered  the  Revolutionary  records  of  the  State  to 
be  examined  again  by  a competent  archivist,  and  the 
Archives  had  to  be  reissued  in  their  present  form! 

It  is  amusing  to  note  how  historical  writers  contradict 
each  other  on  this  point.  Bancroft  thought  that  the 
men  who  comprised  the  Pennsylvania  Line  were  a “law- 
less and  disaffected  element,”  and  in  an  effort  to  give 
color  to  that  opinion  he  says:  “The  Pennsylvania  Line 
were  composed  in  a large  degree  of  new-comers  from 
Ireland,”  but  General  Henry  Lee,  who  personally  ob- 
served their  behavior  in  camp  and  field,  thought  they 
were  such  an  extraordinarily  brilliant  corps  that  he  at- 
tributed this  to  the  fact  that  they  were  so  largely  Irish. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


215 


Stille  tries  to  contradict  this  by  saying:  “Two-thirds  of 
his  [Wayne’s]  force  were  Scotch-Irish,  a race  with 
whose  fighting  qualities  we  are  all  familiar,  but  which 
are  quite  opposite  to  those  which  characterise  the  true 
Irish  Celt.  Most  of  them  were  descendants  of  the 
Scotch-Irish  immigrants  of  1717-’30,  and  very  few  of 
them  were  new-comers.”  ^ From  this  we  can  see  clearly 
the  animus  of  Stille,  for  by  implication  he  asserts  that 
“the  true  Irish  Celt”  comes  of  a race  of  cowards,  and 
this  statement  alone  is  enough  to  condemn  him  as  an 
historian.  He  quotes  a letter  from  Egle  which  says: 
“With  the  exception  of  the  Scotch-Irish,  who  formed 
about  two-thirds  of  Wayne’s  force,  the  remainder  were 
almost  wholly  of  German  parentage,”  adding  that  “few 
Irish  came  until  after  the  War  of  the  Revolution”! 

And  so  we  have,  in  succession,  Egle,  Stille,  Hatch, 
and  Trevelyan,  the  first  a discredited  historian;  the 
second  prejudiced  beyond  question;  the  third  admitting 
he  knows  nothing  of  the  subject,  and  the  last,  accused 
of  the  grave  charge  of  deliberately  altering  an  historical 
statement,  which,  although  grossly  in  error,  affords  no 
palliation  of  his  off ence.  In  this  mixture  of  falsehood, 
what  is  the  residuum  of  truth?  Bancroft  describes  the 
majority  of  the  men  of  the  Pennsylvania  Line  as  “Irish” 
so  as  to  explain  what  he  calls  their  “lawlessness  and  dis- 
affection,” but  Stille  and  Egle  insist  they  could  not  have 
been  “Irish”  because  they  were  so  brave  and  true!  Im- 
partial readers,  in  a quandary  as  to  whieh  statement  to 
accept,  will  assuredly  be  inclined  to  east  them  all  aside 


* Life  of  Wayne,  pp.  248-250. 


216 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


and  decide  from  the  facts  themselves,  and  we  may  await 
the  verdict  in  perfect  confidence  that  justice  will  be 
done  to  a people  who  have  been  so  much  maligned. 

Ordinarily  no  attention  should  be  paid  to  such  ob- 
viously false  statements  as  those  just  quoted,  but  it 
may  be  remarked  that,  in  order  to  determine  what  ought 
to  be  a fairly  accurate  multiple  of  three  hundred  to  use 
in  computing  the  total  number  of  “real  Celts”  who 
fought  for  American  independence,  a reference  by  these 
historians  to  some  real  source  of  information,  such  as 
the  muster-rolls  of  the  Revolutionary  army,  would  have 
been  advisable.  The  records  themselves  furnish  the  most 
eloquent  refutation  of  such  statements,  and  probably  no 
more  effective  rejoinder  can  be  made  than  the  list  of 
characteristic  Irish  names  selected  from  the  vast  num- 
ber of  such  names  appearing  on  the  Revolutionary  mus- 
ter-rolls, which  will  be  found  at  pages  413-526,  and  of 
which  the  following  is  a summary  by  surnames : 


Surnames  of 

Number 

Surnames  of 

Number 

Revolutionary 

on 

Revolutionary 

on 

Soldiers 

Record 

Soldiers 

Record 

Burke 

221 

O’Brien 

231 

Connolly 

243 

O’Neill 

178 

Connor,  O’Connor 

327 

Reilly 

285 

Dougherty 

248 

Ryan 

322 

Kelly 

695 

Sullivan 

266 

McCarthy 

331 

Murphy 

494 

Total 

3841 

Each  man’s  full  name,  with  a reference  to  the  regi- 
mental unit  to  which  he  belonged,  will  be  found  in  the 
list  at  page  443,  and  it  will  be  noted  that  a large  per- 
centage of  them  belonged  to  the  Pennsylvania  Line. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


217 


By  way  of  further  illustration,  I have  drawn  off  the 
names  in  the  cases  of  ninety  other  selected  Irish  sur- 
names, and  a summary  of  these  is  as  follows: 


Surnames  of 

Number 

Revolutionary 

on 

Soldiers 

Record 

Barry 

99 

Brady 

127 

Brannon,  Brennan 

93 

Byrne,  Byrnes,  Burns 

187 

Callaghan 

150 

Cassidy 

62 

Carroll 

183 

Casey 

104 

Cavanaugh 

69 

Cain,  Cane,  Kane,  McKean, 

O’Cane 

155 

Clancy 

37 

Crowley 

54 

Daly,  Dailey,  Dayley 

205 

Delaney 

71 

Dempsey 

72 

Donohoe 

73 

Donnelly 

155 

Doran 

38 

Donovan 

72 

Dowling 

53 

Doyle 

125 

Driscoll,  DriskeU 

42 

Duffy 

78 

Dugan,  Duggan 

90 

Dwyer,  Dwire 

57 

Farrell,  Ferrell 

142 

Fitzgerald 

184 

Fitzpatrick 

67 

Fitzsimmons 

36 

Flanagan 

59 

Surnames  of  Number 

Revolutionary  on 

Soldiers  Record 

Flynn,  Flinn  138 

Gallagher  108 

Gorman  54 

Grady,  McGrady  45 

Haggerty  62 

Healy,  Haley  86 

Hennessy  44 

Hogan  115 

Hurley  53 

Kearney,  Carney  92 

Keating  64 

Kenny,  McKenny  164 

KeefFe  44 

Lafferty  6l 

Leary  94 

Lynch  128 

Madden  8 1 

Malone  76 

Mahony  89 

Maloney  97 

Magee,  McGee  165 

Magrath,  McGrath,  McGraw  97 
Moran  44 

Mulholland  40 

McBride  108 

Malloy  89 

McConnell,  Connell  1 80 

Mooney  74 

McCann  88 

McCaffrey,  McCafferty  39 

McCormack  154 


218  A HIDDEN  PHASE 

Surnames  of 

Number 

Surnames  of 

Number 

Revolutionary 

on 

Revolutionary 

on 

Soldiers 

Record 

Soldiers 

Record 

McCloskey 

45 

Nolan,  Noland 

90 

McDermott 

47 

O’Donnell 

36 

McDonough 

34 

O’Hara 

58 

McDonnell,  McDaniel 

139 

Prendergast 

40 

McGahy,  McGahan 

72 

Quigley 

48 

McGinnis 

112 

Quinn 

122 

McGowan 

69 

Regan 

44 

McGuire 

168 

Roche,  RoacK 

69 

McLaughlin 

223 

Rourke 

38 

McMahon 

143 

Shea,  Shay 

73 

McManus 

72 

Sheehan 

66 

McMullen,  Mullen,  Mullins  231 

Sheridan 

41 

McNally 

90 

Sweeney,  McSweeney 

115 

McNamara 

47 

Walsh,  Welsh 

201 

Total  for  ninety  surnames  8352 


If  the  learned  historians  responsible  for  the  statement 
that  “there  were  not  three  hundred  real  Celts”  in  the 
Revolutionary  army  desire  to  do  so  they  may  eliminate 
all  the  non-Irish  names  from  these  lists,  but  there  will 
probably  be  enough  “real  Celts”  left  over  to  suggest  the 
reflection  that  they  have  committed  a gross  libel  upon 
the  Irish  who  were  in  America  during  the  struggle 
for  independence,  which  their  American  descendants  of 
the  present  day  have  every  reason  to  resent. 

Cases  will  be  noted  where  certain  names  appear  more 
than  once  on  the  list  at  pages  443-526,  but  an  analysis 
will  show  that  no  individual  name  has  been  repeated.  F or 
example,  the  name  of  John  Kelly  appears  on  the  list 
eighty-eight  times,  because  there  are  eighty-eight  sep- 
arate and  distinct  soldiers  of  that  name  entered  on  the 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


219 


rolls,  and  the  same  remark  applies  to  all  other  cases 
where  the  same  name  may  appear  to  be  listed  more  than 
once.  The  well-known  fondness  of  Irish  families  for 
certain  baptismal  names  will  help  to  explain  this,  and  a 
comparison  of  the  numerical  designations  of  the  various 
regiments  in  which  these  men  enlisted  wiU  also  serve 
to  make  it  clear.  One  of  the  interesting  features  noted 
in  examining  the  Revolutionary  rolls  is  the  large  num- 
ber of  men  bearing  the  prenomen  “Patrick”  or  “Patt.” 
Not  that  it  is  claimed  that  all  such  were  native  Irish- 
men, because  in  those  days  the  patrician  name  Patrick 
was  popular  among  some  of  the  Highland  Scotch  fami- 
lies ; and  while  it  is  probable  that  some  of  these  men  were 
Scotch,  their  number  must  have  been  very  inconsider- 
able, because  in  the  majority  of  these  cases  the  surnames 
are  those  which  are  strictly  indigenous  to  Ireland.  One 
cannot  be  mistaken,  for  example,  as  to  the  racial  origin 
of  the  forty-two  Patrick  Kellys,  the  thirty-four  Patrick 
Murphys,  the  thirty-five  Patrick  Sullivans  and  Patrick 
Ryans,  or  the  forty-three  Patrick  Reillys,  and  so  on,  that 
are  listed  on  the  muster-rolls ; while,  on  the  other  hand,  it 
is  not  at  all  improbable  that  some  of  the  Patrick  McDon- 
alds or  the  Patrick  Browns,  whose  names  appear  on  the 
rolls,  may  have  been  Scotch.  The  total  number  of  “Pat- 
ricks” and  “Patts”  on  the  Revolutionary  rolls  is  approxi- 
mately two  thousand. 

These  lists  contain  only  a percentage  of  the  Irish 
names  that  are  found  on  the  muster-rolls  and  other  rec- 
ords of  the  Revolution,  for  there  is  hardly  a single  family 
name  in  Irish  nomenclature  that  does  not  appear  in  one 
form  or  another  in  the  records.  As  already  indicated. 


220 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


only  one  hundred  Irish  surnames,  about  which  there 
can  be  no  question  of  their  racial  origin,  have  been  se- 
lected as  examples;  and  even  of  the  particular  names 
selected,  the  list  is  far  from  being  complete  because  of 
the  number  of  missing  rolls.  But  the  answer  which  these 
lists  contain  is  sufficient  for  present  purposes.  Undoubt- 
edly many  well-meaning  people  have  been  influenced  by 
statements  similar  to  those  made  by  Trevelyan,  Hatch, 
Stifle,  and  others,  which  partly  explains  why,  when  the 
claim  is  made  that  the  Irish  had  a hand  in  the  flght  for 
American  independence,  it  is  sometimes  questioned  and 
not  infrequently  derided  altogether.  The  original  mus- 
ter-rolls containing  the  names  here  given  are  filed,  some 
in  the  State  Archives  and  some  at  the  War  Department 
in  Washington,  while  others  are  in  the  custody  of  his- 
torical societies.  All  have  been  published  by  official 
authority,  and  these  publications  have  been  fully  authen- 
ticated, so  that  any  one  desirous  of  verifying  the  correct- 
ness of  these  lists  may  readily  do  so  by  consulting  the 
published  records,  such  as  the  following,  which  are  to 
be  found  generally  at  the  leading  public  libraries  and 
historical  societies,  and  copies  of  all  of  which  are  on  file 
at  the  Library  of  Congress : 

Massachusetts  Soldiers  and  Sailors  who  served  in  the  War  of  the 
Revolution,  compiled  and  published  by  the  Secretary  of 
State;  Boston,  1891. 

New  York  in  the  Revolution,  compiled  by  James  Roberts,  State 
Comptroller,  from  the  Archives  of  the  Secretary  of  State; 
Albany,  1898. 

New  York  State  Archives,  compiled  by  Berthold  Fernow  and  pub- 
lished by  authority  of  the  State  Legislature. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


221 


Calendar  of  Historical  Manuscripts  relating  to  the  War  of  the 
Revolution  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State;  Albany,  1868. 

Archives  of  Pennsylvania,  published  under  the  direction  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth;  Harrisburg,  1906. 

Delaware  Archives,  published  by  the  Public  Archives  Commission 
of  Delaware;  Wilmington,  19II. 

Records  of  Service  of  Connecticut  Men  in  the  War  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, compiled  by  authority  of  the  General  Assembly;  Hart- 
ford, 1889- 

State  Records  of  Georgia,  official  State  publication  in  twenty-five 
volumes. 

State  Records  of  New  Hampshire,  published  by  authority  of  the 
Legislature;  Manchester,  New  Hampshire,  1889- 

Archives  of  Maryland,  published  by  authority  of  the  State,  under 
the  direction  of  the  Maryland  Historical  Society;  Baltimore, 
1898. 

The  publications  of  the  State  Library  of  Virginia,  Vols.  VIII  and 
IX. 

Official  Register  of  the  Officers  and  Men  of  New  Jersey  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  by  William  S.  Stryker,  Adjutant-General; 
Trenton,  1872. 

Historical  Register  of  the  Officers  of  the  Continental  Army  during 
the  War  of  the  Revolution,  by  Francis  B.  Heitman;  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  1894;. 

Records  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  containing  the  Military  and 
Financial  Correspondence  of  the  Distinguished  Officers,  by  W. 
T.  R.  Saffell,  Counsellor  and  Agent  for  Revolutionary  Claims; 
New  York,  1858. 

The  Collections  of  the  various  historical  societies. 


These  are  suggested  merely  as  examples  of  numerous 
similar  and  reliable  sources  of  information  that  are 
accessible  to  every  one  desirous  of  examining  into  the 
subject.  In  the  publications  named  may  be  found  verba- 
tim copies  of  many  of  the  muster-rolls  of  the  Revolution- 
ary regiments  credited  to  each  province  and  State,  which 
were  copied  in  all  cases  from  the  originals ; and  for  one 


222 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


who  has  any  doubts  or  lacks  information  about  the  ra- 
cial composition  of  the  army  of  the  Revolution,  a glance 
at  some  of  these  official  lists  will  prove  a veritable  sur- 
prise. 

In  so  far  as  New  England  is  concerned,  two  of  its 
leading  historians  are  especially  bad  offenders  in  this 
respect.  Mr.  Lodge  asserts  that  the  population  of  ISIas- 
sachusetts  at  the  time  of  the  Revolution  was  “of  almost 
pure  English  blood,  with  a small  infusion  of  Scotch- 
Irish  from  Londonderry.”  ® And  Palfrey  glibly  in- 
forms us  that  “the  people  of  New  England  are  a singu- 
larly unmixed  race,”  adding  that  “there  is  probably  not 
a County  in  England  occupied  by  a population  of  purer 
English  blood  than  they.”  Both  imply  by  these  state- 
ments that  if  there  were  any  Irish  in  New  England 
before  or  during  the  Revolution,  they  were  such  a negli- 
gible quantity  as  not  to  be  worth  considering.  Yet  the 
Records  of  the  Selectmen  of  the  Town  of  Boston,  the 
Vital  Records  of  every  New  England  town,  the  Church, 
Land,  and  Probate  Records,  the  old  Town  Books,  the 
Registers  of  the  New  England  Historic  and  Genealogi- 
cal Society,  and  almost  every  record  and  publication 
covering  the  Colonial  and  Revolutionary  periods  in  New 
England,  contain,  in  the  aggregate,  thousands  of  names 
which  no  intelligent  person,  much  less  a learned  his- 
torian, could  possibly  mistake  for  amdhing  but  of  old 
Irish  origin.  On  the  Revolutionary  muster-rolls  of 
Massachusetts  there  are  approximately  three  thousand 
Irish  names,  but  while  there  were  plenty  of  Lodges  in 

® I have  a letter  from  Mr.  Lodge  in  which  he  gravely  informs  me 
that  “General  John  Sullivan  was  a Scotch-Irishman”! 


GENERAL  RICHARD  MONTGOMERY 

OFTHE  CONTINENTAL  ARMY,  BORN  iN  COUNTY  DONEGAL,  IRELAND. 


OF,  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


223 


Massachusetts,  one  searches  in  vain  for  one  soldier  of 
the  name  on  the  Revolutionary  rolls! 

In  the  Revolutionary  records  alone  of  their  native 
State,  these  historians  could  have  found  more  than  suffi- 
cient data  to  correct  any  erroneous  impressions  which 
they  may  have  had  concerning  the  racial  composition  of 
the  inhabitants  of  New  England.  They  would  find  such 
a constant  recurrence  of  names  of  unmistakably  Celtic 
origin  as  to  suggest  the  possibility,  if  they  were  at  all 
governed  by  the  dictates  of  conscience,  that  in  the  as- 
pect in  which  their  work  was  presented  to  the  public 
they  were  doing  a gross  injustice  to  the  Irish  who  helped 
in  achieving  the  independence  of  their  country.  But  the 
conclusion  inevitably  forces  itself  upon  the  mind  of  any 
person  acquainted  with  the  facts  that  it  was  far  from  the 
intention  of  these  gentlemen  to  do  justice  to  any  but  the 
Puritanical  element,  and  that  their  paramount  object 
was  to  create  in  the  minds  of  their  readers  the  impres- 
sion that  everything  worth  relating  in  New  England 
history  had  a common  Anglo-Saxon  origin.  Fifty  char- 
acteristic Irish  surnames  alone  show  a total  of  two  thou- 
sand two  hundred  on  the  Massachusetts  muster-rolls, 
and  when  we  keep  in  mind  the  fact  that  nearly  every 
well-known  Irish  family  name  is  represented  on  these 
rolls,  and  consider  that  there  must  have  been  a num- 
ber of  soldiers  of  Irish  birth  or  descent  bearing  non-Irish 
names,  we  can  readily  see  that  the  number  on  the  Massa- 
chusetts rolls  which  should  be  credited  to  the  Irish  must 
have  been  far  greater  than  three  thousand. 

Mr.  Lodge  has  been  accused  of  racial  prejudice,  and 
those  who  have  brought  this  charge  against  him  believe 


224 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


they  are  fully  justified,  because  he  deliberately  denies 
to  Ireland  any  credit  for  the  part  taken  by  her  sons 
in  the  war  for  American  liberty.  As  a student  and 
writer  of  history,  it  is  scarcely  possible  that  he  does  not 
know  that  one  of  the  most  heroic  incidents  of  the  Revo- 
lution, which  took  place  in  his  own  State,  stands  out  in 
the  records  to  the  imperishable  glory  of  Ireland’s  sons. 
For  the  men  who  stood  behind  “the  rail  fence”  at  Bun- 
ker Hill  on  that  memorable  seventeenth  of  June,  1775, 
and  held  in  check  two  battalions  of  English  soldiers,  thus 
saving  the  devoted  Continentals  from  annihilation,  were 
Irish  almost  to  a man  and  were  commanded  by  Irish 
officers.  ® 

The  eighth  and  ninth  annual  reports  of  the  State  Li- 
brary Board  of  Virginia  and  Volume  XVIII  of  the 
Archives  of  Maryland  are  devoted  exclusively  to  tabu- 
lations of  the  Revolutionary  soldiers  from  those  States, 
and  in  these  volumes  may  be  seen  the  names  of  more 


® The  breastwork  at  Bunker  Hill  kno^vn  as  “the  rail  fenee”  was 
defended  by  a company  of  soldiers  from  Bedford,  New  Hampshire, 
whose  offieers  were  Colonel  Daniel  Moore,  Major  John  Goffe,  Cap- 
tain Thomas  McLaughlin,  and  Lieutenant  John  Patten,  all  natives 
of  Ireland;  and  in  published  historieal  sketches  of  the  town  of 
Bedford  and  in  the  Collections  of  the  New  Hampshire  Historical 
Society  (Vol.  I,  p.  291)  may  be  seen  the  names  of  the  men  of  the 
company,  the  majority  of  whom  were  Irish  born  or  sons  of  Irish 
immigrants.  Among  the  Amerieans  killed  and  mortally  wounded 
at  Bunker  Hill  are  recorded  Majors  Andrew  McClary  and  William 
Moore  and  soldiers  named  Daniel  McGrath,  John  Barrett,  Thomas 
Collins,  George  Shannon,  Caleb  Dalton,  William  McCrillis,  Joseph 
Broderick,  John  Dillon,  William  Mitchell,  Roger  Cox,  Matthew 
Cummings,  Daniel  Evens,  Timothy  Evins,  Peter  Poor,  Thomas 
Doyle,  and  Daniel  Callahan,  some  of  whom  are  known  to  have 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


225 


than  3000  soldiers  from  Virginia  and  4600  from  Mary- 
land, all  of  Irish  names.  InNewY ork  in  the  Revolution 
there  are  2083  such  names,  with  entire  rosters  of  the  en- 
listed men  missing  in  several  instances. 

Heitman’s  work  is  a compilation  of  the  names  of  the 
officers  of  the  Continental  army,  with  concise  references 
to  their  services,  and  in  this  noted  book  there  are  listed 
upward  of  six  hundred  officers  of  Irish  names  in  the 
Continental  Line  alone.  As  a matter  of  fact,  Heitman’s 
list  is  incomplete,  for  in  the  Revolutionary  records  may 
be  found  references  to  a large  number  of  officers  of 
Irish  birth  or  descent  who  are  not  mentioned  by  Heit- 
man,  and  a complete  list  of  their  names,  with  references 
to  the  regiments  to  which  they  were  attached,  will  be 
found  in  the  Appendix.  This  list  contains  one  thousand 
five  hundred  names,  all  told,  and,  as  will  be  noted  there- 
from, it  furnishes  an  absolute  refutation  of  the  state- 
ments made  by  such  historians  as  Trevelyan,  Stille, 
Hatch,  and  others.  A very  limited  number  of  the  char- 
acteristic Irish  surnames  among  the  officers  furnish  the 
most  damning  proof  of  the  apparently  deliberate 
attempts  of  these  historians  to  hide  the  truth  concerning 
the  extent  to  which  the  Irish  and  their  descendants  par- 
ticipated in  the  Revolutionary  struggle.  A summary 
of  fifty  of  the  most  prominent  Irish  surnames  shows 
more  than  five  hundred  officers  of  various  ranks. 

been  natives  of  Ireland;  and  among  the  prisoners  was  Lawrenee 
Sullivan.  The  names  of  these  men,  with  the  exception  of  Sullivan, 
are  inscribed  on  the  Bunker  Hill  memorial  tablet  on  Winthrop 
Square,  Charlestown,  Massachusetts. 


226 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Surnames  of  Officers  of 
the  Army  and  Navy  of 


the  Revolution 

Number 

Barry 

8 

Boyle 

8 

Brady 

10 

Burke 

18 

Butler 

26 

Byrne 

6 

Casey 

6 

Connell,  Connelly 

11 

Carroll 

5 

Connor 

17 

Conway 

8 

Dillon 

6 

Daly 

4 

Dougherty 

12 

Dooley 

5 

Donnelly 

4 

Dugan 

7 

Fitzgerald 

11 

Flynn 

6 

Gallagher 

4 

Hogan 

12 

Gillespie 

6 

Higgins 

16 

Kearney,  Carney 

7 

Kelly  ' 

SO 

Kenny,  McKenny 

14 

Leary 

6 

Surnames  of  Officers  of 
the  Army  and  Navy  of 


the  Revolution 

Number 

Lynch 

10 

Magee,  McGee 

17 

MoUoy 

7 

Murphy 

14 

McBride 

11 

McConnell 

13 

McCarthy 

15 

McCormick 

12 

McCleary 

6 

McFadden 

5 

McGinnis 

4 

McGowan 

6 

McGuire 

14 

McLaughlin 

10 

McMullen,  Mullen 

14 

O’Brien 

7 

O’Hara 

7 

O’Neill 

6 

Powers 

12 

Quigley 

8 

Quinn 

5 

Reilly 

13 

Roche 

7 

Ryan 

15 

Sullivan 

13 

Walsh,  Welsh 

21 

Total 

544 

Masters  of  vessels  engaged  in  privateering  are  in- 
cluded among  the  officers,  for  the  reason  that  they  were 
as  much  a part  of  the  fighting  forces  of  the  Revolution 
as  any  of  the  officers  of  the  army  or  navy,  and  many  are 
the  stories  of  daring  and  adventure  that  are  told  of  the 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


22T 


“Yankee  privateersmen”  who  preyed  on  British  com- 
merce and  brought  into  American  ports  numerous  prizes 
of  war,  the  cargoes  of  which  furnished  important  and 
seasonable  supplies  for  the  Continental  army.  Much  of 
the  naval  history  of  Revolutionary  times  centers  round 
the  privateersmen,  and,  as  an  American  historian  has 
said,  “our  privateers  during'  the  Revolutionary  war 
were  a most  important,  if  not  predominant,  feature  of 
our  early  sea  power.”  Not  a few  of  the  hardy  command- 
ers of  American  privateers  during  our  two  wars  with 
England  were  Irishmen,  and  in  the  fugitive  references 
I have  found  to  the  personnel  of  their  crews  it  is  also 
seen  that  they  had  in  their  command  many  a patriot  son 
of  “the  fighting  race.”  Indeed,  those  Irish  mariners 
of  the  two  wars  for  independence  have  left  a record 
in  American  history  that  is  well  worthy  of  preservation, 
and  it  will  stand  as  an  imperishable  monument  to  the 
gallant  part  they  played  in  the  defence  of  their  adopted 
country. 

The  complete  list  of  officers  at  pages  393-440  contains 
many  other  names  of  ancient  Irish  origin,  but  the  fore- 
going fifty  names  are  selected  merely  to  show  how  read- 
ily and  effectively  the  statements  of  the  anti-Irish  his- 
torians can  be  refuted.  It  is  a grievous  injustice  that 
these  statements  should  have  had  currency  as  “his- 
tory” for  so  many  years  without  challenge.  Possibly  it 
may  be  claimed  that  some  of  the  names  listed  are  Scotch, 
and  that  assumption  may  be  correct  to  some  extent,  al- 
though in  such  cases  I have  been  careful  to  include  only 
those  names  that  are  common  among  both  the  Irish  and 


228 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


the  Scotch.  But  even  if  we  give  this  point  of  view  the 
widest  latitude  and  eliminate  all  names  of  whose  Irish 
origin  there  may  be  the  slightest  doubt,  there  will  still 
be  left  not  less  than  a thousand  unquestionably  Irish 
names  among  the  officers  of  the  American  army  and 
navy  of  the  Revolution. 

That  some  of  these  Irish  officers  were  important  men 
may  be  assumed  from  the  warm  regard  which  Washing- 
ton manifested  toward  them.  For  his  aides-de-camp  he 
chose,  in  succession,  Joseph  Reed,  the  son  of  an  Irish 
immigrant;  Joseph  Carey,  Stephen  Moylan,  John  Fitz- 
gerald, and  J ames  McHenry ; ® and  his  esteem  for  Sul- 


^ I have  no  doubt  that  some  ■will  object  to  the  inclusion  of  such 
names  as  Generals  Knox,  Wayne,  and  Thomson,  Colonels  John 
Nixon,  Francis  and  John  Barber,  Andrew  Lewis,  Ephraim  Blaine, 
Walter  and  Charles  Stewart,  Major  John  Caldwell  and  Captain 
John  Dunlap,  and  possibly  others.  Knox  was  descended  from  a 
Scotch  family  which  settled  in  Ireland  in  the  early  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  But  his  father  and  grandfather  were  both  na- 
tives of  Ireland,  and  so  also  were  the  father  and  grandfather  of 
General  Wayne,  and  it  is  said  that  the  first  of  the  Waynes  in  Ire- 
land came  from  England.  Thomson,  Lewis,  Blaine,  the  Stewarts, 
Dunlap,  and  Caldwell  were  natives  of  Ireland;  Nixon  was  the  son 
of  a Wexford  Irishman,  and  the  Barbers  were  the  sons  of  Patrick 
Barber,  an  immigrant  from  County  Longford,  Ireland,  to  Orange 
County,  New  York,  in  1729.  These  men  considered  themselves 
Irish,  and  all  of  them,  with  the  exception  of  the  Barbers,  were 
members  of  the  Society  of  the  Friendly  Sons  of  Saint  Patrick 
of  Philadelphia,  and  that  Society  had  no  more  active  member  than 
General  Anthony  Wayne.  General  Wayne  was  also  a member  of 
the  Hibernian  Society  of  Philadelphia,  and  General  Knox  was  a 
member  of  the  Charitable  Irish  Society  of  Boston.  These  state- 
ments can  be  verified  by  the  published  records  of  the  societies. 

® Moylan  was  a native  of  Cork;  Fitzgerald,  of  Wicklow;  and 
McHenry,  of  Antrim. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


229 


livan,  Montgomery,  Hand,  Butler,  Irvine,  Thomson, 
Barry,  and  other  Irish  commanders  was  displayed  on 
many  occasions.  The  loss  of  no  officer  who  fell  in  battle 
was  so  much  regretted  by  Washington  and  the  Congress 
as  that  of  General  Montgomery,^  for  his  many  amiable 
qualities  had  procured  him  an  uncommon  share  of  pri- 
vate affection,  and  his  great  abilities  an  equal  propor- 
tion of  public  esteem.  “Being  a sincere  lover  of  liberty, 
he  had  engaged  in  the  American  cause  from  principle, 
and  quitted  the  enjoyment  of  an  easy  fortune  and  the 
highest  domestic  felicity  to  take  an  active  share  in  the 
fatigues  and  dangers  of  a war  instituted  for  the  de- 
fence of  a community  of  which  he  was  an  adopted  mem- 
ber. His  well-known  character  was  almost  equally 
esteemed  by  the  friends  and  foes  of  the  side  which  he 
had  espoused.  In  America  he  was  celebrated  as  a mar- 
tyr to  the  liberties  of  mankind,  in  Great  Britain  as  a 
misguided  man,  sacrificing  to  what  he  supposed  to  be 
the  rights  of  his  country.”  So  wrote  the  historian  Ram- 
say, who  knew  him  well. 

Washington’s  friendship  for  one  of  his  Irish  officers. 
General  Andrew  Lewis,  is  one  of  the  traditions  of  the 
Valley  of  Virginia.  Lewis  was  a native  of  County 
Donegal,  Ireland,  and  was  an  early  settler  in  Augusta 
County,  Virginia.  Four  of  his  brothers,  two  of  whom 
were  also  born  in  Donegal,  were  officers  of  the  Colonial 
and  afterwards  of  the  Revolutionary  forces,  and  one  of 
them.  Colonel  Charles  Lewis,  was  called  “the  idol  of  the 

® General  Montgomery  was  a native  of  Raphoe,  County  Donegal, 
Ireland. 

History  of  the  American  Revolution,  Vol.  I,  p.  312. 


230 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


army.”  General  Lewis  was  one  of  the  most  striking 
figures  of  the  Revolutionary  army.  He  is  described  as 
“a  man  of  tremendous  size  and  great  physical  strength 
and  agility  and  a form  of  the  most  exact  symmetry,” 
and  was  “beloved  by  all  with  whom  he  came  in  contact.” 
It  is  related  that  in  the  year  1768,  while  visiting  Fort 
Stanwix  during  negotiations  for  a treaty  with  the  In- 
dians, the  Governor  of  New  York,  in  commenting  on 
his  majestic  figure  and  commanding  appearance,  said 
of  him:  “He  looks  like  a genius  of  the  forest  and  the  very 
ground  seems  to  tremble  under  him  as  he  walks !”  This 
brave  patriot  took  part  in  many  of  the  battles  of  the 
Colonial  wars,  and  from  1754  to  1781 — beginning  with 
the  battle  of  Great  Meadows  and  ending  with  Yorktown 
— he  was  continually  engaged  in  the  service  of  his  coun- 
try, and  all  that  time  was  “the  true  friend  and  com- 
panion of  Washington.”  In  the  border  warfare  he 
served  as  Major  in  the  Virginia  regiment  commanded 
by  Washington,  by  whom  he  was  highly  esteemed  for  his 
great  courage  and  skill,  and  as  Commander  of  the  army 
of  Virginia  his  most  noted  exploit  was  the  rout  of  the 
Indians  at  the  battle  of  Point  Pleasant  in  1774.  It  is 
known  that  Washington  considered  General  Lewis  one 
of  the  foremost  military  men  of  the  coimtry  and  it  is 
an  interesting  historical  fact  that,  prior  to  his  o^vn  ap- 
pointment, he  recommended  Lewis  to  Congress  as  Com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  army  of  the  Revolution.  This 
statement  may  be  verified  by  several  authorities,  espe- 
cially by  reference  to  historical  works  concerning  the 
trans- Allegheny  pioneers  and  the  Valley  of  Virginia, 


/^spfioDuceo  syp/VAM  ppaa/css  Z£y/A'S 


EDWARD  HAND 


iMM; 


COLONEL  AND  ADJUTANT  6E  NEPAL,  CONTI  MENTAL  ARMY 
BORN  IN  KINGS  COUNTY,  IRELAND. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


231 


and  to  the  publications  of  the  Virginia  and  West  Vir- 
ginia Historical  Societies. 

From  some  of  the  publications  referred  to  there  may 
also  be  obtained  an  idea  of  the  personnel  of  the  differ- 
ent regimental  companies,  and  indeed  some  of  the  com- 
pany rosters  look  more  like  the  parish  registers  of  a 
country  town  in  a Gaelic-speaking  district  of  Ireland 
than  the  rolls  of  a body  of  soldiers  who  fought  for  the 
liberties  of  a land  three  thousand  miles  away  from  their 
ancestral  homes.  In  examining  the  muster-rolls,  one 
is  struck  by  the  frequency  with  which  certain  very  old 
Irish  names  appear,  and  the  manner  in  which  such  names 
crowd  themselves  upon  the  record  makes  it  an  intensely 
interesting  feature  of  the  subject.  I think  it  would  serve 
an  estimable  purpose,  and  would  clear  the  air  very  much, 
if  some  one  with  the  time  and  the  taste  for  such  work 
would  publish  a complete  list  of  the  Irish  names  and 
group  them  so  as  to  show  how  many  of  each  are  repre- 
sented on  the  Revolutionary  records.  Two  very  good 
examples  of  this  are  the  names  Kelly  and  Murphy,  of 
which  I have  found  1189,  all  told,  on  the  muster-rolls; 
and  in  searching  for  material  for  a sketch  of  the  McCar- 
thy family  in  the  United  States,  I found  on  the  rolls  331 
persons  of  that  ancient  Irish  name,  and  in  all  the  Thir- 
teen Colonies  I could  find  only  two  McCarthys  classi- 
fied as  “loyalists.”  One  was  Isaac  and  the  other  Dennis 
McCarty,  both  residents  of  Massachusetts.  We  can 
understand  how  Isaac  may  have  “gone  wrong,”  but  that 
Dennis  should  have  had  “the  bad  drop”  in  him,  so  for- 
eign to  men  of  his  name  in  Revolutionary  times,  is  truly 
shocking!  It  is  like  the  story  told  of  the  New  York  poll- 


232 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


tician  who  never  failed  to  poll  in  his  district  a one  hun- 
dred per  cent,  vote  for  “the  party.”  But  once  a lone 
Republican  vote  was  cast,  and  although  they  ransacked 
the  district  high  and  low  to  locate  “the  rascal,”  it  al- 
ways remained  a mystery  how  “a  black  Republican” 
was  ever  allowed  to  come  into  that  district! 

Apart  altogether  from  the  question  as  to  what  the 
numerical  strength  of  the  Irish  in  the  Revolutionary 
army  may  have  been,  there  is  one  important  circum- 
stance which  contributed,  although  indirectly,  to  the 
success  of  the  Revolution,  but  with  which  writers  on 
American  history  do  not  seem  to  have  been  impressed, 
or  perhaps  have  not  noticed.  I refer  to  the  political  agi- 
tation in  Ireland  which  culminated  in  the  revolt  of  the 
Irish  Volunteers.  In  the  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of 
the  American  Revolution  may  be  read  many  accounts 
sent  to  Washington  and  the  Continental  Congress,  by 
John  Adams  and  Arthur  Lee,  of  the  agitation  for  inde- 
pendence in  Ireland,  of  the  raising  of  volunteers,  the 
debates  in  Parliament,  and  of  the  generally  disaffected 
state  of  the  country,  which  kept  England  in  constant 
alarm. 

The  revolt  of  the  Irish  Volunteers  was  the  concomi- 
tant of  the  American  Revolution.  The  voice  of  Liberty 
in  America  overleaped  the  seas  and  aw'akened  the  people 
of  Ireland  to  a sense  of  their  political  thraldom.  “They 
asked  one  another,”  writes  an  Irish  historian,  “whence 
that  thraldom,  and  why  should  they  submit  to  it  anj" 
longer.  Armed  men  arose  everywhere.  The  Govern- 
ment stood  astounded;  to  disarm  the  Volunteers  was 
beyond  their  power.  . . . Contending  terrors  agitated 


OF  AIVIERICAN  HISTORY 


233 


the  English  administration.  America  in  revolt,  Ireland 
about  to  revolt,  and  the  threatened  French  invasion  as- 
suming formidable  proportions!”  The  ministers  ap- 
pealed to  Ireland,  but  in  vain,  for  the  Volunteers  could 
neither  be  seduced  by  false  promises  nor  alarmed  by 
threats.  “Within  one  year,”  wrote  Adams  to  the  Presi- 
dent of  Congress  from  Paris  on  April  25,  1780,  “up- 
wards of  forty-six  thousand  V olunteers  have  been  raised 
in  Ireland  and  are  arming  and  drilling.”  On  May  21, 
1779,  Lee  wrote  from  Paris  to  the  Committee  of  For- 
eign Affairs:  “Ireland  is  nearly  in  the  state  we  were  in 
six  years  ago.  The  people  are  supplying  themselves 
with  arms,  meeting  and  exercising,  and  the  govern- 
ment not  venturing  to  interpose.  They  have  entered 
into  a non-importation  agreement,  and  this  spirit  is  in 
a train  towards  independency,  which  nothing  but  the 
most  wise  and  healing  measures  will  stop.” 

On  April  25,  1780,  Adams  wrote  Congress  on  affairs 
in  Ireland,  rejoicing  in  the  help  which  the  political 
situation  in  Ireland  was  giving  to  the  American  cause. 
He  quoted  a letter  from  one  of  his  correspondents  in 
Dublin,  relating  to  a proposition  made  in  the  Irish  Par- 
liament “that  four  war-ships  be  built  which  shall  con- 
stantly cruise  on  the  coasts  of  Ireland,”  the  object  be- 
ing to  protect  the  merchant  vessels  trading  with  Amer- 
ica, “thus  showing  plainly  Ireland’s  design,”  wrote 
Adams’  correspondent,  “to  separate  herself  from  Eng- 
land and  to  owe  her  safety  only  to  herself.”  Two  weeks 
later,  Adams  wrote  the  President  of  Congress  about 


Diplomatic  Correspondence,  Vol.  V,  pp.  18-24i. 
Vol.  II,  p.  243. 


234. 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


“the  political  shackles  which  the  people  of  Ireland  are 
endeavouring  to  shake  off,”  and  gave  a complete  de- 
scription of  Grattan’s  historic  resolution  in  the  House  on 
the  19th  of  April,  declaring  for  independence. 

On  June  1,  1780,  Adams  sent  to  Congress  a long  ac- 
count of  meetings  of  citizens  in  Dublin  asserting  their 
right  to  independence,  quoting  in  full  their  resolutions, 
and  showing  that  there  was  every  hope  for  their  suc- 
cess “if  the  war  in  America  continues.”  In  transmit- 
ting this  news,  Adams  said:  “The  slightest  circumstance 
may  blow  up  the  flames  of  war  between  the  two  King- 
doms, which  would  have  been  done  some  weeks  ago  if  the 
regular  oflicers  of  the  King’s  troops  had  not  given  way 
to  the  Dublin  Volunteers”;  and  so  important  did  Adams 
consider  information  of  this  character  that  he  again 
v/rote  the  President  of  Congress  describing  fully  a clash 
between  the  Volunteers  and  the  King’s  troops  in  the 
streets  of  Dublin,  in  which,  he  said,  “the  people  declared 
themselves  in  favour  of  the  Volunteers.” 

Harassed  on  every  side,  taunted  in  Parliament 
not  only  with  the  failure  of  the  Irish  to  enlist,  but  with 
the  daring  of  the  Volunteers  in  openly  drilling  and 
preparing  for  war,  England’s  pride  was  humbled,  and, 
as  Adams  said  in  one  of  his  letters  to  Congress,  “the 
British  Empire  is  crumbling  to  pieces  like  a rope  of 
sand.”  The  importance  of  apprising  Congress  of  the 
situation  in  Ireland  is  plainly  evident.  It  was  joyous 
news  to  the  Americans  and  it  heartened  the  leaders  to 


Diplomatic  Correspondence,  Vol.  V,  p.  86. 

Dated  March  24,  1780.  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  Vol. 
IV,  p.  435. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


235 


learn  that  England  had  other  formidable  troubles  to 
contend  with  right  at  her  own  doors,  and  that  she  would 
be  compelled  to  maintain  in  Ireland  large  bodies  of 
troops  which  otherwise  could  be  utilized  in  America. 
The  debt  which  America  owes  to  Ireland  for  this  one 
circumstance  alone  is  not  possible  to  estimate,  and  now 
that  we  review  the  true  story  of  these  historic  events,  we 
can  understand  what  a tremendous  tactical  error  Ire- 
land made  when  she  failed  to  take  advantage  of  the 
opportunity  at  the  close  of  the  American  war.  Dur- 
ing the  peace  negotiations  between  England  and  Amer- 
ica at  Paris,  and  the  later  negotiations  for  a treaty  of 
commerce  between  the  two  countries,  no  mention  was 
made  of  the  situation  in  Ireland,  and  the  Irish  Parlia- 
ment did  not  demand  representation,  notwithstanding 
the  great  desire  in  Ireland  for  a separate  treaty  of  com- 
merce with  America.  But  the  Parliament  which  thus 
blasted  Ireland’s  future  was  largely  comprised  of  the 
same  political  corruptionists  who,  seventeen  years  later, 
sold  their  country  for  British  gold. 

Another  circumstance  of  some  importance  which 
American  historians  generally  have  not  noticed  is  men- 

The  English  historian  Green  thus  describes  how  the  demands 
of  the  Irish  Volunteers  aided  America:  “So  real  was  the  danger 
that  England  was  forced  to  give  way.  The  first  demands,  in  ef- 
fect, were  claims  for  national  independence.  But  there  was  no 
means  of  resisting  them  [the  Volunteers].  In  the  face  of  such  a 
rising  close  at  hand,  it  became  plain  to  even  the  most  dogged  of 
Tories  that  it  was  impossible  to  continue  a strife  across  three  thou- 
sand miles  of  sea;  and  to  deal  with  the  attitude  of  Ireland  became 
even  a more  pressing  need  of  the  Ministry  which  followed  Lord 
North  than  the  need  of  dealing  with  America.”  (Green’s  History  of 
the  English  People,  Vol.  IV,  p.  266.) 


236 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


tioned  by  the  Irish  historian  Marmion,  and  verified  by 
Spencer  in  his  History  of  the  United  States,  namely, 
the  financial  aid  which  Irish  immigrants  brought  with 
them  to  the  Colonies  a few  years  prior  to  the  outbreak 
of  the  Revolution.  The  Marquis  of  Donegal,  an  ab- 
sentee nobleman,  was  one  of  the  largest  landowners  in 
Ireland,  and  in  1771,  upon  the  expiration  of  the  lease- 
holds on  his  estate,  he  decided  to  increase  the  rentals 
to  such  a degree  that  the  tenants  rebelled,  and  on  their 
refusal  to  accede  to  the  exactions  of  the  landlord,  the 
latter  ordered  wholesale  clearances  to  be  carried  out  on 
his  estate.  The  tenants  organized  themselves  into  a 
body  known  as  “The  Hearts  of  Steel”  for  the  purpose 
of  fighting  the  evictors,  but  on  the  arrival  of  a large 
body  of  soldiers  they  determined  to  offer  only  passive 
resistance.  Meetings  were  called  in  various  places,  and 
on  the  advice  of  their  leaders  the  farmers  determined 
to  sell  out  their  belongings  and  emigrate  to  America. 
During  the  three  ensuing  years  every  ship  that  sailed 
from  Irish  ports  for  the  Western  Continent  carried 
large  numbers  of  those  self-expatriated  Irish  families. 

“The  effect  of  this  agrarian  insurrection,”  says  Mar- 
mion, “which  extended  to  adjoining  Counties,  seriously 
affected  the  welfare  of  the  Province  of  Ulster  and  was 
instrumental  in  extending  liberty  to  the  whole  human 
race.  Thousands  of  men,  driven  from  their  holdings, 
dissatisfied  with  the  country  and  expressing  the  deep- 
est resentment  against  the  Irish  landlords,  emigrated  to 
America.  Arriving  there  at  a critical  moment,  and  actu- 
ated by  their  wrongs,  they  joined  the  armies  of  Wash- 
ington, then  contending  for  independence,  and  contrib- 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


237 


uted  by  their  numbers,  as  well  as  by  their  courage  and 
conduct,  to  separate  the  United  States  from  the  Brit- 
ish Crown.”  Marmion  shows  that  in  1771,  1772,  and 
1773,  eighty-eight  passenger-carrying  ships  sailed  for 
America  from  the  ports  of  Belfast,  Derry,  and  Newry, 
and  he  estimates  the  number  of  souls  on  board  at  not 
less  than  twenty-five  thousand. 

“These  emigrants,”  says  Marmion,  “were  chiefly 
farmers  and  manufacturers,  who,  it  was  calculated,  by 
converting  their  property  into  specie,  which  they  took 
with  them  abroad,  deprived  Ulster  of  one-fourth  of  its 
circulating  medium,  which  consisted  altogether  of  specie, 
and  also  a portion  equal  thereto  of  the  most  valuable 
part  of  the  population.”  While  Young  does  not  agree 
with  Marmion  in  the  essential  details,  he  says  that  the 
Irish  emigrants  “took  with  them  to  America  consider- 
able sums  of  money  received  from  the  sale  of  their  lease- 
holds, the  hardship  of  which  was  supposed  to  have  driven 
them  to  America.”  Spencer,  in  referring  to  the  ex- 
odus from  Ireland  at  this  period,  says:  “In  the  years 
1771  and  1772,  the  number  of  emigrants  to  America 
from  Ireland  alone  amounted  to  seventeen  thousand 
three  hundred  and  fifty.  Almost  all  of  them  emigrated 
at  their  own  charge;  a great  majority  of  them  consisted 
of  persons  employed  in  the  linen  manufacture,  or  farm- 
ers possessed  of  some  property  which  they  converted 
into  money  and  carried  with  them.  As  most  of  the 
emigrants,  and  particularly  those  from  Ireland  and 

Anthony  Marmion,  Ancient  and  Modern  History  of  the  Mari- 
time Ports  of  Ireland,  p.  333. 

Tonr  in  Ireland,  Part  II,  p.  30. 


238 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Scotland,  were  personally  discontented  with  their  treat- 
ment in  Europe,  their  accession  to  the  Colonial  popu- 
lation, it  might  reasonably  he  supposed,  had  no  ten- 
dency to  diminish  or  counteract  the  hostile  sentiments 
towards  Britain  which  were  daily  gathering  force  in 
America,” 

Young  says  that  when  Lord  Donegal’s  tenants  sold 
their  leaseholds  they  received  an  average  of  “from  thirty 
to  forty  pounds  for  them,”  and  as  there  were  at  least 
four  thousand  leases  sold,  it  is  probable  that  those 
Irish  immigrants  brought  with  them  to  America  not  less 
than  <£200,000  in  specie.  The  learned  historian  Dr. 
Thomas  Addis  Emmet,  commenting  on  this,  says : 
“Could  Robert  Morris,  the  financier  of  the  Revolution, 
enlighten  us  as  to  the  effect  from  bringing  this  amount 
of  specie  into  the  country,  we  would  realize  that  the 
benefit  was  an  incalculable  one.  lYliat  credit  we  had  in 
the  country  after  the  paper  money  had  depreciated  was 
based  upon  this  specie  throughout  the  greater  part  of 
the  Revolution.  Among  many  instances  to  this  purpose 
was  its  use  in  moving  the  army  to  Virginia  with  such 
expedition  as  to  ensure  the  capture  of  Cornwallis,  which 
event  contributed  more  to  the  termination  of  the  war 


Dr.  James  A.  Spencer,  History  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  I. 

Walpole’s  Last  Journals,  Vol.  VIII. 

A despatch  from  Ireland  on  this  subject  printed  in  the  Nerv 
York  Journal  or  General  Advertiser  of  July  15,  1773,  said  that 
the  amount  of  money  paid  for  their  passage  by  sixteen  thousand 
emigrants  who  left  Ireland  for  America  in  the  years  1771  and  1772 
was  £66,725,  and  that  “most  of  these  people  carried  money  with 
them,  in  evidence  of  which  it  was  computed  that  one  ship  last  year 
had  no  less  than  £4000  in  specie  on  board.’’ 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


239 


than  any  other,  and  without  the  eredit  based  on  this 
specie  the  struggle  would  have  terminated  long  before 
the  alliance  was  made  with  France.” 

It  is  conceded  by  all  historians  that  as  the  war  con- 
tinued the  value  of  Continental  paper  money  was  con- 
stantly depreciating,  and,  as  Dr.  David  Ramsay 
states  “Many  of  those  who  were  disaffected  to  the 
Revolution  absolutely  refused  to  take  the  bills  of  Con- 
gress, even  in  the  first  stage  of  the  war,  when  the  real 
and  nominal  value  was  the  same.”  Moreover,  the  meas- 
ures adopted  by  Congress  to  enforce  acceptance  of 
paper  money  “only  operated  on  the  patriotic  few,  who 
were  disposed  to  sacrifice  everything  in  the  cause  of 
their  country  and  who  implicitly  obeyed  every  mandate 
of  their  rulers.  Others  disregarded  them,  and  either 
refused  to  part  with  their  commodities,  or  demanded 
and  obtained  their  own  prices.” 

In  war  a healthy  treasury  is  no  less  essential  than  an 
abundance  of  men,  for  in  the  long  run  the  deepest  purse 
decides  the  contest  as  often  as  the  largest  army.  It 
would  have  been  impossible  for  Congress  to  have  con- 

Journal  of  the  American  Irish  Historical  Society,  Vol.  II. 

History  of  the  American  Revolution,  Vol.  II,  pp.  12-22. 

Ibid.  Some  of  Washington’s  letters  show  that  the  greatest 
embarrassment  he  suffered  during  the  war  arose  from  the  dearth 
of  gold  and  silver  coin,  because  the  troops  had  on  various  occasions 
declined  to  accept  Continental  paper  money,  on  account  of  its  de- 
preciated value.  In  a letter  from  Washington  to  the  President  of 
Congress,  dated  May  27,  1780,  he  said  that  the  men  had  refused 
the  paper  money,  claiming  that  “it  was  of  little  value  at  all,”  which 
was  the  chief  cause  of  the  mutinies  among  the  Pennsylvania  and 
Connecticut  troops  in  1780  and  of  the  New  Jersey  troops  in  the 
next  year.  (^The  Writings  of  Washington,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  288.) 


240  A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY 


tinued  the  war  without  a sufficiency  of  money,  for  with- 
out the  wherewithal  to  purchase  supplies  and  meet  their 
obligations  to  the  soldiers,  the  most  patriotic  and  self- 
sacrificing  army  must  in  time  have  succumbed.  There- 
fore, in  estimating  the  part  played  by  Ireland’s  sons  in 
the  achievement  of  American  liberty,  it  is  not  alone  the 
number  or  quality  of  the  fighting  men  that  must  be 
considered,  but  the  financial  aid  which  those  Irish  immi- 
grants contributed  almost  at  the  beginning  of  the  con- 
test. 


CHAPTER  XIV 


IRISH  IMMIGRATION  PRIOR  TO  THE  REVOLUTION 

Erroneous  impressions  received  from  historical  works.  Irish  Sign- 
ers of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  Irish  Framers  of 
the  Constitution.  Irish  Members  of  the  Continental  Congress. 
Irish  Commanding  Officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy.  Irish 
Governors.  John  Sullivan,  the  Limerick  Schoolmaster.  Ship- 
ping between  Irish  and  American  ports. 

ONE  great  reason  for  the  dearth  of  information 
upon  the  subject  of  the  Irish  in  the  American 
Revolution  may  be  attributed  to  the  failure  of  the 
leading  historians  to  relate  the  facts  concerning  immigra- 
tion from  Ireland  in  Colonial  times.  From  the  stand- 
point of  numbers  alone,  the  records  indicate  that  the 
Irish  were  one  of  the  important  elements  comprising 
the  population  of  America  about  the  time  of  the  Revo- 
lution, and  some  historians  have  been  deservedly  crit- 
icized for  their  evidently  premeditated  suppression  of 
the  facts  concerning  them.  But,  after  all,  the  historians 
are  not  alone  to  blame  for  this,  for  the  descendants  of 
the  Irish  immigrants  themselves  have  displayed  a lam- 
entable lack  of  interest  in  the  subject;  and  while  they 
have  neglected  the  story  of  their  race  in  the  Western 
Hemisphere,  the  descendants  of  the  English  Colonists 
have  had  historians  who  have  made  it  their  business  to 
supply  the  world  with  histories  of  their  own  making. 
Hence  it  is  evident  that  the  “Anglo-Saxon”  has  re- 

241 


242 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


ceived  more  than  his  proper  share  of  attention  in  Amer- 
ican history,  while  the  contributions  of  the  Irish  to  the 
upbuilding  of  the  country  have  been  so  scantily  treated 
as  to  create  the  impression  that  they  were  an  entirely 
negligible  factor. 

No  claim  is  made  that  the  Irish  should  be  singled  out 
for  special  treatment  by  historians,  any  more  than  any 
other  of  the  racial  elements  comprising  the  population 
of  the  Colonies;  but  where  there  is  such  a vast  amount 
of  data  concerning  the  Colonial  Irish  available  from  the 
records,  nearly  all  of  which  has  been  ignored  by  those 
leading  historians  upon  whom  the  reading  public  place 
so  much  dependence,  it  must  be  assumed  that  the  facts 
were  suppressed  for  some  ulterior  purpose.  On  the 
other  hand,  some  historians,  while  not  entirely  disre- 
garding the  facts  as  to  their  numbers,  characterize  the 
Irish  as  an  entirely  unimportant  element  who  contrib- 
uted nothing  to  the  making  of  the  nation.  It  is  true 
that,  in  the  aggregate,  a great  number  of  Irish  pioneers 
are  mentioned  in  local  to^vn  and  county  histories  and 
genealogies,  and  that  credit  has  been  given  to  them  un- 
grudgingly for  the  part  they  played  in  building  up  those 
local  communities.  Writers  of  local  history  have  not 
usually  been  so  susceptible  as  the  general  historians  to 
the  teachings  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  cult,  and  being  honest 
men,  as  a rule  they  wrote  down  what  they  found  in  the 
records  and  candidly  related  the  local  traditions,  with- 
out drawing  invidious  distinctions  as  to  races  and 
creeds.  Consequently  we  find  in  some  of  the  local  his- 
tories and  genealogies  a great  deal  of  reliable  data  relat- 


OF  AMERICAN  FIISTORY 


243 


ing  to  the  pioneer  settlers.  This  also  applies  in  a large 
measure  to  the  work  of  historical  societies,  many  of 
which  have  published  the  early  records  of  the  country, 
and  in  doing  so  have  given  the  public  verbatim  copies 
of  the  originals.  As  a rule,  the  text  is  printed  in  these 
copies  exactly  as  it  is  written  in  the  originals,  with  all 
the  errors,  irregularities  of  spelling,  contractions,  ec- 
centricities of  phraseology,  etc.,  faithfully  reproduced, 
thereby  placing  students  and  investigators  in  as  favor- 
able a position  as  is  enjoyed  by  those  who  have  access 
to  the  original  documents. 

The  general  impression  among  people  whose  informa- 
tion on  this  subject  is  obtained  only  from  the  “stand- 
ard” histories  of  the  United  States  is  that  the  Irish  did 
not  begin  to  come  to  this  country  until  the  early  years 
of  the  last  century,  and  that,  therefore,  they  could  have 
had  no  part  in  the  W ar  of  the  Revolution.  Indeed,  some 
historical  writers  have  dated  the  beginning  of  Irish 
immigration  to  America  from  “the  digging  of  the  Erie 
Canal,”  or  about  the  year  1820;  but  it  is  very  evident 
that  they  did  not  examine  the  records  or  consult  any 
authoritative  sources  of  information,  for  otherwise  they 
would  never  venture  upon  such  an  assertion.  Not  only 
have  these  historians  miscalculated  the  period  as  well 
as  the  extent  of  early  Irish  immigration  to  America, 
but  even  a publication  brought  out  in  1909  by  the  De- 
partment of  Commerce  and  Labor  of  the  United  States 
Government,  entitled  A Century  of  Population  Growth, 
displays  a woeful  lack  of  knowledge  on  the  subject 
when  it  credits  the  Irish  with  only  one  and  six-tenths 


244 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


per  cent,  of  the  population  of  the  United  States  in  the 
year  1790!  To  one  who  has  examined  the  early  Ameri- 
can records  it  is  a great  mystery  as  to  what  possible 
method  of  computation  the  government  statisticians 
could  have  used  in  arriving  at  that  conclusion.  Even  if 
they  had  no  other  guide  to  follow  but  the  ordinarily 
well  known  Irish  names  appearing  upon  the  records,  I 
cannot  conceive  how  they  could  conscientiously  say  that 
the  Irish  element  constituted  only  that  meager  propor- 
tion. Furthermore,  we  may  safely  assume  that  these 
statisticians,  in  all  probability  having  no  knowledge  of 
the  vast  changes  made  in  Irish  family  names  both  at 
home  and  abroad,  excluded  from  the  term  “Irish”  aU 
persons  bearing  apparently  non-Irish  names  who  were 
residents  of  the  United  States  at  the  time  the  first  cen- 
sus was  taken,  and,  doubtless,  placed  them  under  the 
head  of  “English”  and  “Scotch.” 

There  are  many  people  who  cannot  or  will  not  believe 
that  any  but  English,  Dutch,  and  Huguenots  colonized 
this  country  in  the  early  days,  although  in  late  years  the 
unflagging  industry  of  the  “Scotch-Irish”  historians  has 
resulted  in  creating  the  impression  that  this  class,  in 
contradistinction  to  the  plain  “Irish,”  also  had  a large 
part  in  the  laying  of  the  foundations.  They  cannot  re- 
alize the  fact  that  the  “Irish”  or  their  descendants  could 
have  had  a hand  in  this  work;  that  many  Irishmen  of 
education  and  good  social  breeding  came  to  the  Colonies 
and  entered  upon  the  pioneer  work  of  construction  with 
an  intelligence  and  zeal  equalling  that  of  their  fellow 
Colonists;  that  there  are  numbered  among  America’s 


^EP/?0OUC£O  sy  A/V/VA  E>PA//C£S  /.Ey/A'S 


xjAMES  SMrrn 

SIGNER  OF  THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE,  BORN  IN  DUBLIN,  IRELAND, 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


245 


leading  statesmen,  soldiers,  and  scholars  of  the  early 
days  and  among  her  pioneer  merchants  and  builders 
many  of  the  old  Gaelic  stock,  the  same  class  of  Irish- 
men who  won  fame  and  renown  on  the  continent  of 
Europe.  It  is  not  the  fault  of  the  American  people 
that  this  false  idea  has  been  propagated  as  “history,” 
for  Americans  as  a rule  are  a fair-minded  and  truth- 
loving  people ; but  from  their  very  school  days  they  have 
absorbed  it  from  historians  whose  special  mission  on 
earth  seems  to  have  been  to  laud  to  the  skies  all  things 
“English”  and  to  decry  or  suppress  any  other  elevating 
influences  in  American  life  that  may  have  had  their 
origin  with  other  peoples ! 

Irishmen  were  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence;^ Irishmen  were  members  of  the  first  Ameri- 
can Congress  which  began  in  1774  and  continued  down 
to  the  year  of  the  framing  of  the  Constitution;  ^ Irish- 


^ Smith,  Taylor,  Rutledge,  and  Thornton  were  natives  of  Ireland, 
and  Carroll,  McKean,  Read,  and  Lynch  were  descendants  of 
Irish  immigrants.  O’Hart  {Irish  Pedigrees,  Vol.  I,  p.  726)  says 
that  “Robert  Treat  Paine,  the  Signer,  was  a descendant  of  the 
O’Neills  of  Ulster;  that  Robert  O’Neill,  son  of  Teige  O’Neill 
hereditary  prince  of  Ulster,  emigrated  to  America  with  his  family, 
where  he  changed  his  name  to  Paine  so  as  to  preserve  his  life  from 
assassins.  It  was  one  of  his  descendants  who  signed  the  American 
Declaration  of  Independence  on  July  4th,  1776.’’  The  name  was 
adopted  from  one  of  his  maternal  ancestors  named  Payne  who  mar- 
ried an  O’Neill  in  Ireland. 

^ Pierse  Long,  Mathew  Thornton  and  Thomas  FitzSimmons  were 
natives  of  Limerick,  and  John  Sullivan’s  father  came  from  the  same 
Irish  city;  James  Duane  was  a son  of  Anthony  Duane  from  County 
Galway;  Edward  Hand  was  a native  of  Kings  County;  William 


246 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


men  were  among  the  F ramers  of  the  Constitution ; ^ 
Irishmen  commanded  brigades  and  regiments  in  the 
struggle  for  independence,^  and  an  Irishman  stands  in 
the  unique  position  of  “Father  of  the  American  Navy.”  ® 
Irishmen  were  Governors  of  American  provinces  and 
States  prior  to  the  opening  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
An  Irishman  was  Governor  of  the  Province  of  New 
York,®  and  another  was  Governor  of  the  Indians  from 


Irvine  was  a native  of  Fermanagh;  Charles  and  Daniel  Carroll 
came  from  the  Carrolls  of  Tipperary  and  Kings  counties;  Edward 
Carrington  was  of  a Mayo  family;  Thomas  Burke  was  a native 
of  Galway;  John  Armstrong,  of  Donegal;  James  McHenry,  of 
Antrim;  Pierce  Butler,  of  Kilkenny;  Cornelius  Harnett,  of  Dublin; 
Thomas  Lynch  was  of  the  noted  Galway  family  of  the  name,  and 
Jolm  and  Edward  Rutledge  were  also  natives  of  Ireland.  Kean, 
Read,  Heney,  and  Kearney  were  also  of  Irish  descent. 

® Four  natives  of  Ireland,  namely,  Thomas  FitzSimmons,  James 
McHenry,  John  Rutledge,  and  Pierce  Butler,  as  well  as  George 
Read  and  the  Carrolls,  Charles  and  Daniel,  of  Irish  descent,  were 
members  of  the  Federal  Convention  of  1787.  (See  Journal  of  the 
Federal  Convention,  by  John  Quincy  Adams,  1819;  Elliott’s  De- 
bates, and  Farrand’s  Framing  of  the  Constitution.^ 

* Among  the  Irish-born  officers  were  Generals  James  Hogan, 
John  Greaton,  Richard  Butler,  Richard  Montgomery,  William 
Irvine,  Edward  Hand,  William  Thomson,  William  Maxwell,  and 
Andrew  Lewis,  and  Colonels  Robert  Magaw,  John  Kelley,  John 
Dooley,  John  Patton,  W’alter  Stewart,  John  Shee,  Jolin  Haslet, 
Thomas  Proctor,  John  Fitzgerald,  Hercules  Mooney,  Pierse  Long, 
and  Stephen  Moylan.  Generals  James  Moore,  James  and  George 
Clinton,  Joseph  Reed,  John  Sullivan,  and  several  other  officers  of 
high  command,  were  sons  of  Irish  immigrants. 

® Commodore  John  Barrj’,  a native  of  Wexford. 

® Thomas  Dongan,  a native  of  County  Kildare,  who  became  Gov- 
ernor in  1683. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


247 


the  Hudson  to  the  Mississippi  River/  Irishmen  were 
Governors  of  the  Carolinas ; ® an  Irishman  governed  the 
Province  of  Maryland ; **  an  Irishman  was  the  first 
Governor  of  Delaware/'*  and  another  Irishman  was  one 
of  the  earliest  Governors  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.^ 
The  son  of  an  Irishman  was  the  first  Governor  of  the 
State  of  New  York/^  and  the  son  of  an  Irishman  was 
the  first  Mayor  of  the  City  of  New  York  after  the  Revo- 
lution.^® Irishmen  and  their  sons  of  the  ancient  Gaelic 
stock  are  recorded  among  the  earliest  Judges  of  the 
courts  of  many  of  the  present  States  of  the  Union;  they 
are  found  not  only  in  the  profession  of  the  law,  but  in 
medicine,  science,  and  literature,  and  as  pioneers  in  all 
walks  of  life  they  held  their  own  with  their  “Anglo- 
Saxon”  compeers. 

What  other  example  stands  on  a level  with  that  of 
John  Sullivan,  the  Limerick  schoolmaster,  who  taught 
the  children  of  New  England  Puritans  for  upward  of 

^ Sir  William  Johnson  of  County  Meath,  a descendant  of  the 
family  of  McShane. 

® James  Moore,  who  became  Governor  of  Carolina  in  1700,  was 
a grandson  of  Rory  O’More,  the  Irish  chieftain;  Arthur  Dobbs, 
who  became  Governor  of  North  Carolina  in  1754>,  and  Matthew 
Rowan,  Governor  in  1764,  were  natives  of  Carrickfergus ; John 
Rutledge,  Governor  of  South  Carolina  in  1776,  Thomas  Burke, 
Governor  in  1781,  and  Edward  Rutledge,  Governor  in  1788,  were 
natives  of  Ireland. 

® John  Hart,  a native  of  County  Cavan,  became  Governor  in  1714. 

John  McKinley,  a native  of  Ireland,  was  elected  Governor  in 
1776. 

George  Bryan,  from  Dublin,  was  Governor  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1788. 

George  Clinton,  whose  father  emigrated  from  Longford  in  1729. 

James  Duane. 


248 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


sixty  years?  As  an  historical  writer^®  has  so  aptly 
described  him,  he  was  the  father  of  a Governor  of  New 
Hampshire  and  of  a Governor  of  Massachusetts,  of 
the  first  Judge  appointed  in  New  Hampshire,  of  an 
Attorney- General  of  New  Hampshire,  of  a Major-Gen- 
eral in  the  Revolutionary  army,  and  of  four  sons  who 
were  officers  in  that  army;  he  was  the  grandfather  of  a 
Governor  of  Maine  and  of  a United  States  Senator  from 
New  Hampshire  and  an  Attorney-General  of  that 
State;  the  great-grandfather  of  an  Attorney- General 
of  New  Hampshire  and  of  a Judge  of  its  courts,  and 
the  great-great-grandfather  of  a distinguished  Amer- 
ican officer  in  the  Civil  War!  These  Irishmen,  and 
many  others  who  might  be  mentioned  in  the  same  cate- 
gory, were  of  the  ancient  race  which  stood  the  brunt 
of  English  persecutions  in  Ireland ; yet  they  have  been 
denied  a place  in  American  history  by  those  historical 
writers  whose  work  alone  is  found  in  American  schools 
and  colleges. 

It  is  only  when  we  consult  such  records  as  those  of 
the  Colonial  land  offices,  of  the  offices  of  the  Secretaries 

John  Sullivan  was  of  a noted  family  of  Cork  and  Kerry,  dis- 
tinguished in  Irish  history.  He  was  born  in  Limerick  in  1696 
and  emigrated  to  New  England  in  1723.  It  is  related  of  him 
that  when  he  applied  to  Rev'.  Dr.  Moody  of  Scotland  Parish, 
Maine,  in  that  year  for  employment  as  a teacher,  in  order  to  show 
that  he  was  competent  to  teach  he  wrote  his  application  in  seven 
languages ! He  exerted  a remarkable  influence  among  the  people, 
and  many  of  the  “Revolutionary  worthies”  of  New  England  were 
numbered  among  his  pupils.  See  Amory’s  work  on  the  Sullivans 
for  interesting  data  concerning  this  famous  Irish  schoolmaster. 

John  C.  Linehan,  in  Journals  of  the  American  Irish  Historical 
Society. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


249 


of  State,  the  Council  Journals,  the  Parish  Registers  of 
the  Colonial  churches  wherein  are  recorded  the  mar- 
riages and  deaths  of  the  early  settlers  and  the  births 
of  their  children,  the  records  of  the  Surrogates’  and 
County  Courts  and  of  the  Registrars  of  Wills  and 
Deeds,  the  early  newspapers,  the  muster-rolls  of  the 
Colonial  and  Revolutionary  armies,  the  Custom  House 
Records,  the  State  Archives,  the  early  Town  Books  and 
Minutes  of  the  Selectmen,  the  Journals  of  the  Genealog- 
ical and  Historical  Societies,  the  town  and  county  his- 
tories, and  the  numerous  other  publications  wherein  the 
names  of  the  early  settlers  are  copied  from  the  original 
records,  that  we  are  in  a position  to  form  any  idea  of 
the  enormous  immigration  of  Irish  people  to  these  shores 
during  the  Colonial  period.  And  when  we  read  the 
tens  of  thousands  of  old  Gaelic  names  that  appear  in 
these  records  with  the  most  astonishing  regularity,  we 
begin  to  wonder  what  the  reason  could  have  been  for 
the  almost  total  omission  of  any  reference  to  these  peo- 
ple from  our  standard  American  histories ! 

The  system  of  landlord  tyranny  and  the  political 
and  economic  oppression  to  which  the  people  of  Ireland 
were  subject  evidently  received  no  consideration  what- 
ever from  some  American  historians  in  determining 
whether  such  conditions  may  have  had  any  influence  on 
the  destinies  of  this  country.  During  the  first  half  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  so  wide-spread  was  the  discon- 
tent of  the  Irish  with  the  rapacity  of  the  landlords,  who 
in  many  cases  were  the  descendants  of  the  Cromwellian 
settlers  planted  in  Ireland  about  one  hundred  years 
before,  and  so  difficult  was  it  for  the  laboring  and  artisan 


250 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


class  to  make  a living  at  home,  that  for  many  years  prior 
to  the  Revolution  there  was  a continuous  stream  of 
Irish  immigration  flowing  to  the  American  Colonies. 
While  some  historical  writers  candidly  admit  that  large 
numbers  of  Irish  settled  in  America  during  that  period, 
they  assert  that  these  Colonists  came  from  the  province 
of  Ulster  only,  and  that  they  were  the  so-called  “Scotch- 
Irish”  element.  But  that  idea  is  altogether  erroneous, 
as  is  readily  seen  by  the  names  of  the  immigrants,  which 
indicate  to  any  person  acquainted  with  the  habitat  of 
the  old  Irish  families  in  Ireland  the  sections  of  the 
island  whence  they  came.  The  “Scotch-Irish”  theorists 
have  been  very  industrious  in  putting  forward  their 
claims  in  this  respect,  and  credulous  persons,  reading 
the  output  of  these  people,  conclude  that  all  immi- 
grants from  Ireland  prior  to  the  Revolution,  especially 
those  who  may  have  in  any  way  contributed  to  the  up- 
building of  the  country,  were  the  descendants  of  the 
Scotch  planters  who  settled  in  Ireland  in  the  seventeenth 
century. 

There  is  unquestionable  proof  that  every  part  of  Ire- 
land contributed  to  the  enormous  emigration  of  its 
people,  and  while  there  are  no  official  statistics  now  avail- 
able— for  none  were  kept — to  indicate  the  numerical 
strength  of  those  Irish  immigrations,  abundant  proof 
of  this  assertion  is  found  in  authentic  records,  such  as 
those  already  alluded  to.  In  the  newspapers  published 
in  the  cities  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard  are  enumerated 
the  arrivals  and  sailings  of  vessels  between  Irish  and 
American  ports  during  the  half  century  which  preceded 
the  Revolution.  From  the  ports  of  Cork,  Waterford, 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


251 


Wexford,  Kinsale,  Dublin,  Limerick,  Galway,  Sligo, 
Killala,  Coleraine,  Newry,  Belfast,  Letterkenny,  and 
Derry  ships  were  constantly  arriving.  These  vessels 
were  not  only  freight-carriers,  but  in  many  of  the  public 
announcements  in  American  newspapers  by  the  masters 
and  agents  of  the  vessels,  they  advertised  that  they  had 
“ample”  and,  in  some  cases,  “extraordinary  accommo- 
dations for  passengers”;  and  in  the  news  columns  may 
be  seen  hundreds  of  references  containing  accounts  of 
immigrants  arriving  from  all  parts  of  Ireland.  In 
a short  review  of  the  subject  it  is  not  possible  to  present 
all  this  evidence,  and  I shall  refer  to  a few  examples 
only.  In  single  issues  of  the  New  York  newspapers, 
between  the  years  1767  and  1773,  I find  as  many  as  ten 
to  fifteen  vessels  “up”  at  one  time,  advertised  to  sail 
for  their  home  ports  in  Ireland;  and  as  far  back  as 

Froude  {The  English  in  Ireland,  Vol.  II,  p.  125;  London, 
1874i),  in  referring  to  the  large  emigrations  to  America  following 
the  Antrim  evictions  in  1772,  says:  “The  South  and  West  of 
Ireland  were  caught  by  the  same  movement,  and  ships  could  not 
be  found  to  carry  the  crowds  who  were  eager  to  go.  The  emigra- 
tion was  not  only  depriving  Ireland  of  its  manufactures,  but  of 
the  sinews  of  its  trade.” 

John  F.  Watson,  the  New  York  historian,  in  his  Annals  and 
Occurrences  of  New  York  City  and  State  in  the  Olden  Times 
(Philadelphia,  1846),  expresses  surprise  at  finding  in  the  records 
and  newspapers  so  many  references  to  vessels  sailing  between  Irish 
and  American  ports  in  the  eighteenth  century.  Barrett  {Old 
Merchants  of  New  York,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  59),  in  referring  to  the  large 
trade  between  Ireland  and  America  in  the  year  1768,  calls  attention 
to  “the  regular  liners  between  New  York  and  Irish  ports,”  and 
states  that  “twelve  or  fifteen  regular  traders  to  Ireland  were  in 


252  A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY) 


1716  and  for  many  years  after  that  time  the  New  York 
and  Philadelphia  newspapers  continued  to  publish  ac- 
coimts  of  the  arrival  of  Irish  immigrants. 

A great  many  examples  like  the  following  can  be 
pointed  out  of  ships  arriving  at  Philadelphia  from  Ire- 
land: “The  Ship  Cezer  from  Waterford,  Ireland,”  which 
arrived  in  July,  1716,  with  “seventy  passengers”;  the 
same  ship  “from  Dublin”  in  September,  1717,  with 
“about  one  hundred  passengers”;  “the  Dove  from  Ire- 
land” in  August,  1716,  “with  passengers”;  an  unnamed 
ship  “from  Cork”  with  “fifty  passengers”  in  March, 
1718;  and  “the  Elizabeth  and  Margaret  from  Dublin” 
in  August  of  the  same  year  with  “one  hundred  and  fifty 
passengers.”  Pages  could  be  filled  with  such  items, 
but  these  are  selected  merely  to  show  that  Irish  immi- 
gration to  this  country  began  at  a very  early  period  and 
that  it  was  large  and  continuous,  although,  as  already 
stated,  it  was  during  the  half  century  preceding  the 
Revolution  that  the  greatest  number  came  over  and  set- 
tled permanently  in  the  Colonies. 


port  at  one  time,  when  there  was  but  one  vessel  up  for  London.” 
He  says  also  that  some  of  these  vessels  were  “owned  by  three  Irish 
firms”  in  New  York. 


CHAPTER  XV 


VAST  IRISH  IMMIGRATIONS  TO  PENNSYLVANIA 

Their  principal  settlements.  Mistaken  assumption  that  no  Irish 
Catholics  settled  in  America  prior  to  the  Revolution.  The  Irish 
traders.  Shipping  between  Philadelphia  and  Irish  ports,  1727 
to  1737.  Extracts  from  the  Philadelphia  newspapers. 

The  “footsteps  of  the  Celt”  can  be  traced  through 
every  one  of  the  original  Thirteen  Colonies.  In 
Pennsylvania,  for  example,  the  Irish  began  to  settle 
as  early  as  the  last  quarter  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
and  there  is  evidence  to  show  that  an  important  Irish 
colony  came  over  with  William  Penn  in  the  year  1682. 
Penn  was  well  acquainted  with  the  sturdy  character  of 
the  Irish  peasantry,  for  he  had  lived  many  years  at  Kin- 
sale,  in  the  county  of  Cork,  managing  his  father’s  es- 
tate; and  when  he  first  came  to  America  he  brought 
with  him  a number  of  Irish  people,  principally  from 
Cork  and  Wexford,  some  of  whom  are  referred  to  as 
“people  of  property”  and  “people  of  consequence.”  ^ 
Seventeen  years  later,  on  one  of  his  return  voyages  to 
Philadelphia,  he  brought  with  him  a brilliant  young 
Irishman,  J ames  Logan  of  Lurgan,  County  Armagh,  a 
son  of  Patrick  Logan,  a man  well  known  in  Ireland 
in  those  days  for  his  great  learning.  For  nearly  half 
a century  James  Logan  occupied  leading  positions  in 

^ Scharf-Westcott,  History  of  Philadelphia,  1609-1884;  Phila- 
delphia, 1884. 


253 


254 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


the  province,  among  them  Chief  Justice  of  the  Courts, 
Provincial  Secretary,  and  President  of  the  Council. 

About  this  time,  we  are  told,  “there  were  many  Irish 
Papists  in  Pennsylvania  who  turn  Quakers  and  get 
into  places,  as  well  as  Germans” ; ~ and,  indeed,  the  ar- 
rival of  “Irish  Papists  and  convicts”  at  the  port  of 
Philadelphia  was  so  constant  as  to  be  viewed  with  con- 
siderable alarm  by  the  provincial  authorities.  In  the 
Fisher  Collection  at  the  American  Philosophical  Society 
there  is  an  interesting  document,  “A  JNIessage  from  the 
Lieutenant-Governour  to  the  Representatives  of  the 
Freemen  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,”  dated  De- 
cember 17,  1728,  which  reads  in  part:  “I  have  now 
positive  orders  from  Britain  to  provide  proper  law 
against  these  crowds  of  foreigners  who  are  yearly  pour’d 
upon  us.  It  may  also  require  thoughts  to  prevent  the 
importation  of  Irish  Papists  and  convicts,  ^ of  whom 
some  of  the  most  notorious,  I am  creditably  informed, 
have  of  late  been  landed  in  this  river.”  On  December 
28,  the  “Representatives”  replied  to  this  letter,  saying: 
“We  do  likewise  perceive  it  to  be  of  the  greatest  conse- 
quence to  the  preservation  both  of  the  religious  and 
civil  rights  of  the  people  of  this  Province  to  prevent 
the  importation  of  Irish  Papists  and  convicts,  in  which 
no  endeavour  of  ours  shall  be  wanting,  and  we  earnestly 
request  the  Governour  to  recommend  the  same  to  the 


^ Letter  from  Rev.  Colin  Campbell  to  the  London  Society  for 
the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts,  quoted  in  Hill’s 
History  of  the  Episcopal  Church  of  Burlington,  New  Jersey. 

® The  Irish  “convicts”  were  the  political  refugees  who  fled  from 
the  persecutions  of  the  British  government. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


255 


consideration  of  the  Assembly  of  the  Three  Lower 
Counties  to  make  like  provision  against  the  growth  of 
so  pernicious  an  evil  in  that  Government,  which,  if 
not  timely  prevented,  will  sensibly  affect  the  people  of 
this  Province.”  A committee  was  appointed  to  draw 
up  a bill  “levying  a duty  on  foreigners,  Irish  servants 
and  persons  of  redemption”;  and  although  future  Irish 
immigrants  were  thus  taxed  on  their  landing  in  Phila- 
delphia, the  operation  of  the  statute  proved  “unsatis- 
factory,” for  the  law  was  evaded  by  the  captains  of  ves- 
sels arriving  in  the  Delaware  landing  their  passengers 
at  Newcastle,  Delaware,  or  Burlington,  New  Jersey. 

The  most  important  of  the  early  Irish  immigrations 
to  Pennsylvania,  from  the  standpoint  of  numbers,  be- 
gan about  the  opening  of  the  eighteenth  century.  These 
Irish  settled  generally  in  or  near  Philadelphia  and  in 
Bucks,  Chester,  and  Lancaster  counties,  and  large  num- 
bers flocked  to  the  Cumberland  Valley.  As  they  were 
generally  tillers  of  the  soil  in  Ireland,  they  preferred 
agricultural  to  other  pursuits,  and  within  a very  few 
years  several  little  farming  communities  composed  en- 
tirely of  Irish  families  were  flourishing  in  the  beautiful 
Cumberland  Valley  on  lands  opened  to  them  by  the 
province  or  acquired  by  purchase  from  the  Indians. 
Down  to  the  time  of  the  Revolution,  nearly  all  the  set- 
tlers of  the  valley  were  from  Ireland  or  of  the  first  gen- 
eration of  American-born  descendants  of  Irish  immi- 
grants. “No  district  of  our  broad,  beautiful,  and  blessed 
country,”  says  a local  historian,  “has  furnished  more  rep- 
resentative men,  men  distinguished  for  their  ability,  in- 


256 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


telligence,  and  influence,  than  Cumberland  Valley.”  ^ 
The  influx  into  the  province  of  substantial  Irish  settlers 
was  great  after  this  period,  and  continued  with  little 
abatement  for  many  years.  In  1734  there  are  said  to 
have  been  in  the  Kittochtinny  Valley  “about  one  thou- 
sand families,”  while  in  1750  the  population  was  “be- 
tween flve  and  six  thousand.”  It  had  “about  one  thou- 
sand taxables,  nine-tenths  of  whom,”  according  to  a 
local  historian,  “were  Irish  and  Scotch.”  The  same 
authority  states  that  for  some  years  previous  to  the 
Indian  wars,  “the  Irish  and  Scotch  immigrants  consti- 
tuted the  great  mass  of  the  effective  population  of  the 
Province.  They  settled  in  great  numbers  in  various 
parts  of  Lancaster,  York,  and  Northampton  Counties 
and  formed  the  entire  population  of  the  Kittochtinny 
Valley.”  " 

Irish  settlements  were  made  in  1717  on  the  Octoraro 
Creek  in  Lancaster  County.  Rupp,  an  impartial  his- 
torian, thus  refers  to  them:  “They  and  their  descend- 
ants have  always  been  justly  regarded  as  among  the 
most  intelligent  people  of  the  county,  and  their  prog- 
ress will  be  found  to  be  but  little  behind  the  boasted 
efforts  of  the  Colony  of  Plymouth.”  ® Among  the  Irish- 
men who  came  to  Bucks  County  in  the  year  1720  were 
the  Tennent  family  from  County  Armagh,  one  of  whom. 


* Dr.  Alfred  Nevin,  Men  of  Mark  in  the  Cumberland  Valley; 
Philadelphia,  1876. 

® George  C.  Chambers,  A Tribute  to  the  Virtues,  Habits,  and 
Usefulness  of  the  Early  Irish  and  Scotch  Settlers  of  Pennsylvania; 
Chambersburg,  Pennsylvania,  1856. 

® History  of  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  p.  439. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


257 


Rev.  William  Tennent,  was  celebrated  for  his  profound 
learning.  He  established  the  famous  wilderness  school 
known  as  the  “Log  College”  at  Neshaminy,  Pennsyl- 
vania, which  he  conducted  with  much  success,  and  in  it 
were  educated  men  who  achieved  great  reputations  in 
after  years.  The  “Log  College”  has  been  called  “the 
first  literary  institution  above  the  common  schools  in 
Pennsylvania”  and  “the  germ  from  which  proceeded 
the  flourishing  college  of  New  Jersey,  at  Princeton.” 

In  1722,  a number  of  people  from  County  Donegal, 
Ireland,  located  in  Westmoreland  County,  which  be- 
came an  extensive  settlement  and  embraced  a large  dis- 
trict of  fertile  and  choice  lands.  In  1723  a considerable 
number  of  Irish  people  located  in  Dauphin  and  Cum- 
berland counties,  ^ and  in  the  next  year  Irish  settlements 
were  established  west  of  the  Susquehanna  River  in  what 
is  now  York  County.  This  section  had  been  inhabited 
chiefly  by  Germans  who  had  arrived  a short  time  before. 
The  relations  between  the  two  nationalities  were  never 
friendly,  and  the  racial  rivalries  resulted  in  such  out- 
breaks that  after  a quarter  of  a century  of  strife  and  ani- 
mosity an  enforced  separation  of  the  territory  was 
brought  about  by  the  provincial  authorities  which  con- 
fined the  Germans  to  York  and  the  Irish  to  Cumberland 
County.  ® 

Harley,  in  his  Life  of  Charles  Thomson,  ^ states  that 
“before  1726  six  thousand  Irish  had  arrived,  while  the 

^ Geiser,  Redemptioners  and  Indentured  Servants  in  the  Colony 
and  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  1901. 

® Provincial  Records  of  Pennsylvania. 

^ Page  17. 


258 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


failure  of  the  crops  of  Ulster  increased  the  volume  of 
immigration  to  twelve  thousand  a year  until  1750”; 
and  Dr.  Robert  Baird,  in  his  History  of  Religion  in 
Americdj^^  says:  “From  1729  to  1750  about  twelve 
thousand  annually  came  from  Ulster  to  America.”  This 
last  estimate  would  make  an  exodus  from  Ulster  alone 
during  a period  of  twenty-five  years  of  the  almost  in- 
credible total  of  300,000,  exclusive  of  the  large  emigra- 
tions from  the  other  provinces  of  Ireland. 

The  majority  of  the  Ulster  emigrants  who  came  about 
this  time  seem  to  have  been  Episcopalians  and  Presby- 
terians, and  the  immediate  cause  of  their  enforced  ex- 
patriation, besides  the  unsatisfactory  economic  condi- 
tions in  their  native  land,  was  the  passage  of  the  “Test 
Act,”  which  deprived  a large  number  of  Irish  Protes- 
tants of  the  privileges  of  the  franchise.  J ames  Anthony 
Froude,  in  the  lugubrious  tone  that  characterizes  his 
historical  work  wherever  a question  of  religion  is  con- 
cerned, thus  comments  upon  the  exodus  from  Ireland 
which  set  in  after  the  passage  of  the  Test  Act:  “The 
young,  the  courageous,  the  energetic,  the  earnest,  these 
alone  among  the  colonists,  who,  if  ever  Ireland  was  to 
be  a Protestant  country,  could  be  eff ective  missionaries, 
were  torn  up  by  the  roots,  flung  out  and  bid  find  a home 
elsewhere,  and  they  found  a home  to  which  England, 
fifty  years  later,  had  to  regret  that  she  had  allowed  them 
to  be  driven.” 

But  that  it  is  evident  the  early  emigrations  from 

^°New  York,  1844!. 

The  English  in  Ireland  in  the  Eighteenth  Century,  Vol.  I, 
p.  304. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


259 


Ireland  to  Pennsylvania  were  a mixed  class,  in  so  far 
as  religion  is  concerned,  we  may  judge  from  the  state- 
ments of  historians  like  John  D.  Rupp  and  DeCourcey 
and  Shea.  Rupp,  in  his  History  of  Northampton,  Le- 
high, Monroe,  Sehuylkill,  and  Carbon  Counties,  Penn- 
sylvania, shows  that  many  of  these  people  selected  this 
region  for  their  homes,  and  in  referring  to  their  de- 
scendants he  says:  “The  greater  proportion  of  them  are 
Catholics  and  have  priests  officiating  in  the  Irish  lan- 
guage.” The  same  historian,  in  his  History  of  North- 
ampton, Huntingdon,  Mifflin,  Centre,  Union,  Columbia, 
Juniata,  and  Clinton  Counties,  says:  “Previous  to  the 
Revolution  of  1776,  the  immigration  of  the  Irish  was 
not  only  extensive  but  of  the  better  sort.”  He  calls 
the  Irish  of  Dauphin  and  Cumberland  counties  “a  gen- 
erous and  hospitable  people,”  and  quotes  the  Lord’s 
Prayer  from  a Gaelic  Bible  which  he  discovered  in  the 
possession  of  one  of  the  Irish  Catholic  families,  adding 
that  “the  descendants  of  the  Irish  no  longer  speak  the 
language  of  their  valorous  fathers.”  Shea,  in  his  His- 
tory of  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States,  says 
that  “in  1729  a Catholic  chapel  existed  near  Philadel- 
phia on  the  road  between  Nicetown  and  Frankford, 
which  was  erected  by  Miss  Elizabeth  McGawley,  a 
young  Irish  lady  who  had  settled  in  that  part  with  a 
number  of  tenants  whom  she  had  brought  from  Ireland.” 
In  1742  another  Catholic  church  was  erected  for  the 
Irish  settlers  at  Lancaster,  and  in  the  lists  of  its  trustees 
and  the  members  of  its  congregation  nearly  all  the 
names  are  Irish.  In  1753,  St.  Mary’s  Catholic  church 


260 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


was  erected  at  Philadelphia,  which  Griffin  says  was 
known  as  “the  Irish  church,”  a most  appropriate  des- 
ignation, if  we  are  to  judge  from  the  rosters  of  its 
congregation. 

“Evidence  is  at  hand,”  says  Rev.  Howard  Ganss,  one 
of  the  historians  of  Carlisle,  “that  before  1745  a number 
of  Irish  Catholic  families  settled  in  Tuscarora  Path  and 
formed  the  nucleus  of  a settlement  still  in  existence,  and 
in  which  we  not  only  find  lineal  descendants  of  the  orig- 
inal settlers,  but  a community  in  which,  in  spite  of  the 
vicissitudes  of  time,  the  frequent  depredations  of  the 
Indians,  the  great  distance  from  a church  and  the  sadly 
few  visits  of  priests,  the  Catholic  faith  is  still  found 
as  firm  and  intact  as  was  that  of  their  ancestors  who 
planted  it  there  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  years 
ago.  This  settlement  was  not  only  the  one  that  lay 
further  west  than  any  hitherto  attempted  on  this  side 
of  the  Alleghenies,  but  even  antedates  Conewago,  as 
far  as  documentary  evidence  goes.” 

Some  historical  narrators  insist  upon  placing  the  early 
Irish  in  America  in  two  opposing  camps,  namely,  “Cath- 
olic” and  “Protestant,”  and,  in  fact,  some  assert  that 
the  Irish  who  came  over  previous  to  the  Revolution  were 
“almost  wholly  Presbyterians”  and  that  “there  was  no 
Catholic  emigration  from  Ireland  to  America  at  all 
until  after  that  time.”  Usually  this  claim  is  made  by 
people  who  seem  to  be  unable  to  conceive  otherwise  than 
that  “Irish”  and  “Catholic”  are  synonjonous  terms,  and 


American  Catholic  Historical  Researches;  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
This  was  written  in  1845. 


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OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


261 


this  thought  has  led  them  into  the  most  ridiculous  as- 
sumptions with  regard  to  the  Irish  in  the  Revolution. 
That  their  opinions  on  this  question,  and  especially  in 
relation  to  the  Catholic  Irish,  are  altogether  at  variance 
with  the  facts  is  shown  by  many  reputable  authorities, 
the  following  being  submitted  as  examples : 

“It  is  a fact  most  undoubtedly  true  that  great  num- 
bers of  Irish  and  German  Papists  have,  of  late  years, 
gone  into  our  Colonies.” 

“Before  the  Revolution,  Pennsylvania  harboured  five 
Catholic  churches  with  about  double  the  number  of 
priests  and  several  thousand  communicants,  mostly  Irish 
and  Germans.” 

Pehr  Kalm,  the  Swedish  historian,  who  was  in  Phila- 
delphia in  1748,  states  that  “the  Roman  Catholics  have 
a Church  here,”  which,  he  remarked,  “is  well  adorned 
within  and  has  an  organ,”  from  which  it  must  be  as- 
sumed that  the  church  had  a considerable  congregation 
even  for  that  early  day.  “There  is  one  Romish  Chapel 
in  Philadelphia.”  The  church  here  referred  to  was 
Saint  Joseph’s  Catholic  Church,  which  Griffin  states 
was  erected  in  the  year  1733;  and  if  we  are  to  judge 
from  the  names  of  its  worshipers,  registers  of  burials, 
baptisms,  etc.,  it  is  quite  apparent  that  the  Irish  were 

Extract  “from  a late  English  paper,”  in  Pennsylvania  Gazette 
of  July  15,  1755. 

Berthold  Fernow,  Middle  Colonies  Critical  and  Narrative  His- 
tory of  America,  Vol,  I,  p,  160. 

Voyage  de  Kalm  en  Amerique,  Vol.  I,  p.  43. 

Rev.  Andrew  Burnaby’s  Travels  in  North  America,  1759-60, 
p.  77. 

American  Catholic  Historical  Researches,  Vol.  X,  No.  1. 


262 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


largely  represented  among  its  parishioners  about  the 
period  of  the  Revolution. 

“As  to  religion  [in  Pennsylvania]  there  is  none  prop- 
erly established,  but  Protestants  of  all  denominations, 
Papists,  Jews,  and  all  other  sects  whatsoever  are  univer- 
sally tolerated.”  “The  established  religion  [in  JNIary- 
land]  is  that  of  the  Church  of  England,  but  there  are 
as  many  Roman  Catholics  as  Protestants.”  The  numer- 
ous Irish  Catholic  names  that  appear  in  IMaryland  rec- 
ords of  the  period  referred  to  justify  the  conclusion  that 
the  Irish  were  a strong  element  among  Maryland  Cath- 
olics. 

Achenwall,  in  his  Observations  on  North  America, 
refers  to  the  Irish  settlers  in  Peimsylvania  in  such  a 
way  as  to  indicate  that  he  regarded  them  as  a large 
and  important  element  of  the  population;  and  he  states 
that  “Catholic  Churches  are  found  in  Pennsylvania  as 
well  as  in  Maryland,”  but  that  “Roman  Catholics  are 
excluded  from  all  offices  and  from  the  Assembly  be- 
cause they  cannot  take  the  usual  religious  oath  and  sub- 
scribe under  the  Test  Act.” 

“Roman  Catholics  are  very  numerous  in  Berks  Coun- 
ty.” That  the  Irish  were  also  “numerous  in  Berks 
County”  may  readily  be  seen  from  the  Pennsylvania 
land  records. 

“If  the  Irish  Catholics  taken  as  prisoners  to  Canada 
[from  the  Colony  of  New  York]  ask  to  remain  there. 


Burnaby’s  Travels,  pp.  69  and  84. 

Petition  of  the  Justices  of  Berks  County  to  Governor  Morris, 
dated  July  23,  1755. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


263 


see  no  difficulty  about  their  being  allowed  to  do  so.  The 
manner  in  which  the  English  treat  their  nation  ought 
not  to  cause  them  to  regret  such  a change.  The  same 
could  be  done  with  respect  to  the  Scotch  Catho- 
lics.” 

“Great  numbers  of  Irish  Papists  are  being  brought 
continually  into  Maryland,  and  many  Irish  priests  are 
suspected  of  coming  incognito,  as  having  no  better  place 
of  refuge  in  the  King’s  dominions  upon  their  being  ban- 
ished from  Ireland.” 

“A  very  great  number  of  Gentlemen  of  good  and 
Ancient  Families  and  other  Roman  Catholicks  of  the 
Kingdoms  of  England  and  Ireland,  being  vexed  and 
persecuted  by  the  several  paenal  Statutes  made  against 
them  in  their  native  Countries,  . . . transported  them- 
selves into  this  Province,”  etc. 

In  1764,  one  Thomas  Shea  conveyed  by  deed  to  Rev. 
Bennett  Neale  a farm  of  land  at  Priests’  Ford  in  Har- 
ford County,  Maryland,  on  which  a Catholic  chapel  was 
erected.  That  this  chapel  was  for  the  use  of  Irish 
Catholics  of  the  vicinity  is  clearly  shown  by  the  names 
of  the  early  settlers  in  that  part  of  the  county  which  ap- 

Letter  from  the  President  of  the  Navy  Board  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  Marine  Provinces,  Paris,  dated  January  23,  1748,  relative 
to  the  exchange  of  prisoners  in  America;  in  Canadian  Archives, 
Vol.  I,  p.  101. 

Letter  of  the  Episcopal  Clergy  of  Maryland  to  the  Bishop  of 
London,  dated  “Maryland,  Port  Annapolis,  May  1,  1696”;  in  Daw- 
son’s Historical  Magazine  for  1868,  pp.  151-3. 

The  humble  Petition  and  Remonstrance  of  Charles  Carroll,  on 
behalf  of  himself  and  all  the  other  Roman  Catholics  of  the  Province 
of  Maryland;  in  Library  of  Congress,  BM.  Add.  MSS.  No.  15489- 

Land  Records  of  Maryland. 


264 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


pear  in  the  records  of  ihe  Land  Commissioner’s  office 
at  Annapolis. 

“By  far  the  greatest  number  of  Roman  Catholics 
[in  Maryland]  are  on  the  Western  Shore,  and,  what  is 
very  surprising,  it  was  also  the  most  violently  rebellious 
and  disaffected  in  the  Revolution.”  How  very  sug- 
gestive of  the  presence  of  the  Irish! 

In  a letter  from  Rev.  John  Carroll  in  the  year  1779, 
he  said:  “I  have  care  of  a very  large  congregation”  [at 
Rock  Creek,  Maryland],  and  another  congregation  in 
Virginia  to  which  I go  sixty  or  seventy  miles  once  a 
month.”  Rock  Creek  is  near  Washington,  D.  C.,  in 
Montgomery  County,  Maryland,  and  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  I have  found  a number  of  old  Irish  names 
recorded  prior  to  the  year  1779.  The  Virginia  congre- 
gation was  in  Stafford  County,  whose  early  records  also 
contain  numbers  of  old  Irish  names. 

A book  entitled  The  Catholic  Christian  Instructor 
was  published  by  Robert  Bell  at  Philadelphia  in  1774, 
the  original  subscribers  to  which  were  people  named 
O’Neill,  Willcox,  Cullen,  Hogan,  and  Gallagher,  from 
which  it  may  be  assumed  that  its  supporters  were  Irish ; 
and  the  fact  that  the  publisher  undertook  to  print  such 
a book  makes  it  appear  that  there  must  have  been  some 
demand  for  it. 

Rev.  John  Carroll,  Bishop  of  Baltimore,  writing  to 
Matthew  Carey  of  Philadelphia  on  Januarj’^  30,  1789, 
in  reference  to  “the  illiberal  treatment  of  Roman 

A Tour  in  the  United  States,  by  J.  F.  Smith,  Vol.  II,  London, 
1784. 

Among  the  Woodstock  Letters,  Vol.  IV,  No.  1,  p.  128. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


265 


Catholics  in  the  United  States,”  said:  “They  contrib- 
uted in  proportion  to  their  numbers,  equally  at  least 
with  every  other  denomination,  to  the  establishment 
of  independence  and  ran  every  risk  in  common  with 
them.”  (Matthew  Carey’s  MS.  Correspondence,  Vol. 
IV.) 

In  a contribution  on  the  same  subject,  printed  in 
the  Columbian  Magazine  of  Philadelphia  for  December, 
1787,  Bishop  Carroll  said:  “The  American  army 
swarmed  with  Roman  Catholic  soldiers,  and  the  world 
•would  have  held  them  justified  had  they  withdrawn 
themselves  from  the  defence  of  a State  which  treated 
them  with  so  much  cruelty  and  injustice,  and  which 
they  then  covered  from  the  depredations  of  the  British 
army.  But  their  patriotism  was  too  disinterested  to 
hearken  to  the  first  impulse  of  even  just  resentment.” 
Bishop  Carroll  was  a witness  to  the  events  of  the  Rev- 
olution and  his  standing  and  that  of  all  of  the  Carroll 
family  among  the  people  need  not  be  referred  to 
here.  It  is  needless  to  say,  that  when  he  wrote  the  above 
he  had  in  mind  the  Irish  Catholics,  and  the  statement 
of  so  responsible  a witness  can  hardly  be  called  into 
question. 

Finally,  we  have  the  evidence  of  the  historic  address 
“on  behalf  of  the  Roman  Catholics  of  the  United  States” 
to  President  Washington,  on  March  15,  1790,  and  from 
the  fact  that  this  document  was  signed  by  Rev.  John 
Carroll,  Charles  Carroll,  Daniel  Carroll,  Dominick 
Lynch,  and  Thomas  FitzSimmons,  it  is  clear  that  it 
was  at  the  instance  of  the  Irish  Catholics,  above  all 
others,  that  this  address  was  presented.  Many  more 


266 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


such  authorities  can  be  quoted,  but  these  are  probably 
sufficient  to  illustrate  the  point.  It  is  perfectly  obvious 
that  multitudes  of  Catholics  emigrated  from  Ireland  to 
America  before  the  Revolution,  and  the  long  succession 
of  names  representative  of  the  ancient  Catholic  families 
of  Ireland  which  appear  in  the  early  records  here  re- 
ferred to  is  sufficient  proof  of  that  fact.  On  the  other 
hand,  it  is  just  as  obvious  that  the  majority  of  these 
Irish  Catholics  did  not  practise  their  religion  in  Amer- 
ica, and  that  their  children  became  associated  with  other 
religious  denominations,  which  explains  why  so  many 
thousands  of  present-day  Americans  who  have  sprung 
from  the  ancient  stock  of  the  Clan-na-Gaedlial,  and  who 
still  bear  old  Irish  names,  are  non-Catholic  and  seldom 
have  any  knowledge  of  or  interest  in  their  Irish  fore- 
bears or  the  history  of  their  race  in  the  Western  Hemi- 
sphere. 

But  the  fact  that  many  of  the  Colonial  Irish  were 
not  practical  Catholics  did  not  de-Irishize  them,  for  re- 
ligion does  not  make  nationality,  however  much  it  may 
change  eertain  racial  ideals.  In  the  case  of  the  Irish 
Catholic  immigrants,  however,  the  change  in  religion, 
or  the  want  of  it,  had  a far-reaching  and  deleterious  ef- 
fect. As  knowledge  strengthens  the  mind  and  ignorance 
weakens  it,  so  undoubtedly  many  of  the  poor  Irish 
Catholies  in  the  Colonies,  finding  no  church  of  their  own 
faith  to  eommune  with,  in  despair  abandoned  their 
faith  because  of  their  ignorance  of  its  fundamentals, 
which  were  not  taught  in  those  days  to  the  extent  that 
they  are  now.  In  most  cases,  even  those  who  abhorred 
the  idea  of  apostasy,  had  no  chance  of  practising  their 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


267 


religion,  for  the  open  profession  of  the  Catholic  faith 
was  not  tolerated ; they  had  neither  priests  nor  churches, 
and  there  was  no  encouragement  to  bring  over  priests 
even  secretly.  Compelled  by  local  laws  to  have  their 
children  baptized  by  the  Protestant  clergy  so  as  to  le- 
galize their  birth,  and  compelled  by  similar  laws  to  send 
their  children  to  churches  and  schools  where  “Papists” 
were  ridiculed  and  the  cry  of  “No  Popery!”  was  con- 
stantly in  their  ears,  it  is  no  wonder  the  parents  weak- 
ened and  that  when  the  children  grew  up  they  either  had 
no  religion  at  all  or  became  absorbed  by  the  different 
Protestant  sects.  Thus,  in  course  of  time,  they  lost 
their  faith,  and  with  it,  in  many  cases,  the  distinctive 
characteristics  of  the  Celtic  race! 

Many  of  the  Irish  immigrants  to  Pennsylvania  are 
found  to  have  located  in  the  most  far-away  parts  of 
the  province.  Some  pushed  out  beyond  the  regions 
where  the  first  settlements  were  established.  There 
were  among  them  many  young  men  of  energy  and  re- 
source who  had  no  fear  of  the  contiguity  of  the  Indian 
tribes.  Their  occupations  were  diversified;  some  of 
them  had  not  the  patience  to  settle  down  and  carve  out 
an  existence  from  the  boundless  forest;  consequently 
we  find  many  of  them  leading  a nomadic  life,  carrying 
packs  upon  their  backs  and  trading  with  the  Indians. 
Several  Indian  traders  of  Irish  names  are  mentioned  in 
Pennsylvania  official  records,  and  one  of  the  many  inter- 
esting references  to  them  is  contained  in  the  Journal 
of  Christian  Post,  quoted  by  Rupp  in  his  History  of 
Western  Pennsylvania.  In  1758,  Christian  Post  was 
sent  from  Philadelphia  to  the  Ohio  with  a message  from 


268 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania  to  the  Indians,  urging 
them  to  withdraw  from  their  alliance  with  the  French. 
On  September  1,  1758,  in  a conference  with  the  Indian 
chiefs.  Post  told  them:  “There  are  a great  many  Pap- 
ists in  the  country  who  have  sent  many  runaway  Irish 
servants  among  you,  who  have  put  bad  notions  into  your 
heads  and  strengthened  you  against  your  brothers,  the 
English.”  He  then  exhorted  them  “not  to  believe  these 
ill-designing  Irishmen,”  and  adds  by  way  of  memoran- 
dum in  his  Journal:  “There  are  a great  number  of  Irish 
traders  now  among  the  Indians  who  have  always  en- 
deavoured to  split  up  the  Indians  against  the  English.” 
Similar  references  to  “the  Irish  Papists”  are  found  in 
the  Manuscripts  of  Sir  William  Johnson,  Colonial  Gov- 
ernor of  New  York.  In  a report  to  Governor  Johnson 
on  the  fighting  along  the  northwestern  frontier  of  New 
York  during  the  French-English  War,  the  commander 
of  an  English  regiment,  under  date  of  May  28,  1756, 
referred  to  “the  great  number  of  Irish  Papists  and  trans- 
ports who  were  enlisted  from  Pennsylvania  and  Mary- 
land and  who  deserted  at  Oswego  and  other  garrisons,” 
and  stated  that  “there  are  a great  number  of  these  Irish 
Papists  amongst  the  Delaware  and  Susquehaima  Indi- 
ans who  have  done  a world  of  prejudice  to  English 
interests.” 

Probably  the  correct  explanation  of  these  wholesale 
desertions  of  “Irish  Papists”  from  the  English  service 
is  that  which  I find  in  the  Journal  of  the  jNIarquis  of 
JMontcalm,  commander  of  the  French  troops,  wherein 
reference  is  made  to  “the  Irish  Brigade  in  the  ser\dce 
of  France.”  In  August,  1756,  the  French  laid  siege  to 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


269 


a fort  known  as  Chouaguen  on  Lake  Ontario,  opposite 
what  is  now  Oswego.  After  a fierce  engagement,  the 
English  surrendered,  and  among  the  prisoners  Mont- 
calm mentioned  “two  English  regiments  who  were  at 
the  battle  of  Fontenoy.”  It  so  happened  that  the  regi- 
ment which  compelled  their  surrender  was  commanded 
by  a Colonel  Bearn,  or  Byrne,  and  was  one  of  those  that 
composed  the  Irish  Brigade  which  inflicted  the  historic 
defeat  on  the  English  army  at  Fontenoy  only  eleven 
years  before.  This  regiment  receives  special  mention 
from  Montcalm  for  its  bravery  at  Oswego,  and,  to  quote 
the  words  of  a deserter  from  a French  regiment,  “the 
leaders  in  the  attack  on  the  fort  were  the  French  sol- 
diers vdio  were  cloathed  in  Red,  faced  with  Green,  which 
I imagine,  belong  to  the  Irish  Brigade.”  Doubtless 
“the  Irish  Papists  from  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland” 
had  been  impressed  into  the  English  service  and  took 
advantage  of  the  contiguity  of  the  F rench  to  make  their 
escape  in  large  bodies  and  join  their  countrymen  who 
were  fighting  in  the  ranks  of  Ireland’s  historic  friend. 

In  the  Philadelphia  newspapers  may  be  read  accounts 
of  the  numbers  of  yearly  arrivals  at  that  port.  For 
example,  in  1727,  1155  Irish  people  landed  in  the  Dela- 
ware River,  and  in  the  following  year  they  reached 
the  high  total  of  5600.  The  American  Weekly  Mercury 
of  August  14, 1729,  stated  that  during  the  previous  week 
“about  2000  Irish  arrived  at  Newcastle,  Del.,  and  an 

See  Edmund  B.  O’Callaghan’s  Documentary  History  of  New 
York,  Vol.  I,  p.  504. 

This  description  corresponds  exactly  with  published  descrip- 
tions of  the  uniform  worn  by  the  Irish  Brigade  in  the  service  of 
France. 


270 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


abundance  more  are  daily  expected”;  and  according  to 
a report  published  in  the  New  England  Weekly  Jour- 
nal of  March  30,  1730,  the  number  of  Irish  people  who 
entered  the  port  of  Philadelphia  during  the  year  1729 
was  5655  and  only  553  from  all  other  European  coun- 
tries; so  that  the  Irish  element  represented  over  ninety 
per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of  immigrants  to  Amer- 
ica via  Philadelphia  in  that  year ! Philadelphia  was 
then  the  chief  port  of  entry,  but  we  may  safely  assume 
that  the  numbers  of  Irish  entering  at  New  York,  Balti- 
more, and  Charleston  also  constituted  a large  propor- 
tion of  the  immigrants  from  Europe.  So  extensive  was 
Irish  immigration  to  Pennsylvania  about  this  period, 
that  we  find  Lieutenant-Governor  Logan  writing  in 


In  Extracis  from  the  Itineraries  and  other  Miscellanies  of 
Ezra  Stiles,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  edited  under  the  authority  of  the  Cor- 
poration of  Yale  University,  by  Franklin  B.  Dexter  (New  Haven, 
1916),  the  details  of  these  figures  are  given  in  “An  Account  of 
Passengers  and  Servants  landed  in  Pennsylvania  from  Christmas, 
1728,  to  Christmas,  1729”: 


English  and  Welsh  Passengers 199 

Servants  68 

Irish  Passengers  925 

Servants  230 

Scots  Passengers  00 

Servants  43 

Palatine  Passengers  243 

Servants  00 

In  Newcastle  Government  have  been  landed 
about  4500  Passengers  and  Servants,  chiefly 
from  Ireland  . . . 4500 


Total  6208 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


271 


1729,  in  reference  to  “a  ship  from  Dublin  with  one  hun- 
dred Catholics  and  convicts”  which  had  just  arrived 
in  the  Delaware:  “It  looks  as  if  Ireland  is  to  send  all 
her  inhabitants  hither,  for  last  week  not  less  than  six 
ships  arrived,  and  every  day  two  or  three  also  arrive. 
The  common  fear  is  that  if  they  continue  to  come,  they 
will  make  themselves  proprietors  of  the  Province.  It 
is  strange  that  they  thus  crowd  where  they  are  not 
wanted.  The  Indians  themselves  are  alarmed  at  the 
swarm  of  strangers,  and  we  are  afraid  of  a breach  be- 
tween them,  for  the  Irish  are  very  rough  to  them.” 

From  that  time  forward  down  to  the  beginning  of  the 
agitation  which  culminated  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
Irish  immigrants  continued  to  come  to  Pennsylvania. 
Various  issues  of  the  Pennsylvania  Gazette  and  the 
American  Weekly  Mercury  during  the  years  1735  and 
1736  gave  accounts  of  Irish  immigrants  coming  in  via 
the  Delaware  River,  and  the  following  examples,  out 
of  many,  are  quoted  from  the  Philadelphia  newspapers 
as  indicating  the  constant  arrival  of  people  of  this  class. 
From  March,  1735,  to  March,  1737,  ninety-nine  passen- 
ger-carrying vessels  were  entered  at  the  Philadelphia 
Custom  House  as  arriving  from  Ireland  or  returning 
thereto,  and  the  extent  of  the  immigrations  which  came 
in  these  vessels  may  be  fairly  estimated  from  the  news- 
paper comments  of  the  time.  The  American  Weekly 
Mercury  of  August  28,  1735,  reported  that  “on  Mon- 

This  letter  is  in  the  Logan  MS.  Collection  in  the  Loganian 
Library  at  Philadelphia.  These  manuscripts  contain  other  ref- 
erences to  the  Irish  in  Pennsylvania  in  the  early  part  of  the  eight- 
eenth century. 


272 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


day  last  Captain  Blair  arrived  from  Carrickfergus  in 
Ireland  with  168  Irish  passengers  and  servants,”  and 
the  same  paper  on  September  11,  1735,  gave  “an  ac- 
count of  the  number  of  passengers  and  servants  im- 
ported hither  since  the  first  of  May,”  and  of  the  557 
passengers  and  320  servants,  195  passengers  and  177 
servants  were  “from  Ireland.”  During  the  next  week 
“Captain  Lowes  arrived  with  204  passengers  and  ser- 
vants from  Ireland.”  The  Mercury  of  September  9, 
1736,  said,  “The  number  of  passengers  and  seiwants 
arrived  at  this  place  from  Ireland  since  our  last  amounts 
to  345,  and  we  hear  from  Newcastle  that  in  the  space 
of  twenty-four  hours  in  the  last  week  there  arrived  near 
one  thousand  souls  from  the  same  place.”  On  August 
28,  1737,  “Captain  George  Spafford  arrived  in  the  ship 
Hope  from  the  North  of  Ireland  with  about  one  hun- 
dred passengers”;  and  in  December,  1740,  the  arrival 
of  “Captain  Richard  McCarthy  in  the  Diana  with  a 
number  of  people  from  Dublin”  was  announced  in  the 
Philadelphia  papers.  According  to  the  Minutes  of  the 
Selectmen  of  the  Town  of  Boston  of  August  16,  1736, 
Captain  Benedict  Arnold  of  the  ship  Prudent  Hannah 
appeared  at  a town  meeting  on  that  date  and  “gave  in- 
formation that  he  came  from  Ireland  about  twelve  weeks 
ago  and  that  he  is  bound  for  Philadelphia  with  his  pas- 
sengers, who  are  in  all  one  hundred  and  twenty.” 

It  will  be  noted  that  in  some  of  these  accounts  the 
Irish  immigrants  were  classified  either  as  “passengers,” 
“servants,”  or  “redemptioners.”  The  “passengers”  were 
those  who  were  able  to  meet  the  expenses  of  the  voyage 
and  were  otherwise  equipped  to  make  their  o'vvn  way  in 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


273 


the  world  without  becoming  a charge  upon  the  country ; 
but  it  would  be  a mistake  to  assume  that  by  “servants” 
were  meant  domestic  servants  only,  or  that  all  of  these 
were  the  poor  and  the  lowly.  In  those  days  all  labor- 
ers, artisans,  farmers,  tradesmen,  mechanics — in  fact, 
every  one  who  labored  with  his  hands — were  classed  as 
“servants,”  and  I find  instances  where  even  “manufac- 
turers” and  schoolmasters  were  so  designated;  and  in- 
deed it  is  a sad  commentary  upon  the  conditions  then 
prevailing  that  the  “time”  of  some  of  these  schoolmas- 
ters brought  no  higher  price  than  that  of  the  common 
laborer!  The  term  “servants,”  therefore,  was  intended 
and  used  in  its  broadest  sense,  and  those  recorded  under 
this  head  were  among  the  most  useful  class  that  settled 
in  the  Colonies;  for  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that 
what  America  needed  most  at  that  time  were  men  and 
women  to  populate  the  country,  to  till  the  soil  and  ad- 
vance her  industries. 

The  “redemptioners”  were  those  who,  being  unable 
to  pay  their  own  passage,  bargained  with  the  masters 
or  owners  of  vessels  to  dispose  of  their  “time”  to  the 
planters  and  manufacturers,  and  when  they  had  “re- 
deemed” themselves — that  is,  when  their  terms  of  ser- 
vice had  expired — they  were  free  to  go  as  they  chose  and 
work  out  their  own  destinies.  The  provincial  records 
show  that  it  was  customary  for  the  Colonial  governments 
to  grant  the  planters  one  hundred  acres  of  land  for  each 
“redemptioner”  whose  “time”  they  purchased,  and  in 
some  Colonies  fifty  acres  were  awarded  for  each  woman 
and  child;  and  when  the  “redemptioner”  had  completed 
his  part  of  the  contract  he  also  was  allowed  fifty  acres 


274 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


of  land  on  condition  that  he  would  put  it  under  culti- 
vation. Some  of  our  historians  adopt  a most  uncharit- 
able attitude  toward  the  Colonial  “servants”  and  “re- 
demptioners,”  treating  them  as  if  they  w^ere  “the  refuse” 
of  their  own  country  and  were  driven  out  as  a useless 
increment  upon  the  body  politic,  instead  of,  as  many 
existing  records  show  them  to  have  been,  an  honest 
and  industrious  class,  in  numerous  cases  educated  and 
refined,  who  shouldered  the  hard  work  w^hich  a new  and 
undeveloped  country  necessarily  demanded.  And  to-day 
there  are  many  American  families  of  social  prominence 
and  wealth  whose  ancestors  came  over  as  “servants”  or 
“redemptioners,”  and  instances  can  also  be  shown  of 
Irishmen  of  that  class  who  rose  to  high  positions  in  this 
country.  Notable  examples  of  these  Irish  redemptioners 
are  Charles  Thomson,  Secretary  of  the  Continental 
Congress;  Matthew  Thornton  and  George  Taylor,  Sign- 
ers of  the  Declaration  of  Independence;  the  celebrated 
INIatthew  Lyon  of  Vermont;  and  John  Sullivan,  “the 
father  of  soldiers,  scholars,  and  statesmen.” 

A statement  which  at  first  glance  seems  extraordinary 
is  contained  in  the  Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  August  11, 
1773,  in  a despatch  from  Williamsburg,  Virginia,  dated 
July  29th,  reading:  “The  Venus,  Captain  Oliffe,  from 
Dublin  is  come  up  to  Burwell’s  Ferry  with  Seventy 
Indentured  Servants,  some  of  whom,  we  learn,  are  well 
acquainted  with  the  Cloth  IManufactory.  Captain  Oliffe 
says  that  he  was  well  informed  before  he  left  Dublin,  that 
upwards  of  18,000  people  had  left  Ireland  since  J anuary 
last,  to  settle  in  different  parts  of  America.”  A photo- 


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OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


275 


graphic  reproduction  of  the  page  of  the  Gazette  in  which 
this  account  appeared  is  hereto  annexed,  and  it  is  also 
worthy  of  note  that  on  the  same  date  the  paper  an- 
nounced the  arrival  at  Philadelphia  of  two  ships  from 
Ireland  with  more  than  one  thousand  passengers. 

There  is  no  exact  means  of  verifying  this  statement  as 
to  this  extraordinary  influx  of  Irish  immigrants  within 
the  space  of  six  months,  but  when  we  note  the  large  num- 
ber of  Irish  vessels  trading  with  American  ports  at  this 
period,  it  is  not,  after  all,  so  very  surprising.  The  news- 
paper announcements  of  the  arrival  of  these  vessels  show 
that  in  some  eases  they  brought  as  many  as  500  passen- 
gers on  one  trip ; and  if  we  place  them  at  the  low  average 
of  250  on  each  westward  voyage,  we  see  that  the  18,000 
Irish  immigrants  referred  to  by  Captain  Oliffe  could 
have  arrived  in  seventy-two  trips.  The  New  York  and 
Philadelphia  newspapers  alone,  without  taking  into  eon- 
sideration  ships  from  Ireland  entered  at  the  ports  of 
Boston,  Baltimore,  and  Charleston,  listed  the  arrival  of 
162  vessels  from  various  Irish  ports  in  the  years  1771, 
1772,  and  1773,  approximately  one-half  of  which  arrived 
in  the  last-mentioned  year.  In  partial  support  of  the 
statement  of  Captain  OlifFe,  I quote  the  following  letter 
from  Charles  Lee  to  an  Englishman  named  Con- 
stantine John  Phipps  at  London,  dated  ‘T773-’74,”  in 
reference  to  the  policy  then  pursued  by  the  British  gov- 
ernment toward  America : 

Lee  Papers  in  Collections  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society, 
Vol.  for  1871.  See  also  Life  and  Memoirs  of  the  Late  Major- 
General  Lee,  by  Edward  Langworthy;  New  York,  1813. 


276 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


“Twelve  thousand  fresh  colonists,  half  German,  half  Irish,  were 
imported  this  year  into  Philadelphia  alone,  and  not  a much  less 
number  in  the  Colonies  of  Virginia  and  New  York.” 

As  a result,  he  said: 

“The  banks  of  Hudson’s  River,  of  the  Mohawk,  Susquehannah, 
Juniata,  and  the  Ohio,  from  the  Monongahela  downwards  thirty 
miles,  which  were  totally  a desert,  are  become  one  continued  chain 
of  villages.  I leave  you  to  judge,  whether  it  will  be  easy  to  dragoon 
so  numerous  a people  for  any  length  of  time.  Ships  of  war,  it  is 
true,  may  insult  and  put  to  inconvenience  some  of  their  capital 
ports,  but  these  teasings  and  insults  will  only  serve  to  shew  the 
absurdity  of  your  Ministers’  policy  in  a more  striking  light,  by 
giving  an  unanimity  to  these  people  equal  to  their  eifective  strength, 
when  they  may  set  at  defiance  the  machinations,  not  only  of  an 
earthly,  but  of  the  infernal  potentate  himself,  and  his  Ministry.” 

To  a certain  extent,  the  statements  of  Captain  Oliffe 
and  Charles  Lee  are  verified  by  newspaper  accounts,  as 
the  following  which  appeared  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Packet  in  a despatch  dated  “New  York,  July  19,  1773,” 
will  show: 

“On  Thursday  arrived  at  the  Hook  in  eight  weeks  and  three 
days  from  Newry,  in  Ireland,  the  ship  Robert,  Captain  Matthew 
Russell,  having  on  board  upwards  of  300  souls,  including  children, 
passengers  from  that  port,  who  are  come  over  to  settle  in  America. 
We  hear  about  half  of  them  are  to  be  landed  at  Amboy  and  the 
ship  to  come  here  with  the  rest;  four  other  ships,  the  Captains 
of  which  were  Montgomery,  Pharis,  McCutcheon,  and  Cheevers, 
full  of  passengers,  lately  sailed  from  the  same  port  for  Philadelphia, 
where  two  of  them  are  arrived.  Another  ship  of  300  tons.  Captain 
Cunningham,  for  Philadelphia,  and  the  brig  Elliott,  Captain  War- 
ing, for  South  Carolina,  both  full  of  passengers,  were  expected  to 
sail  from  Newry  about  the  25th  of  !May.  From  the  same  place 
also,  other  vessels  are  going  with  settlers  for  the  banks  of  the  MiS' 
sissippi.  We  hear  also  that  great  numbers  of  vessels  from  Dublin, 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


277 


Londonderry,  Belfast,  Larne,  Cork,  and  other  Irish  ports  have 
lately  sailed  or  are  soon  expected  to  sail,  full  of  passengers,  for 
different  parts  of  America.” 

The  following  are  examples  of  numerous  announce- 
ments, printed  in  the  New  York  and  Philadelphia  news- 
papers, of  arrivals  of  vessels  from  and  sailings  for  Irish 
ports : 

New  York  Gazette  and  Weekly  Mercury,  Year  1771 

July  29. — The  arrival  at  Philadelphia  of  “the  New 
Speedwell  from  Cork  with  passengers”  was  announced 
on  this  date. 

As  examples  of  the  shipping  comments  in  this  paper, 
lacking  information  as  to  the  number  of  passengers,  I 
find  in  its  issue  of  August  5th:  “Captain  Caine  from 
Waterford  the  23rd  of  July  last,  in  Lat.  39:27,  Long. 
70,  spoke  the  brig  Conolly,  Robert  Miller,  Master,  of 
Dublin  six  days  out.”  The  same  paper,  in  its  London 
news  of  October  21,  said:  “The  Eleanor,  Captain  Brins- 
ley, from  Dublin  to  New  England,  was  totally  lost 
about  300  leagues  to  the  West  of  Ireland,”  and  a news 
despatch  from  Philadelphia  in  the  same  issue  referred 
to  the  arrival  of  “Captain  Guitton  from  Cork,”  “Cap- 
tain Dysart  from  Londonderry,”  and  “Captain  Woolsey 
from  Dublin,”  and  stated  that  “the  ship  Diana,  Captain 
Montgomery,”  had  “cleared  for  departure  for  Dublin.” 

Under  the  head  of  “Cleared  for  Departure”  from 
New  York,  for,  or  “Arrivals  out”  at,  Irish  ports  in  the 
year  1771,  this  paper  announced:  on  January  7,  nine 
vessels;  January  14,  three;  January  28,  three;  February 
4,  five ; April  22,  seven ; May  6,  six ; May  20,  nine ; De- 


278 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


cember  16,  four;  December  30,  five;  or  a total  of  fifty- 
one  sailings  during  a period  of  five  months. 

Pennsylvania  Gazette,  Year  1771 

Under  the  head  of  “Arrivals  out”  from  Philadelphia 
at  various  Irish  ports,  ten  ships  were  listed  by  this  paper 
on  May  2d;  also,  on  May  9th,  “Arrivals  out  from  Bal- 
timore, Captain  Cain  at  Killala,  Captain  Patterson  at 
Cork  and  Captain  Pirn  at  Dublin”;  on  May  16th,  “the 
brig  Globe,  Captain  Garrigues,  at  Cork”;  on  jMay  23d, 
“Captains  IMiller  and  Smith  at  Dublin,  Curtis  at  Water- 
ford, Ferguson  at  Belfast,  and  INIcGowan  at  London- 
derry”; and  on  ISIay  30th  “the  brig  Hibernia,  Captain 
Hayman,  at  Dublin.”  This  made  twenty  vessels  in  all 
in  five  successive  issues  of  the  paper  during  the  month 
of  May,  1771. 

June  13. — “Captain  Fullerton  from  Dublin  spoke  the 
ship  N every  Packet,  Captain  Bobeson,  from  Newry  for 
this  place.”  Cleared  for  departure:  “Ship  Friendship, 
Captain  McCullough;  sloop  Hannah,  Captain  ISIay; 
ship  George,  Captain  ^lartin;  all  for  Cork.” 

July  11. — “Captain  Malcom  from  Belfast  spoke  Cap- 
tain Williams  from  Cork  for  Maryland.” 

July  25.- — “Arrived : the  brig  N'ew  Speedveell,  Captain 
Gamble,  from  Cork,  who  reported  he  had  spoke  a brig 
from  Dublin  for  JMaryland,  out  fifty-Lvo  daj’S.” 

August  15. — Cleared  for  departure:  “Ship  Philadel- 
phia, Captain  iMalcom,  and  ship  Walx£orth,  Captain 
INIcCausland,  for  Cork;  ship  Nezvry  Packet,  Captain 
Robinson,  for  Dublin;  snow  Charlotte,  Captain  Curtis, 
for  Waterford.” 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


279 


September  19. — “Arrived  out  from  Philadelphia: 
Captains  Garrigues  and  Matthews  at  Cork,  Rankin  at 
Newry,  Towns  at  Dublin,  and  McCutcheon  at  Bel- 
fast.” 

November  14. — “Arrived  out”  or  “Cleared  for  de- 
parture” from  Philadelphia:  Ship  Hercules,  Captain 
Linsey,  at  Cork ; ship  Kitty  and  Peggy,  Ferguson,  and 
brig  Polly,  McCutcheon,  for  Belfast;  ship  Charming 
Sally,  Cooper,  for  Newry;  brig  James,  McCulloh,  for 
Cork;  brig  Greenock,  Scott,  for  Dublin.” 

Pennsylvania  Gazette,  Year  1772 

March  5. — “By  Captain  Pym  from  Dublin,  arrived 
at  New  York,  we  learn  that  a brig  from  Waterford 
bound  for  Baltimore  with  servants,  was  cast  away  in 
Dublin  Bay  the  beginning  of  December  and  it  was 
feared  would  be  lost.” 

April  30. — Captain  Hardie,  who  arrived  in  “the  brig 
Patty  from  Cork,”  advertised  having  on  board  “one 
hundred  servants  and  redemptioners.  Men,  Women, 
Boys  and  Girls,  among  them  are  sundry  Tradesmen, 
such  as  Smiths,  Nail-workers,  Shoe-makers,  Taylors, 
Skinners,  Carpenters,  Gardiners,  Grooms,  and  Farm- 
ers, whose  Times  are  to  be  disposed  of  by  the  Master 
on  board  said  brig.” 

September  9. — In  announcing  the  arrival  from  Ire- 
land of  the  ship  Walworth,  Captain  McCausland,  the 
paper  stated  that  “with  Captain  McCausland  came  300 
Passengers,”  and  that  “the  ship  General  Wolfe,  Cap- 
tain Hunter,  sailed  for  this  port  eight  days  before  Cap- 
tain McCausland,  and  the  brig  Boscawen,  Captain 


280 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Marshall,  was  expected  to  sail  soon  after  him,  also  for 
this  port.” 

Pennsylvania  Gazette,  Year  1773 

May  5. — “On  Sunday  arrived  here  the  ship  Friend- 
ship, Captain  McCulloch,  from  Belfast,  with  250  pas- 
sengers.” 

May  12. — “Captain  Slacomb,  from  Dublin,  on  the 
21st  of  last  month,  in  Lat.  30:19,  Long.  67,  spoke  the 
ship  Hope,  Captain  Casey,  from  Cork,  with  Passengers 
on  board  for  Augustine.” 

August  4. — Sunday  last  the  ship  Newry's  Assistance, 
Captain  Cunningham,  arrived  here  from  Newry  wdth 
270  Passengers,  all  very  healthy.” 

August  11. — “Since  our  last,  the  ship  Hannah,  Cap- 
tain Mitchell,  arrived  here  from  Londonderry  with  up- 
wards of  500  Passengers.”  Also  “Captain  Hunter, 
from  Londonderry,  with  546  Passengers.” 

November  3. — “The  ship  Prince  of  Wales,  Captain 
Morrison,  is  arrived  at  Baltimore  from  Londonderry 
with  about  200  Passengers,  which  makes  no  less  than 
3500  that  have  left  that  Port  only,  within  one  year.” 

New  York  Journal  or  General  Advertiser,  Year  1772 

January  23. — In  announcing  the  arrival  of  “the  brig, 
Connolly,  which  sailed  from  Dublin  the  beginning  of 
October  with  70  Passengers  for  America,”  it  said:  “The 
despatches  say  that  two  other  vessels  sailed  the  same 
day  from  Dublin  with  passengers  for  America  and  one 
from  Cork.” 

February  27. — “A  brig  belonging  to  Waterford, 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


281 


bound  for  Baltimore  with  servants,  was  cast  away  in 
Dublin  Bay.”  This  news  was  brought  by  the  Captain 
of  the  ship  Countess  of  Donegal,  which  arrived  in  New 
York  that  day  from  Dublin. 

June  25. — A despatch  from  Philadelphia  said  that 
the  Captain  of  the  ship  Jupiter,  from  Ireland,  had  ar- 
rived there  and  “brought  with  him  and  landed  at  New- 
castle and  this  place  430  passengers,  all  in  good  health. 
It  is  said  the  high  price  of  lands  and  provisions  will 
induce  great  numbers  to  leave  Ireland  for  America 
this  year.” 

August  29. — The  arrival  at  Philadelphia  of  “Captain 
Malcom  from  Belfast,  Ireland,  with  380  passengers,” 
was  announced. 

September  10. — “Captain  McCulloch  from  Newry, 
arrived  at  Philadelphia,  has  brought  400  passengers.” 

October  29. — “The  General  Wolfe,  from  Ireland, 
with  250  people  on  board  for  this  port,”  was  reported 
in  a letter  from  Baltimore  dated  October  16,  1772. 

December  3. — A despatch  from  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  gave  an  account  of  “250  passengers  who  are 
just  arrived  here  from  Ireland  in  order  to  settle  in 
this  Province.” 

New  York  Gazette  and  Weekly  Mercury,  Year  1773 

January  4. — This  issue  announced  the  arrival  at  New 
York  of  eight  ships  from  Irish  ports,  and  in  the  same 
paper  of  December  20,  1773,  there  are  advertisements 
of  the  sailing  of  seven  vessels  from  New  York  for 
Ireland,  which  had  previously  arrived  from  Irish  ports. 

June  14. — “Just  arrived  from  Cork  in  the  Brigantine 


282 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Galway  Packet,  Hugh  Fallon,  Master,  a number  of 
healthy  men  and  women  servants  and  redemptioners, 
whose  freights  are  payable  to  Mrs.  Catherine  Lynch  in 
Broad  Street  or  the  Captain  on  board  said  Brigantine. 
Among  said  servants  are  smiths,  taylors,  weavers,  shoe- 
makers, wool-combers,  dyers,  labourers,  cutlers,  a buckle- 
maker,  and  a bleacher;  and  several  women  that  can 
cook,  use  the  needle,”  etc. 

July  12. — A long  account  from  Belfast  relating  to 
“the  number  of  ships  and  their  tonnage  that  sailed  with 
passengers  for  North  America  in  the  last  two  years,” 
taken  from  the  News  Letter.  Then  followed  a list  of 
the  ships  which  sailed  from  four  Irish  ports  in  1771 
and  1772.  The  total  was  sixty-two  of  an  aggregate 
tonnage  of  17,350.  The  despatch  further  said:  “It 
may  be  supposed,  on  a moderate  computation,  that  the 
number  of  passengers  were  equal  to  the  tonnage,”  or 
an  average  of  280  passengers  per  ship. 

July  19. — A despatch  from  Philadelphia  said:  “Tues- 
day last.  Captain  Cheevers  arrived  here  from  Ireland 
with  about  200  passengers,  having  landed  a like  number 
at  New  Castle,  Del.”  The  arrival  of  “Captain  McCad- 
don  from  Cork”  was  announced  this  day  and,  under 
the  head  of  “arrivals  out,”  “the  Jane  from  New  York 
is  arrived  at  Dublin.”  Also,  “on  Tuesday  arrived  here 
in  eight  weeks  from  Newry  the  ship  Robert,  Captain 
Russell,  with  250  passengers,  part  of  which  he  has  disem- 
barked at  Amboy  on  their  way  to  the  lands  in  New 
Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  where  they  propose  to  fix;  the 
rest  are  destined  for  settlements  in  this  Province.  IMost 
of  these  people  being  well  skilled  in  the  Linen  Manu- 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


283 


factory,  if  proper  Encouragement  is  given  to  them  will 
be  an  important  acquisition  to  the  British  Colonies.” 

October  11. — “Advices  from  North  Carolina  mention 
that  in  August  last  500  settlers  arrived  there  from 
Ireland.” 

New  York  Gazette  and  Weekly  Mercury,  Year  17  7 i 

May  16. — Under  the  head  of  “Arrivals  out  from  New 
York,”  the  paper  announced  on  this  day:  “The  Countess 
of  Donegal,  the  Hercules,  and  the  Liberty  at  Dublin; 
the  Jupiter  and  the  Hill  at  Londonderry;  the  Badger 
at  Cork;  the  Needham,  Peggy,  William,  Renown,  and 
Hannah  at  Newry ; the  Peace  and  Plenty  at  Belfast,  and 
the  Charlotte  at  Waterford,  or  thirteen  vessels  in  all 
which  sailed  for  Ireland  from  the  port  of  New  York. 
All  of  these  were  engaged  in  passenger  traffic  and  re- 
turned at  regular  intervals  to  America  with  their  human 
freight. 

June  13. — Among  the  vessels  “Spoken  by  Cap- 
tain Craig”  on  his  outward  voyage  was  “the  ship 
Hercules,  Captain  Norwood,  from  Dublin  for  Balti- 
more, with  150  passengers  on  board,  all  well.”  “The 
Needham,  from  Ireland,  with  about  300  Passengers,” 
was  announced  in  the  same  paper  of  August  8,  1774, 
and  the  arrival  “at  South  Carolina”  of  the  Jupiter,  from 
Ireland,  “with  150  passengers  as  settlers  in  that  Prov- 
ince,” was  announced  on  September  12,  1774.  And  I 
find  Rev.  Ezra  Stiles  writing  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  on 
August  9, 1774,  that  “last  month  arrived  at  New  Castle, 
Delaware,  the  snow  Charlotte,  Captain  Gaffney,  from 


284 


A HIDDEX  PHASE 


Waterford,  with  100  passengers,  and  the  ship  Hope, 
Captain  McClenaban,  from  Xewry,  with  200.” 

Some  historical  writers  say  that  European  immigra- 
tion to  America  “ceased  altogether  some  time  before  the 
Revolution.”  While  this  is  correct  to  some  extent,  it 
does  not  appear  probable  that  all  Irish  immigration 
stopped,  and  in  this  connection  I quote  the  following 
items  which  appeared  in  the  Pennsylvania  Gazette, 
January  4,  1775:  “Saturday  last  Captain  Cheevers  ar- 
rived here  from  Cork  with  about  forty  passengers.  The 
snow  Betty  Greg  and  a ship,  Montgomerj^  INIaster, 
sailed  from  this  place  [Cork]  three  days  before  Captain 
Cheevers.”  Among  some  news  brought  by  a Captain 
Lawrence  from  Boston,  published  in  the  Gazette  of 
May  31,  1775,  was  this:  “Ships  left  at  Xewry,  Ireland, 
up  with  passengers  for  America,  viz.  Ship  Renown, 
Keith;*  Britannia,  Souder;  Minerva,  Forest;  Liberty, 
Loudon;  the  Peter,  Eager;  Illustrious-Five,  Smith; 
Lord-Dunluce,  Souter;  Sally,  Kirby;  and  the  Mononiia, 
^Morrison” ; or  nine  vessels  in  all  about  to  sail  from  one 
Irish  port  with  passengers  for  America. 

In  the  absence  of  official  statistics,  these  accounts  from 
the  newspapers  of  the  time  and  the  numerous  similar 
items  that  are  obtained  from  the  same  source  are  the 
best  proof  that  can  now  be  presented  as  to  the  extent 
of  Irish  emigration,  but  I think  they  prove  beyond  ques- 
tion that  the  Irish  settlements  in  America  a few  years 
before  the  Revolution  were  large  and  conthiuous.  A 
striking  statement  in  this  connection  is  that  quoted  from 
the  Belfast  News  Letter  in  the  Xew  York  Gazette  and 


Diary  of  Ezra  Stiles,  President  of  Yale  College. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORA' 


285 


Weekly  Mercury  of  July  12,  1773.  If  we  assume  that 
the  estimate  of  this  newspaper  w'as  approximately  cor- 
rect, it  v/ould  mean  that  17,350  passengers — exclusive 
of  “servants”  and  “redemptioners” — sailed  for  America 
from  four  Irish  ports  in  the  years  1771  and  1772.  If 
we  assume  further  that  the  number  of  “servants”  and 
“redemptioners”  equalled  the  number  of  “passengers,” 
we  arrive  at  a total  of  34,700  immigrants  to  America 
from  only  four  Irish  ports  during  these  two  years ; and 
since  it  is  already  shown  by  the  statement  of  Captain 
Oliffe  that  eighteen  thousand  people  left  Ireland  for 
America  during  the  first  six  months  of  1773,  the  con- 
clusion is  justified  that  the  total  number  of  Irish  immi- 
grants to  America  during  the  jmars  1771,  1772  and  1773 
was  not  far  short  of  one  hundred  thousand!  And  when 
we  consider  that  the  main  cause  why  so  many  of  these 
people  left  their  native  land  was  the  harsh  treatment 
which  they  received  from  government  and  landlords,  is 
it  any  wonder  that  large  numbers  of  Irishmen  are  found 
fighting  under  the  standard  of  Washington? 


CHAPTER  XVI 


THE  “SCOTCH-IRISH”  MYTH 


Extensive  trade  between  Ireland  and  America.  Statistics  showing 
that  the  majority  of  the  vessels  from  Ireland  were  from  Cork 
and  Dublin.  Eighteen  thousand  immigrants  left  Ireland  for 
America  during  the  first  half  of  the  year  1773.  The  “Scotch- 
Irish”  myth  exploded.  Irish  soldiers  in  the  Colonial  Wars. 
Composition  of  the  Pennsylvania  Regiment. 


UCH  has  been  said  about  “non-Irish”  emigration 


1 y J.  from  Ireland  to  Ameriea.  If  we  aceept  for  the 
moment  the  statements  of  some  historical  writers  that 
the  immigrants  from  Ireland  previous  to  1775  mainly 
comprised  the  “Scotch-Irish,”  or,  as  some  describe  them, 
“the  Ulster  Scots,”  it  would  be  natural  to  suppose,  con- 
sidering the  primitive  traveling  facilities  of  that  period, 
that  these  people  came  in  ships  plying  from  northern 
ports.  So  far  as  I can  find,  there  is  nothing  on  record 
to  inform  us  of  the  exact  numbers  of  people  who  came 
to  America  from  the  different  parts  of  Ireland,  and  on 
that  point  the  only  practical  guide  is  to  be  found,  first 
in  the  nomenclature  of  the  Irish  settlers,  and,  second,  , 
in  the  number  of  passenger  ships  which  are  recorded  as 
trading  between  Irish  and  American  ports.  As  to  the 
first-mentioned,  while  a vast  number  of  old  Irish  names 
appear  in  early  American  records,  it  is  now  impossible 
to  arrive  at  any  satisfactory  conclusion  as  to  how  their 
numbers  compared  with  those  Irish  immigrants  bearing 


2S6 


/^£P/R OOUCED  BY  AA/P'A  Z.BY///S 


THOMAS  LYNCH,  JR 

SIGNER  OF  THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE, 
GRANDSON  OF  THOMAS  LYNCH  OF  GALWAY,  IRELAND. 


A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY  28T 


non-Irish  names.  In  an  effort  to  arrive  at  some  con- 
servative basis  of  calculation,  I have  made  a list  of  all 
vessels  from  Ireland  registered  at  the  New  York  and 
Philadelphia  Custom  Houses,  as  announced  in  the  news- 
papers of  the  years  1771-1774, — that  is,  the  period 
of  the  largest  Irish  emigrations, — and  find  that  the  total 
“Arrivals”  from  Ireland  and  “Cleared  for  Departure” 
for  Ireland  during  that  period  were  576.  This  number 
was  distributed  as  follows : 


From  and  For  Number  of  From  and  For  Number  of 

Irish  Ports  Vessels  Irish  Ports  Vessels 


Cork  ............ 

135 

Larne  

10 

Dublin 

124 

Killala  

3 

Londonderry 

96 

Sligo,  Dingle,  and  Kinsale, 

Newry  . 

87 

two  each  . .1 

6 

Belfast  

39 

Limerick,  Drogheda,  Kil- 

Waterford  ........ 

1 29 

lybegs,  and  Letterkenny, 

Galway  

25 

one  each  

4 

Coleraine  

“Ireland”  

4 

Total  576 

Thus  we  see  that  of  57 6 sailings  by  vessels  which  plied 
between  New  York  and  Philadelphia  and  Irish  ports 
during  these  four  years,  only  247,  or  about  forty-three 
per  cent.,  were  to  and  from  those  northern  ports  where 
the  “Scotch-Irish”  emigrants  would  naturally  embark, 
and  329,  or  fifty-seven  per  cent.,  were  to  and  from 
those  parts  of  Ireland  where  the  “old  Irish”  are  admit- 
tedly the  predominant  element.  As  showing  that  these 
figures  were  not  unusual  and  that  the  same  proportions 
prevailed  for  several  years  previously,  I find  that  dur- 
ing the  years  1767-1769  the  number  of  vessels  registered 


288 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


at  the  New  York  and  Philadelphia  Custom  Houses  was 
318,  of  which  131,  or  about  forty  per  cent.,  sailed  to  and 
from  northern  ports.  This  number  was  distributed  as 
follows : 


From  and  For  Number  of  From  and  For  Number  of 

Irish  Ports  Vessels  Irish  Ports  Vessels 


Dublin 

Cork  

Londonderry 

87 

73 

£1 

Coleraine 6 

Larne 5 

Killvbegs 4 

Newrv  

49 

Killala  3 

Belfast  

18 

Sligo  3 

Waterford 

10 

Portaferry,  Carrickfergus, 

Galway  

6 

and  Limerick,  one  each.  . 3 

^ Total  318 


Evidence  of  this  character  has  never  been  presented 
before,  and  I submit  that  such  figures  are  indisputable. 
If  we  should  assume  from  them,  as  did  the  writer  in  the 
Belfast  News-Letter  of  July  12, 1773,  that  “on  a moder- 
ate computation  the  number  of  passengers  were  equal  to 
the  tonnage,”  we  can  say  that  the  “Scotch-Irish”  his- 
torians have  not  reckoned  on  a true  basis  of  fact,  and 
the  logical  inference  is  that  they  merely  guessed  at  the 
jiroportionate  numbers.  Even  in  the  absence  of  such 
evidence  as  that  of  the  shipping  lists,  if  these  historians 
had  only  searched  for  some  traces  of  the  names  in  the 
State  archives  or  the  county  histories,  they  would  be 
quickly  disillusioned  of  the  notion  that  the  emigrants 

^ The  total  was  even  greater  than  this;  318  is  the  number  men- 
tioned in  one  newspaper  alone,  namely,  the  Nerv  York  Gazette  and 
Weekly  Mercury  of  the  years  1767-1769,  with  several  issues  of  the 
paper  missing  from  the  files  in  the  New  York  Public  Library. 


OF  AMEPaCAN  HISTORY 


289 


from  Ireland  before  the  Revolution  were  “mainly  the 
Seotch-Irish.” 

It  is  shown  by  the  authorities  already  quoted  that 
Irish  immigrations  to  America  during  the  period  re- 
ferred to  averaged  12,000  per  year,  and  it  is  also  shown 
that  the  percentage  of  those  who  probably  came  from 
Ulster  was  forty-one  per  cent.,  and  from  all  the  rest 
of  Ireland  fifty-eight  per  cent,  of  the  whole.  From 
the  first-mentioned  proportion  some  deduction  must  be 
made  to  allow  for  those  of  unquestioned  Irish  blood  in 
the  north;  for  not  even  the  most  enthusiastic  advocate 
of  the  “Seotch-Irish”  theory  can  claim  that  the  entire 
population  of  Ulster  was  of  Scotch  descent.  For  in- 
stance, it  cannot  for  a moment  be  thought  that  a 
passenger  ship  sailing  from  Letterkenny  or  London- 
derry carried  only  those  who  are  called  “Seotch-Irish”; 
for  it  is  natural  to  assume  that  a certain  proportion  of 
the  passengers  must  have  been  from  Donegal,  one  of 
the  most  “Irish”  counties  of  Ireland.  In  fact,  a strik- 
ing feature  of  the  town  and  county  histories  of  Penn- 
sylvania is  the  frequent  repetition  of  the  statement,  in 
relation  to  some  certain  individual  or  family  referred 
to  by  the  local  historian,  that  he  or  they  “came  from 
Donegal”!  If  we  deduct  one-fifth  of  the  forty-two 
per  cent,  as  representing  this  element,  we  have  only 
thirty-four  per  cent,  of  the  total  Irish  immigration  left 
to  the  “Seotch-Irish,”  or  an  estimate,  for  the  period 
1767  to  1774,  of  32,640  “Seotch-Irish”  immigrants  and 
63,360  plain  Irish  immigrants. 

In  view  of  these  figures,  what  possible  justification  can 
there  be  for  the  persistent  claim  that  Irish  immigration 


290 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


to  America,  outside  of  the  “Scotch-Irish,”  was  an  un- 
important and  negligible  factor?  Of  course,  the  real 
fact  of  the  matter  is  that  every  Irish  immigrant  whose 
name  began  with  “Mac,”  or  whose  name  apparently 
was  not  of  Irish  origin,  or  who  was  not  of  the  Catholic 
faith,  was  placed  in  the  “Scotch-Irish”  category. 

In  the  Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History  and  Biog- 
raphy and  in  the  voluminous  Pennsylvania  Archives, 
compiled  and  published  by  authority  of  the  State  Legis- 
lature, may  be  seen  such  lists  as  taxables,  tithables, 
jurors,  election  returns,  grantees  of  land,  county  and 
district  officers,  muster-rolls  of  the  “Associators  and 
Militia,”  Colonial  and  Revolutionary  soldiers,  etc.,  in 
all  of  which  Irish  names  stand  side  by  side  with  those 
of  Teutonic,  English,  and  other  origins.  As  a rule, 
copies  of  these  records  are  available  at  the  leading 
libraries,  and  even  a casual  examination  of  them  by  those 
who  have  had  to  rely  on  the  work  of  the  general  his- 
torians for  information  on  this  subject  would  be  a 
revelation  indeed.  There  is  no  history  of  any  town,  city, 
or  county  of  Pennsylvania  that  does  not  contain  a cer- 
tain proportion  of  Irish  names  among  those  who  are 
enumerated  as  “the  pioneer  settlers,”  and  in  some  sec- 
tions of  the  province  it  is  seen  that,  until  the  great 
influx  of  Germans  set  in,  the  Irish  were  in  a vast 
majority.  They  were  a hardy  and  resolute  element;  an 
undaunted  spirit  of  adventure  seems  to  have  led  them 
to  the  furthest  outposts  of  western  Pennsylvania  and 
the  Ohio,  whence  they  spread  up  and  down  the  Alle- 
gheny and  Shenandoah  valleys ; thej’-  built  the  highways, 
bridged  the  streams,  and  cut  down  the  virgin  forests; 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


291 


and  despite  the  difficulties  which  confronted  them,  their 
log  cabins  were  reared  and  their  clearings  tilled  in  every 
valley  and  forest  from  the  Delaware  River  to  the  very 
frontiers  of  civilization. 

In  these  wilderness  settlements  they  established 
churches  and  schools,  and  I venture  the  prediction  here, 
that  when  a more  impartial  age  shall  have  expunged 
from  the  record  the  aspersions  that  have  been  cast  upon 
the  Irish  pioneers,  the  greatest  credit  that  history  will 
bestow  upon  them  will  be  their  furnishing  a larger  pro- 
portion of  the  schoolmasters  of  the  province  than  any 
other  European  people ! 

The  spirit  of  patriotism  strongly  manifested  itself 
among  those  Pennsylvania  Irishmen.  Their  names  are 
listed  conspicuously  among  the  provincial  troops  in  the 
Colonial  wars,  and  throughout  the  struggles  with  the 
Indians  they  bravely  sustained  their  share  of  the  bur- 
den of  defending  the  frontiers.  When,  in  later  years, 
the  alarm  of  the  American  Revolution  was  sounded  in 
the  hills  and  valleys  of  Pennsylvania,  it  awakened  a 
congenial  thrill  among  the  inhabitants,  especially  in  the 
blood  of  that  race  which  had  for  so  many  years  resisted 
the  arbitrary  power  of  England  in  the  land  of  their 
fathers. 

There  is  nothing  that  so  strikingly  illustrates  this  point 
as  a glance  at  the  personnel  of  some  of  the  fighting 
units  organized  in  Pennsylvania  at  various  times  during 
the  Colonial  wars.  The  muster-rolls  of  the  soldiers  who 
served  in  the  early  wars  of  the  province  are  preserved 
by  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  and  have 
been  reproduced  in  their  original  form  in  the  State  Ar- 


232  A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY 


chives,  and  an  examination  of  these  rolls  opens  up  some 
very  interesting  speculations  as  to  how  much  the  Com- 
monwealth of  Pennsylvania  owes  to  its  pioneer  Irish 
settlers.  In  1746,  Governor  Thomas  ordered  that  four 
hundred  men  be  raised  for  service  in  an  intended  ex- 
pedition to  Canada,  and  of  the  327  men  recruited  in  the 
“Lower  Counties”  ^ in  August  of  that  year  by  Captains 
John  Shannon,  William  Trent,  and  Samuel  Perry,  fifty- 
five  per  cent,  were  recorded  as  “born  in  Ireland.”  The 
following  summary  shows  the  countries  of  nativity  of 
the  men  of  these  companies;  and  when  w^e  consider  the 
fact  that  all  were  young  men  and  that  they  were  occupied 
in  manual  toil,  we  can  readily  conclude  that  they  were 
excellent  fighting  material  and,  doubtless,  rendered  good 
service  to  the  State : 


Born  in 

Ireland  

180 

Amprira  

47 

England  

.......  39 

Germany 

27 

Seotland  

Bom  in 

West  Indies  . 2 

Wales  1 

Denmark 1 

Sweden  1 

Not  stated  . 18 


Total  327 

In  1758  a body  of  men  known  as  “The  Pennsylva- 
nia Regiment”  was  organized  for  service  in  the  wars 
with  the  French  and  Indians,  and  the  composition  of 
the  various  companies  of  this  regiment  furnishes  another 
example  of  the  presence  of  the  Irish  in  large  numbers 
and  of  their  eagerness  to  fight  for  their  adopted  country. 
The  following  table  shows  a comparison  of  the  various 
nationalities  comprising  this  regiment: 


^ Now  Delaware. 


iz; 

> 

1-1 

r-i 

OT 

55 

W 

W 

H 

Pi 

O 

Ph 

S 00 

Ph  *0 

H S; 

►H 

1“ 

w 


15 

W 

2 

ffi 


H 

fc,  W 

o S 

Sh 

H pH 
H 

iM 

§ 

<5 

55 

>< 

PQ 

to 

55 

O 

HH 

to 

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294  A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY 


Such  figures  need  little  comment.  They  stand  out 
as  eloquent  tributes  to  the  patriotism  of  those  American 
Irishmen  of  Colonial  days  who  accepted  a certain  part  of 
the  responsibility  in  the  laying  of  the  foundations  of 
our  country’s  future  greatness.  Comparatively  few 
among  them  rose  above  the  rank  of  enlisted  men; 
they  were  mostly  the  simple  folk  from  the  so-called 
“lower  ranks  of  society,”  honest,  hard-working  “sons 
of  toil”  who  contributed  an  important  share  to  the  hard 
tasks  that  confronted  the  pioneers  in  a new  and  un- 
developed country. 


CHAPTER  XVII 


EARLY  IRISH  SETTLEMENTS  IN  NEW  YORK 

The  Colonial  Land  Records.  Vast  numbers  of  old  Irish  names 
recorded.  Extracts  from  New  York  newspapers  of  the  Colonial 
period.  Annual  celebrations  of  Saint  Patrick’s  Day.  Irish 
merchants  and  landowners  of  the  city  of  New  York,  Irish 
.'^oldiers  in  the  Colonial  Army. 


IN  New  York  records  may  also  be  found  many  similar 
data  testifying  to  the  presence  of  Irish  people  dur- 
ing the  Colonial  period.  They  were  here,  in  fact,  be- 
fore the  opening  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  it  is  a 
matter  of  record  that  an  Irishman,  Thomas  Lewis,  was 
“one  of  the  richest  inhabitants  of  New  York”  in  the 
year  1674.^  In  a report  to  the  “Lord  President  of  the 
Council”  dated  September  8,  1687,  we  find  Governor 
Thomas  Dongan  ^ recommending  “that  natives  of  Ire- 
land he  sent  here  to  colonize,  where  they  may  live  and 
be  very  happy”  and  that  some  accepted  the  invitation 
may  be  assumed  from  the  number  of  Irish  names  that 
appear  a few  years  later  in  public  documents  of  the 
province.  These  names  are  found  chiefly  in  records  of 
Suffolk,  Albany,  Columbia,  Ulster,  and  Westchester 
counties,  and  especially  in  the  lists  of  persons  to  whom 
^Records  of  New  Amsterdam. 

^ Governor  Dongan  was  of  the  ancient  Irish  family  of  that  name 
and  was  born  at  Castletown,  in  County  Kildare. 

® Documentary  History  of  New  York,  by  Edmund  B.  O’Callaghan, 
Vol.  I,  p.  256. 


295 


296 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


marriage  licenses  were  issued  or  who  were  married  at 
the  Dutch  Reformed  Church  of  the  city  of  Ncav  York. 
In  Jonathan  Pearson’s  work,  Genealogies  of  the  First 
Settlers  of  the  Ancient  County  of  Albany  from  1636 
to  1800,  and  also  in  a similar  compilation  from  the  rec- 
ords of  Schenectady  County,  are  mentioned  435  Irish- 
men and  Irishwomen  who  were  residents  of  that  section 
in  the  eighteenth  century,  and  the  manner  in  which 
certain  of  the  names  are  spelled  at  once  explains  how 
some  of  the  descendants  of  these  Irish  settlers  formed 
the  impression  that  they  are  of  old  English  or  Dutch 
stock ! 

Among  the  important  material  sources  from  which 
information  on  this  subject  is  obtained  are  the  Land 
Papers  at  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  which  con- 
tain 250  entries,  all  told,  covering  warrants  for  tracts  of 
land  from  the  Colonial  government  to  Irish  immigrants 
or  former  Colonial  soldiers  at  various  times  during  the 
eighteenth  century.^  This  does  not  mean  that  only  250 
Irishmen  received  warrants  for  land  during  that  period, 
for  some  of  the  individual  land  grants  represented 
several  separate  families.  As  an  example  of  this,  the 
Petition  of  Robert  Harper  of  New  York  represented 
an  immigration  of  “no  less  than  200  or  300  families’ 
who  were  about  to  sail  from  Ireland  to  settle  in  the 
province  of  New  York  in  the  year  1763.®  According 

* See  Calendar  of  New  York  Colonial  MSS.,  endorsed  Land 
Papers,  1643  to  1803,  compiled  by  the  Secretary  of  State;  Albany, 
1864. 

® See  Petitions  of  Robert  Harper  dated  January  19,  March  14, 
and  April  12,  1763,  in  the  Colonial  Land  Records  of  New  York, 
Vol.  XVI. 


EDWARD  RUTLEDGK 

SIGNER  OFTHE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE,  A NATIVE  OF  IRELAND. 

. i 


REPPODUCEO  BY  ANA/A  FBANCBS  LBY//VS 


# 


A 


i - 


I 


2 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


297 


to  histories  of  Washington  County,  the  Irish  Colonists 
referred  to  in  the  petitions  of  Robert  Harper  sailed  for 
New  York  on  the  10th  of  May,  1764,  and  during  the 
next  year  they  located  on  a tract  of  40,000  acres  in  the 
vicinity  of  what  is  now  Salem,  White  Creek,  and  Still- 
water, Washington  County.  We  are  told  “they  were 
mostly  from  the  district  of  Ballybay  in  the  County  of 
Monaghan,”  and  in  various  public  records  of  that  sec- 
tion of  the  State  their  descendants  are  mentioned  for 
several  generations,  showing  them  to  have  been  among 
the  prominent  and  prosperous  people  of  the  county. 

Another  large  Irish  colony  located  on  the  west  side 
of  Lake  Champlain,  in  what  is  now  Essex  County,  New 
York,  in  the  year  1765.  This  settlement  was  founded 
by  William  Gilliland,  a native  of  Ireland,  a man  of 
extraordinary  energy  and  intellectual  powers,  whose 
name  is  writ  large  in  the  pre-Revolutionary  history  of 
the  Champlain  Valley.®  In  1764  he  purchased  several 
thousand  acres  of  land  near  Lake  Champlain  from  Brit- 
ish officers  and  soldiers  who  had  received  grants  of  these 
lands  for  military  services,  and  in  the  Land  Papers  of 
New  York^  may  be  seen  several  petitions  by  William 
Gilliland  between  1763  and  1771  praying  for  additional 
grants  of  land  in  the  same  neighborhood  and  showing 
that  they  were  “intended  for  settlement  by  a number 
of  families  from  Ireland.”  The  names  of  these  settlers 


® See  Pioneer  History  of  the  Champlain  Valley,  by  Winslow  G. 
Watson;  Albany,  1863.  Also  Three  Centuries  in  the  Champlain 
Valley,  published  by  the  Saranac  Chapter  of  the  Daughters  of  the 
American  Revolution. 

Vols.  XVII  and  XL. 


298 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


which  have  been  preserved  indicate  that  they  came  from 
various  parts  of  Ireland.  Gilliland  left  a remarkably 
interesting  Journal,  from  which  much  of  the  early  his- 
tory of  this  region  is  obtainable.®  It  embraces  the 
period  from  May  10,  1765,  down  to  the  year  of  his 
death  (1796),  and  from  it  we  obtain  many  interesting 
data  concerning  this  Irish  settlement.  In  an  appendix 
to  the  Orderly  Book  of  the  Northern  Army  at  Ticon- 
deroga  and  Mount  Independence  from  October  17, 
1776,  to  January  8, 1777,®  there  is  an  historical  sketch  by 
Winslow  G.  Watson  on  “The  Fortresses  of  Crown 
Point  and  Ticonderoga,”  which  relates  the  following 
singular  and  impressive  incident  of  the  establishment 
of  a local  government  by  this  backwoods  settlement : 

“An  Event  occurred  in  1775,  ■which  forcibly  illustrates  the 
Tendency  at  that  Time,  of  publick  Sentiment  to  democratick 
Institutions  and  exhibits  its  Bias  towards  the  Doctrines  of  Self- 
Government.  This  Settlement,  it  has  been  stated,  was  in  the  ideal 
Limits  of  Charlotte  County,  but  it  possessed  no  tangible  and  prac- 
tical political  or  social  Organization.  It  was  too  remote  to  be  reached 
by  the  protecting  Arm  of  Government  and  too  unimportant  to  receive 
any  speeific  legislative  Action.  The  Presence  and  Ascendancy  of 
some  civil  or  political  Power  were  demanded  in  the  changed  Condi- 
tions and  increased  Population  of  the  Colony  by  their  common 
Interests  and  for  their  mutual  Protection  and  Safety.  Under  these 
Circumstances,  they  convened  on  the  17th  of  March,  1775,  by 
common  Approbation,  an  Assembly  of  the  Colonists  and  constituted 
themselves  in  Effect  a pure  Democracy.  (They  were  chiefly  Irish 
and  Saint  Patrick’s  Festival  was  no  doubt  designedly  adopted  for 
the  occasion.)  At  this  popular  Convention,  it  was  determined  to 


® Gilliland’s  Journal  shows  that  it  was  he  who  laid  the  plan  for 
the  seizure  of  Fort  Ticonderoga  by  Colonel  Ethan  Allen. 

® Published  at  Albany,  New  York,  1859. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


299 


institute,  for  many  practical  Purposes,  a local  Government.  A 
System  of  Police  and  social  Regulations  were  matured,  formally 
adopted  and  ratified  by  the  individual  signatures  of  the  Citizens.  It 
was  made  imperative  upon  all,  and  each  was  pledged  to  abide  by 
its  Provisions  ‘by  every  Tie  of  Honour  and  Honesty.’  In  con- 
templating this  singular  and  most  interesting  Incident,  the  Mind 
instinctively  reverts  to  the  Cabin  of  the  May  Flower,  where  a 
similar  Scene  was  enacted  under  the  Guidance  of  the  same  Spirit 
and  resting  upon  the  same  eternal  Principles.” 

The  Colonial  manuscripts  of  New  York,  published  by 
the  State  and  edited  by  the  distinguished  historian,  Ed- 
mund B.  O’Callaghan;  the  voluminous  publications  of 
the  New  York  Historical  Society;  and  the  probate  rec- 
ords of  the  earliest  settled  counties  of  the  State  con- 
tain a vast  number  of  names  of  Irish  people  who  came 
to  settle  in  the  province  of  New  York  during  the  Colo- 
nial period.  It  is  rather  curious  also  to  find  in  the 
marriage  and  birth  records  of  the  Dutch  Reformed 
Church  and  of  the  Presbyterian  churches  of  the  city  of 
New  York  a very  large  number  of  old  Irish  Catholic 
names,  some  of  them  dating  back  to  the  first  quarter  of 
the  eighteenth  century.  These  records  have  been  care- 
fully investigated  by  the  New  York  Genealogical  and 
Biographical  Society,  and  in  the  publications  of  that 
society  may  be  seen  verbatim  copies  of  the  entries  in  the 
original  parish  registers,  showing  in  numerous  cases 
such  curious  spellings  of  Irish  names  as  to  render  them 
unrecognizable  to  the  ordinary  reader  unacquainted  with 
Irish  nomenclature.  In  a list  of  “Names  of  Persons 
for  whom  Marriage  Licenses  were  issued  by  the  Secre- 

Calendar  of  Historical  Manuscripts  in  the  Office  of  the  Secre^ 
tary  of  State,  by  Edmund  B.  O’Callaglian;  Albany,  1866. 


300 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


taiy  of  State  of  the  Province  of  New  York,  previous  to 
1784,”  “ I find  1049  Irish  names.  The  material  con- 
tained in  these  publications  is  unquestionable  and 
authentic,  for  it  was  copied  with  the  most  scrupulous 
care  from  the  original  records. 

As  early  as  1700,  Ireland  exported  much  linen,  raw 
and  manufactured,  to  the  Colonies,  and  it  is  a fact  that 
all  of  the  linen  used  by  the  inhabitants  for  many  years 
came  from  Ireland.  In  course  of  time  the  Colonists 
established  linen  factories  for  themselves,  for  which 
purpose  they  brought  over  a large  number  of  Irish 
weavers.  In  a “Report  from  Governor  IViiliam  Tryon 
on  the  State  of  the  Province  of  New  York,”  dated  June 
11,  1774,’^“  he  said  that  “more  than  eleven-twelfths  of 
the  inhabitants  are  cloathed  in  linen  imported  from  Ire- 
land,” and  that  “there  is  every  year  a great  Quantity  of 
Flax  seed,  lumber  and  Iron  sent  to  Ireland  m ships  gen- 
erally belonging  to  that  Kingdom,  which  come  out  an- 
nually with  passengers  and  Servants,  as  also  with  Linen, 
Beef,  and  Butter.”  In  the  New  York  newspapers  from 
1750  down  to  the  end  of  the  century,  there  were  printed 
regularly  every  week  advertisements  announcing  the  im- 
portation and  sale  of  all  kinds  of  Irish  manufactured 
goods,  and  during  that  period  I estimate  that,  all  told, 
the  newspapers  published  not  less  than  twenty-five 

Published  at  Albany  in  I860  by  Gideon  T.  Tucker,  Cecretary 
of  State.  For  numerous  Irish  names  see  also  Abstracts  of  Wills, 
published  in  fourteen  yolumes  by  the  New  York  Historical  Society. 

Document  No.  XLIV,  quoted  in  O’Callaghan’s  Documentary 
History  of  Nerv  York,  Vol.  I,  pp.  7S9~769>  London. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY  301 

thousand  advertisements  covering  the  sale  of  Irish 
goodsd^ 

In  the  issue  of  Bradford’s  New  York  Gazette  of  the 
week  April  7-14,  1735,  there  is  “an  account  of  vessels 
entered  and  cleared  in  the  Custom  Houses  from  Decem- 
ber 31,  1733,  to  March  28,  1734,”  and  of  these  vessels 
fifty-four  traded  between  Ireland  and  New  York  and 
Philadelphia,  twenty-eight  of  which  were  from  Dublin, 
nine  from  Belfast,  four  from  Cork,  two  each  from  Wa- 
terford and  Londonderry,  and  nine  from  “Ireland.”  If 
we  assume  that  this  traffic  was  maintained  at  the  same 
rate  during  the  remainder  of  the  year,  it  is  seen  that  the 
total  number  of  ships  sailing  for  and  arriving  at  these 
two  ports  from  Ireland  was  approximately  224  for  the 
year.  In  the  same  paper  of  the  years  1736  to  1738  I 
find  forty-two  vessels  trading  between  Ireland  and  New 
York,  and  in  the  New  York  Evening  Post  of  the  year 
1747  thirty-three  such  vessels  are  listed;  and  as  only 
comparatively  few  copies  of  these  newspapers  are  on  file 
at  the  New  York  Public  Library,  where  I examined 
them,  we  may  assume  that  the  number  of  vessels  whicli 
arrived  from  Ireland  at  the  port  of  New  York  during 
this  period  was  quite  large. 

In  the  New  York  Gazette  and  Weekly  Post-Boy  of 
the  years  1753  to  1758,  under  the  head  of  “Ships  Reg- 
istered at  the  Custom  House,”  there  are  enumerated 

In  Achenwall’s  Observations  on  North  America,  first  printed 
in  the  Hanoverian  Magazine  in  1767,  and  republished  in  the 
Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography  (VoL  XXVII), 
it  is  stated  that  two  million  pounds  sterling  of  Ireland’s  products 
were  sold  yearly  in  America, 


302 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


132  vessels,  all  told,  trading  between  the  port  of  New 
York  and  various  Irish  ports;  and  according  to  the 
Custom  House  lists  printed  in  the  New  York  Gazette 
and  Weekly  Mercury  of  the  years  1766  to  1770,  127 
ships  “arrived  from  Ireland”  and  242  “cleared  for  de- 
parture for  Ireland,”  or  a yearly  average  of  seventy- 
four  sailings  between  Irish  ports  and  the  port  of  New 
York  alone.  When  we  consider  that  the  advertisements 
in  the  newspapers  announcing  the  return  of  some  of 
these  vessels  to  Ireland  said  they  had  “ample  accommo- 
dations for  passengers,”  we  may  conjecture  the  large 
number  of  Irish  people  who  were  brought  to  New  York 
during  the  various  periods  referred  to.  In  one  issue  of 
the  Mercury,  namely,  that  of  December  12,  1768,  may 
be  seen  sixteen  separate  advertisements  by  the  masters 
or  agents  of  vessels  about  to  return  to  their  home  ports 
in  Ireland,  and  it  is  a singular  fact  that  the  same  paper 
contains  only  two  advertisements  of  vessels  sailing  to 
other  European  countries ! Occasionally  this  paper  also 
published  accounts  of  the  arrival  of  immigrants  destined 
to  other  parts  of  the  country;  as,  for  instance,  the  fol- 
lowing despatch  from  Pensacola,  Florida,  which  ap- 
peared in  its  issue  of  INIarch  3,  1766:  “Lieutenant- 
Governor  Brown  has  arrived  at  this  place  with  two 
hundred  settlers  from  Ireland.”  And  on  May  21, 1763, 
the  Mercury  printed  an  account  of  the  arrival  at  Boston 
of  Captain  Daniel  McCarthy  in  the  Sally,  with  a ship- 
load of  passengers  “from  Kingsale  in  Ireland.” 

The  founder  and  editor  of  this  paper  was  Hugh  Gaine,  a native 
of  Belfast,  Ireland.  It  was  established  as  The  Mercury  in  the 
year  1752. 


OF  AMERICAN  FIISTORY 


303 


From  the  news  columns  of  the  New  York  newspapers 
between  the  years  1762  and  1766  are  also  obtainable 
some  very  interesting  data.  A regular  item  of  news 
appearing  each  year  in  these  papers  was  the  account  of 
the  celebrations  held  by  the  Irish  residents  of  the  city 
on  “the  Anniversary  of  Saint  Patrick,  Tutelar  Saint  of 
Ireland,”  which,  it  was  frequently  stated,  “were  attended 
by  many  gentlemen  of  that  nation  and  others.”  As  an 
example  of  the  character  of  the  entertainments  on  these 
annual  feast  days,  the  New  York  Gazette  and  Weekly 
Mercury  of  March  20,  1766,  published  a report  of  a 
celebration  held  on  the  previous  17th  of  March,  “ushered 
in  at  dawn  with  fifes  and  drums,”  which  produced  “a 
very  agreeable  harmony  among  the  inhabitants.”  Among 
the  toasts  drunk  on  that  occasion  we  find:  “May  the 
enemies  of  America  be  branded  with  infamy  and  dis- 
dain”; “Success  to  American  manufacturers” ; “The  Day 
and  Prosperity  to  Ireland,”  and  others  of  the  same  tenor. 
And  the  fact  that  one  of  the  toasts  was,  “Success  to  the 
Sons  of  Liberty,”  shows  that  the  New  York  Irish  kept 
abreast  of  the  politics  of  the  time  and  swept  along  with 
the  rising  tide  of  republicanism  to  which  the  passage  of 
the  Stamp  Act  the  year  before  had  given  considerable 
impetus. 

That  this  feeling  was  mutual  may  be  seen  from  an 
account  of  “an  elegant  entertainment”  on  the  evening  of 
March  17, 1771,  held  by  the  New  York  Sons  of  Liberty, 
published  in  Game’s  paper  of  March  25,  1771.  The 
entertainment,  we  are  told,  was  attended  by  “a  great 
number  of  the  principal  inhabitants  of  the  City,  Friends 
to  Liberty  and  Trade,”  and  among  the  toasts  drunk  on 


304 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


this  occasion  was : “Prosperity  to  Ireland  and  the  worthy 
Sons  and  Daughters  of  Saint  Patrick.”  On  the  same 
evening,  New  York  Irishmen  were  holding  their  annual 
celebration  of  Saint  Patrick’s  Day,  and  the  report  in 
Game’s  paper  of  the  dinner  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty  said: 
“Messages  of  Civil  Compliment  were  exchanged  by 
those  Gentlemen  and  the  Friendly  Brothers  of  Saint 
Patrick,  who  dined  at  the  Queen’s  Head  Tavern.”’^^  The 
Mercury  on  March  16,  1775,  contained  an  announce- 
ment that  “to-morrow,  being  the  anniversary  of  Saint 
Patrick,  Tutelar  Saint  of  Ireland,  will  be  observed  with 
the  usual  respect  and  attention  by  his  generous  sons  and 
their  descendants.”  It  is  rather  significant  that  very 
few  of  such  announcements  appeared  during  the  period 
of  the  war,  but,  on  the  next  recurring  Saint  Patrick’s 
Day  after  the  evacuation  of  the  city  by  the  British,  an 
especially  joyous  feast  was  held,  and  the  present  body, 
The  Society  of  the  Friendly  Sons  of  Saint  Patrick,  was 
organized  by  Irish  residents  of  the  City  of  New  York.”^® 

Among  the  sources  from  which  I have  collected  much 
material  concerning  the  early  Irish  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  may  be  mentioned  the  Records  of  New  Amster- 
dam containing  the  Minutes  of  the  Court  of  Burgo- 
masters and  Schepens,  the  JMinutes  of  the  Meetings  of , 

^•■’Now  Fraunces’  Tavern,  at  Broad  and  Pearl  Streets. 

^lany  interesting  extracts  from  New  York  and  other  news- 
papers of  this  period,  containing  accounts  of  these  annual  celebra- 
tions in  various  parts  of  the  Colonies,  may  be  found  in  John  D. 
Crimmins’  Early  Celebrations  of  Smut  Patrick's  Day,  published 
in  New  York  in  1902. 

Edited  by  Berthold  Fernow  and  published  by  the  city  in  seven 
volumes  in  1897, 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


305 


the  Common  Council  of  the  City  of  New  York/®  Lists 
of  Freemen  and  the  Poll  Lists  of  the  City/®  the  original 
Tax  and  Assessment  Rolls  of  the  City/®  the  original 
records  of  the  Surrogate’s  office/^  and  the  Records  of 
Conveyances  at  the  office  of  the  Register  for  the  City 
and  Comity  of  New  York/®  From  the  latter  source 
alone  I have  collected  the  details  of  750  legal  instru- 
ments, all  executed  prior  to  the  year  1800,  chiefly  cover- 
ing transactions  in  real  estate  in  which  men  and  women 
of  the  most  distinctive  Irish  names  appear  as  the  princi- 
pals. When  we  find  in  these  early  records  such  names 
as  O’Farrell,  O’Brien,  Mooney,  McGrath,  McGowan, 
Duane,  Lynch,  Mulligan,  Daly,  Ryan,  Sullivan,  Mur- 
phy, Flanagan,  McGuire,  Hogan,  McCormick,  McDa- 
vitt,  Kelly,  Burke,  and  Shea,  and  so  on,  among  the 
prosperous  business  men  of  the  city  and  consider  the 
number  of  legal  instruments  recorded  at  the  Register’s 
office,  we  may  safely  assume  that  Irishmen  occupied  a 
place  of  importance  in  the  business  and  social  life  of 
the  community. 

That  large  numbers  of  Irishmen  settled  throughout 
the  Colony  of  New  York  twenty  years  or  more  before 
the  Revolution,  is  strikingly  illustrated  by  the  rosters 
of  the  soldiers  who  joined  the  armed  forces  raised  in 
defence  of  the  colony  during  the  French-English  War. 
The  names  of  these  men  may  be  found  in  the  publications 
of  the  New  York  Historical  Society. 

Published  by  the  city  in  1905  in  eight  volumes. 

For  copies  of  these  lists,  see  James  Grant  Wilson’s  History 
of  the  City  of  New  York. 

On  file  at  the  Comptroller’s  office. 

At  the  Hall  of  Records. 

^Ubid. 


CHAPTER  XVIII 


THE  “IRISH  DONATION” 

How  Ireland  succored  the  famishing  Colonists  in  1676.  Irish 
immigration  to  New  England.  The  town  of  Cork,  Maine. 
Massachusetts  records.  Shipping  between  Boston  and  Irish 
ports.  The  Charitable  Irish  Society  of  Boston  founded  in 
1737.  The  Town  Books  of  Boston  a wealth  of  historic  data 
concerning  the  Irish  pioneers. 

The  fact  that  in  Ireland  there  was  a certain  famili- 
arity with  Colonial  affairs  even  as  early  as  the 
seventeenth  century  is  proven  in  many  ways,  but  none 
more  so  than  by  the  action  taken  by  the  citizens  of 
Dublin  when  the  news  reached  that  city  of  the  distressed 
condition  of  the  New  England  Colonists  resulting  from 
“King  Philip’s  War.”  No  more  striking  instance  of 
practical  sympathy  toward  the  suffering  Colonists  is 
related  in  American  history  than  this  incident.  The 
Indian  war  of  1675-1676  was  bloody  and  devastating 
in  the  extreme.  Large  numbers  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  and  Rhode  Island  fell  in 
battle  or  w^ere  murdered  by  the  savage  foe  and  many 
towns  were  destroyed,  and  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  more 
than  one  hundred  Irish  names  are  enumerated  among 
the  Colonial  militia  who  fought  the  Indian  hordes.  ^ In 
these  times  of  distress  and  misery  it  is  recorded  that  Ire- 

^ See  list  of  Irish  soldiers  who  fought  in  King  Philip’s  war,  in 
journal  of  the  American  Irish  Historical  Society,  Vol.  XIII. 

300 


MAJOR  CHARLES  M?  HENRY 

PRIVATE  SECRETARY  TO  GENERAL  WASHINGTON. 
BORN  IN  ANTRIM,  IRELAND. 


- 


Cri. 

;;.,  V'  . 


f, 


r-. 


■:..-  y-'. 


A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY  307 


land  was  the  only  European  country  which  sent  relief 
to  the  Colonists,  and  so  large  was  the  consignment  that 
the  Lord  Mayor  of  Dublin  sent  three  Commissioners  to 
Boston  to  take  charge  of  the  distribution  of  the  “Irish 
Donation,”  as  it  is  called  in  the  official  records  of  the 
Colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  It  is  not  known  what 
the  “Irish  Donation”  actually  consisted  of,  but  that,  with 
traditional  Irish  generosity,  it  was  liberal  in  the  extreme 
we  may  judge  from  the  fact  that  the  cost  of  the  freight 
alone  was  the  very  large  sum  for  those  days  of  <£475 
sterling.  The  relief  came  in  the  ship  Katherine,  which 
sailed  from  Dublin  for  Boston  on  August  28,  1676.  In 
Massachusetts  alone  47  towns  and  2351  persons  were 
succored  by  this  timely  Irish  relief.  ^ 

The  popular  legend  propagated  by  New  England 
historians,  that  all  of  the  early  settlers  in  that  region 
were  of  English  stock,  is  quickly  dissipated  by  consult- 
ing the  records.  At  the  port  of  Boston,  as  early  as  the 
third  decade  of  the  seventeenth  century,  merchant  ves- 
sels from  Ireland  are  numbered  among  the  arrivals,  and 
between  1714  and  1720,  fifty-three  ships,  mostly  “with 
passengers,”  were  registered  at  Boston  from  various 
Irish  ports,  ^ and  in  the  year  1733  twenty-nine  vessels 

^ At  the  time  of  the  Irish  famine  of  1847  this  incident  was 
gratefully  recalled  by  the  New  England  Historic  and  Genealogical 
Society,  and  in  that  society’s  Annual  Register  (for  the  year  1848), 
as  well  as  in  George  Madison  Bodge’s  History  of  King  Philipps 
War  and  in  Rev.  Mr.  Watterson’s  Voyage  of  the  Jamestown,  au- 
thentic accounts  of  the  “Irish  Donation”  may  be  found. 

® Boston  Town  Records,  containing  tax  lists,  deeds,  wills,  mort- 
gages, Custom  House  records,  notarial  and  court  records,  births, 
baptisms,  marriages,  and  deaths,  including  Roxbury,  Dorchester, 
Charlestown,  and  other  districts. 


308 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


were  “entered  outwards  for  Ireland”  at  the  Boston  Cus- 
tom House.  ^ In  such  ancient  records  as  have  been  re- 
produced by  New  England  historical  societies  and  in  the 
reprints  of  various  official  documents  of  the  colony, 
such  as  probate  entries,  land  grants,  and  court  files,  as 
well  as  birth  and  marriage  lists,  family  papers,  etc.,  may 
be  found  a vast  number  of  Irish  names,  some  as  far  back 
as  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  centur5^  While  it  is 
probable  that  the  majority  of  the  Irish  who  found  asy- 
lum in  New  England  at  that  early  period  were  of  the 
“redemptioner”  or  “indentured  servant”  class,  it  is 
known  that  Irishmen  of  substance  and  good  social  stand- 
ing also  came  and  settled  permanent!}^  in  the  colony.^ 

* From  an  incomplete  list  in  Bradford’s  New  York  Gazette  in 
1735. 

® In  Suffolk  Deeds  (Libers  1 to  14),  prepared  from  the  originals 
by  William  Blake  Trask,  the  eminent  antiquary,  and  published  by 
the  county,  1883  to  1906,  among  the  “Grantors”  and  “Grantees” 
between  l655  and  1697  may  be  seen  the  following  names,  indicating 


these  persons  were  property- 
d: 

•owners  in  Boston  at  that  early 

David  Kelly 

Edward  Collins 

Arthur  Gill 

John  Cushen 

Arthur  Garey 

Matthew  Cushen 

John  Cogan 

John  Collins 

Roger  Corbett 

John  Corbett 

Daniel  Cushin 

John  Keene 

John  Cosgrove 

John  Macgoune 

Thomas  Foley 

Fergus  McDowell 

Ambrose  Gibbons 

Thomas  Killen 

Thomas  GrifSn 

Florence  Mac  Carty 

William  Healy 

Thaddeus  MacKarty 

Elizabeth  Kelley 

Samuel  Sexton 

Ferdinand  Gilligan 

Peter  Butler 

OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


309 


In  the  records  of  the  town  of  Boston  of  the  last  years  of 
the  seventeenth  and  the  early  years  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury hardly  any  names  are  mentioned  more  frequently 
than  those  of  Florence  and  Thaddeus  McCarthy,  and 
in  other  towns  Irish  names  of  ancient  origin  appear 
with  strange  frequency  among  those  of  the  Puritans  and 
their  descendants,  as  merchants,  mechanics,  and  tillers 
of  the  soil. 

In  1720  five  ships  arrived  at  Boston  from  Ireland 
with  about  1500  passengers,  most  of  whom  located  in 
the  settlements  along  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  one  large 
colony  which  planted  itself  in  that  year  at  the  junction 
of  the  Kennebec  and  Eastern  rivers  in  Lincoln  County 
established  the  town  of  Cork,  which,  however,  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  Indians  six  years  later.  A bend  of  the 
Eastern  River  near  the  present  town  of  Dresden  in  Lin- 
coln County  is  still  known  as  the  “Cove  of  Cork,”  and 


And  among  the  witnesses  to  these  deeds,  or  persons  mentioned 
therein,  are: 


John  INIackenny 
Henry  Larkin 
Eobert  Keane 
Brian  Murphey 
Thomas  Murfey 
James  Barrett 
William  Dempsey 
Thomas  Gill 
Anna  Mullins 


John  Casey 
Michael  Martin 
William  Gibbons 
James  Barree 
Nicholas  Lynch 
Thomas  Barrett 
William  Colman 
William  Gill 
Patrick  Ohogen 


Edward  Barrett 
John  Kelley 
David  Fitzgerald 
Teague  Crehore 
Dermot  Mahoone 
Thomas  Sexton 
Anthony  Griffin 
James  Butler 
Darby  Maguire 


® For  interesting  and  authentic  accounts  of  the  enterprise  of 
Robert  Temple  and  of  the  ill-fated  town  of  Cork,  see  Colleciio^is 
of  the  Maine  Historical  Society  and  Journal  of  the  American  Irish 
Historical  Society,  Vol.  XI L 


310 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


the  district  for  several  miles  along  the  river  for  more 
than  a century  was  known  locally  by  the  familiar  name 
of  “Ireland.”  Some  New  England  historians,  in  re- 
ferring to  this  extraordinarily  large  immigration,  say 
that  it  was  comprised  solely  of  “the  Scotch-Irish  from 
the  North  of  Ireland,”  but  that  theory  is  refuted  by  the 
facts  furnished  us  from  local  records  of  various  Maine 
towns  in  the  vicinity  where  they  settled,  and  by  the  fur- 
ther fact  that  these  people  were  brought  over  by  Robert 
Temple  of  the  city  of  Cork,  and  that  three  of  the  vessels 
sailed  from  that  port.  Of  course  there  were  many  from 
the  northern  counties  of  Ireland,  as  there  have  been  in 
all  Irish  immigrations,  but  the  names,  which  are  the 
surest  guide  in  the  absence  of  positive  information  as  to 
the  parts  of  Ireland  whence  they  came,  plainly  indicate 
that  a large  proportion  of  them  were  families  from  the 
south  and  west  of  Ireland.  ^ 

^ The  following  examples  of  some  surnames  taken  from  various 
eighteenth  century  records  of  Lincoln  County,  Maine,  where  the 
main  body  of  the  Irish  immigrants  located,  serve  as  an  indication 
of  the  class  of  people  who  settled  in  that  territory : 


Noonan 

O’NeiU 

Fitzgerald 

McBride 

Walsh 

Sullivan 

Kenny 

Donnell 

McKenny 

Corbett 

^McMahon 

McKeown 

^McFadden 

McGuire 

McGowan 

McCarthy 

McCaifrey 

McGra 

Madden 

Quinnan 

Condon 

Hickey 

Kelliher 

Tynan 

Hayley 

Ryan 

Fogerty 

Prendergast 

Daly 

Foley 

Lynch 

Hurley 

Carney 

Tobin 

Gahan 

Clancy 

Cassidy 

Costagan 

Dunn 

Quinn 

Connelly 

Whalen 

Kelley 

Riley 

Leary 

Connell 

Meloney 

Higgins 

OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


311 


Robert  Temple  was  of  the  Tipperary  family  of  that 
name  which  intermarried  into  the  Emmet  family,  and 
I am  informed  by  Dr.  Thomas  Addis  Emmet  that  the 
story  of  Robert  Temple’s  settlement  in  Maine  has  been 
well  known  in  both  families  for  generations,  and  that 
the  tradition  is  that  the  immigrants  of  1720  were  “mostly 
from  the  counties  of  Cork  and  Kerry.”  On  account 
of  the  continued  raids  of  the  Indians  and  the  lack  of 
protection  by  the  Colonial  government,  these  Irish 
Colonists  in  course  of  time  scattered  all  over  the 
provinces  of  Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  while  some 
emigrated  to  Pennsylvania;  and  the  land,  church,  pro- 
bate, and  other  records  of  various  towns  and  settle- 
ments in  Lincoln,  Cumberland,  and  York  counties, 
Maine,  contain  the  names  of  a very  large  number  of 
Irish  people  who  resided  in  those  districts  during  the 
first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century.  This  great  Irish 
immigration  to  New  England  is  remarkable  when  we 
consider  the  hostility  shown  there  to  persons  of 
Irish  birth.  For  example,  a news  item  dated  “Dublin, 
October  28,  1728,”  published  in  the  American  Weekly 


Cooney 

O’Brien 

Carroll 

Corcoran 

Doyle 

O’Murphy 

McLaughlin 

Crowley 

Barry 

Maher 

Mooney 

Mulligan 

Murphy 

Flynn 

McDonal 

McNamara 

Phelan 

Hogan 

Haggerty 

Haley 

Riordan 

Roehe 

Connery 

Kavanagh 

Rourke 

Butler 

McQuillan 

McSweeney 

Cleary 

Mahoney 

McManus 

Powers 

Farrell 

O’Dee 

Bourke 

Flanagan 

Conners 

Shea 

Duggan 

Malloy 

Connor 

Macgraw 

312 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Mercury  of  Philadelphia  of  February  18,  1729,  said  that 
“above  nineteen  hundred  families  had  already  sailed 
from  Ireland  to  New  England,”  and  that  “many  more 
are  daily  setting  out  for  that  place,  the  rents  of  land 
being  risen  so  high  that  tillers  of  it  say  they  can  hardly 
get  bread.” 

There  is  hardly  a town  or  city  in  any  of  the  New  Eng- 
land States,  wFose  vital  statistics  are  now  available, 
where  one  cannot  find  Irish  names  scattered  through 
the  lists  of  the  early  settlers;  and  in  some  towns  these 
names  occur  so  frequently  that,  when  examining  the 
records,  the  thought  at  once  arises  as  to  why  the  de- 
scendants of  these  people  seem  to  have  exerted  so  little 
influence  in  proportion  to  their  numbers.  In  most  cases, 
little  more  than  the  mere  mention  of  the  names  can 
now  be  found,  yet,  on  the  whole,  the  number  of  Irish 
families  and  their  descendants  of  the  first  and  second 
generations  who  are  enumerated  among  the  well-to-do 
is  remarkable.  For  the  convenience  of  those  who  may 
wish  to  verify  these  statements,  I append  hereto  a list 
of  various  official  records,  verbatim  copies  of  which  have 
been  published  and  are  usually  available  at  the  large 
public  libraries  and  historical  societies. 

In  such  records  as  the  Minutes  of  the  INIeetings  of 
the  Selectmen  of  the  Town  of  Boston,®  the  Suffolk 
Court  Files,®  the  Probate  Records  of  Suffolk 

® Vols.  XIII  to  XXVII  of  the  Town  Books,  published  by  the 
Board  of  Record  Commissioners  at  Boston. 

® Records  of  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court,  compiled  and  published 
by  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society;  Boston,  1897.  Also 
Records  of  the  Court  of  General  Sessions  of  Suffolk  County;  New 
York,  1887. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


313 


County/”  the  Lincoln  County  Wills, “ the  State  Rec- 
ords of  New  Hampshire,  the  Town  Registers  of  vari- 
ous Maine  and  New  Hampshire  towns,  the  Vital  Rec- 
ords of  Massachusetts  towns,  the  voluminous  collec- 
tions of  the  New  England  Historic  and  Genealogical 
Society,^”  the  numerous  local  histories  of  New  England 
towns,  which  in  most  cases  contain  verbatim  copies  of 
the  entries  in  the  original  Town  Books,  and  the  many 
other  sources  of  information  that  have  been  published 
by  historical  societies,  genealogists,  and  searchers  into 
the  original  records,  may  be  seen  a long  succession  of 
familiar  Irish  names,  showing  that  at  an  early  period 
of  its  existence  as  an  English  colony  New  England  at- 
tracted thither  large  numbers  of  Irish  immigrants. 

In  the  Minutes  of  the  Meetings  of  the  Selectmen  of 
the  Town  of  Boston  the  arrival  of  vessels  from  Europe 
is  recorded  at  various  times.  “The  Globe  from  Ireland” 
arrived  at  that  port  on  June  25,  1716,  with  twenty-nine 
passengers;  the  ships  Patience  and  Judith  arrived  from 
London  on  June  30,  1716,  with  passengers,  several  of 
whom  were  Irish,  and  “the  America  from  Lisburn  in 
Ireland”  arrived  on  July  3,  1716.  A meeting  of  the  se- 
lectmen was  held  on  August  12, 1718,  for  the  purpose  of 

Compiled  by  Elijah  George,  Register  of  Probate;  Boston,  1896. 

Registered  in  the  District  Probate  Register  at  Lincoln,  Maine. 

Published  by  the  State;  Concord,  New  Hampshire. 

Many  of  the  New  England  towns  have  published  official  Reg- 
isters containing  extracts  from  the  Town  Clerks’  records  and  the 
names  of  the  pioneer  settlers. 

The  Birth,  Baptismal,  Marriage,  and  Death  Records  of  many 
Massachusetts  towns  and  cities  have  been  published. 

Seventy-one  volumes;  Boston,  184-7  to  1917. 


314 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


determining  the  disposition  of  “the  Passengers  Lately 
Arrived  here  from  Ireland  and  elsewhere”;  and  at  a 
meeting  of  the  same  body  held  on  September  12,  1724, 
Captain  Philip  Bass  appeared  and  reported  upon  the 
eondition  of  “the  Passengers  in  his  vessel  lately  arrived 
from  Ireland  into  this  Harbour.”  At  a meeting  on 
August  9,  1736,  mention  was  made  of  “nineteen  Trans- 
ports just  imported  from  Cork  in  Ireland,”  -and  in 
the  next  month  Captain  John  Carroll  reported  to  the 
selectmen  that  he  had  brought  a number  of  people  from 
Ireland,  and  on  September  22,  1736,  they  were  all  “ad- 
mitted as  inhabitants.”  At  a meeting  on  November  10, 
1736,  “Captain  George  Beard  executed  a Bond  of  the 
Penalty  of  One  Thousand  Pounds  to  Indemnify  the 
Town  from  Charges  on  account  of  Thirty-seven  Pas- 
sengers imported  by  him  from  Ireland  in  the  sloop  Han- 
nah/" and  two  weeks  later  Captain  James  Williams  of 
the  sloop  Two  Mollys  gave  a similar  bond  in  the  sum 
of  eleven  hundred  pounds  “on  account  of  forty-three 
Passengers  by  the  said  Williams  imported  from  Ire- 
land.” On  September  7,  1737,  “Captain  Daniel  Gibbs, 
Commander  of  the  ship  Sagamore  from  Ireland,”  was 
called  before  the  meeting  “to  report  upon  the  condition 
of  his  Passengers.” 

Among  the  entries  in  the  Town  Books  of  Boston  cov- 
ering bonds  of  indemnity  on  account  of  “passengers 
imported  from  Ireland,”  given  by  the  masters  of  vessels 
or  other  persons  interested,  are  found  the  following: 
September  15, 1737,  bond  of  £500  by  Samuel  Todd  “for 
Passengers  from  Ireland  in  the  Brigantine  Elizabeth” ; 


Political  exiles. 


315 


OF  AMSEICAF-  HISTORY 

November  8,  1737,  bond  of  <£600  by  Captain  James 
Finney  and  others  “on  account  of  162  Passengers  im- 
ported by  the  said  Finney  in  the  snow  Charming  Molly 
from  Ireland”;  December  3,  1738,  bond  of  £500  by 
Captain  Nathaniel  Montgomery  “on  account  of  82  Pas- 
sengers imported  in  the  ship  Eagle  from  Ireland” ; May 
29,  1739,  bond  of  £250  by  Captain  Ephraim  Jackson 
“on  account  of  42  Passengers  imported  in  the  ship  Bar- 
wick  from  Ireland,”  and  on  October  7,  1741,  Captains 
John  Seymour  and  William  Palmer  were  notified  “to 
appear  and  give  Bonds  to  the  Town  Treasurer  for  the 
Passengers  they  have  imported  from  Ireland.”  In  view 
of  these  constant  Irish  immigrations  to  Massachusetts, 
we  can  understand  why  “several  Gentlemen,  Merchants 
and  others  of  the  Irish  Nation  residing  in  Boston”  met 
on  Saint  Patrick’s  Day,  1737,  and  founded  the  Chari- 
table Irish  Society,  “from  an  Affectionate  and  Compas- 
sionate Concern  for  their  Countrymen  in  these  parts 
who  may  be  reduced  by  Sickness,  Shipwrack,  Old  Age, 
and  other  Infirmities  and  unforeseen  Accidents,”  etc. 

Under  the  head  of  “Port  Arrivals — Immigrants”  in 
the  Town  Books,  a large  number  of  Irish  names  are  re- 
corded between  the  years  1762  and  1769.  “Captain 
Daniel  McCarthy,  Master  of  the  ship  Sally  from  Kin- 
sale  in  Ireland,”  appeared  before  the  selectmen  on  May 
21,  1763,  and  “reported  on  his  passengers”  before  they 
were  allowed  to  land,  and  on  May  30,  1764,  the  record 
says  that  “Captain  William  Clouston  of  the  Brigantine 
Hound  appeared  and  reported  that  he  has  been  from 
Cork  in  Ireland  in  34  days.”  Among  the  “Port  Ar- 

See  published  records  of  the  society^  Boston,  1876. 


316 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


rivals”  at  Boston  in  the  year  1762,  sixty-nine  Irish  names 
are  recorded;  in  1764,  twenty -three  Irish  names;  in 
1765,  eighty-four;  in  1766,  195;  and  in  1767,  102  Irish 
names.  These  represent  the  arrivals  in  seven  vessels 
only,  and  the  lists  of  the  names  embrace  some  of  the 
most  prominent  family  names  in  Irish  nomenclature, 
and  indicate  that  these  immigrants  came  from  all  parts 
of  Ireland.  Where  these  people  located,  or  what  were 
their  fortunes  in  the  new  country,  there  is  no  indication 
whatever;  the  Town  Books  simply  recorded  the  fact 
of  their  arrival  at  Boston.  It  is  my  belief  that  all  did 
not  settle  at  Boston  or  in  the  province  of  INIassachusetts, 
because  I have  noticed  many  instances  of  Irish  names 
in  the  town  records  of  places  in  Maine  and  New  Hamp- 
shire which  bear  a remarkable  resemblance  to  the  names 
of  some  of  the  passengers  who  arrived  at  Boston  about 
that  time. 

In  the  Town  Books  of  Boston  alone  there  are  approxi- 
mately two  thousand  Irish  names  of  people  whose  mar- 
riages were  solemnized  in  Suffolk  County,  IMassachu- 
setts,  during  the  eighteenth  century,  and  an  examination 
of  the  ancient  records  reproduced  in  the  Netc  England 
Historic  and  Genealogical  Register  would  prove  a veri- 


Arthur  Young,  in  his  Tour  in  Ireland  (Vol.  I,  p.  406;  London 
ed.,  1892),  says  about  the  emigrants  whom  he  witnessed  departing 
from  Waterford:  “The  number  of  people  who  go  as  passengers  in 
the  Newfoundland  ships  is  amazing.  From  sixty  to  eighty  ships 
and  from  3,000  to  5,000  annually.  They  come  from  most  parts  of 
Ireland,  from  Corke,  Kerry,  etc.”  New  England  records,  especially 
those  of  the  District  of  Maine,  show  that  many  of  these  people 
eventually  found  their  way  to  that  territory,  where  they  settled  per- 
manently. 


PEPRODL/CED  BY ERAAfCES  L£V/NS 


xJOHN  BAKR'\" 

FATHER  OF  THE  AMERICAN  NAVY,  BORN  !N  COUNTY  WEXFORD,  IRELAND. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


317 


table  surprise  to  those  who  assume  that  this  section  of 
the  country  was  settled  solely  by  English  Colonists.  The 
Massachusetts  Probate  and  Land  Records  are  also  re- 
plete with  Irish  names,  showing  that  many  of  the  Irish 
immigrants  and  their  descendants  were  numbered  among 
the  substantial  business  men  of  various  New  England 
communities. 

Readers  will  probably  obtain  a better  idea  of  the 
class  of  Irish  people  who  settled  in  New  England  from 
a list  of  prominent  Irish  surnames  which  appear  in  the 
eighteenth  century  records  published  in  the  Annual  Reg- 
ister of  the  New  England  Historic  and  Genealogical 
Society.  Among  these  names,  with  the  number  of  times 
each  is  mentioned  in  the  indices  to  these  records,  are  the 
following: 


Barry  . . . .i. . . . 

158 

Cummings  .... 

292 

Flaherty  . . . . 

4 

Boyle  ........ 

53 

Dalton  

no 

Flynn,  Flyng 

. 20 

Brady 

17 

Daly . . . 

26 

Foley  

. . 24 

Brien,  Brian, 

Delany 

6 

Gallagher  . ... 

5 

Bryan  

64 

Dillon . 

9 

Gilmore  . . . .i 

. ..  68 

Burke,  Bourke  . 

138 

Donohue  ...... 

7 

Gilpatrick  . . 

. . 18 

Carroll  ....... 

88 

Donovan 

6 

Gleason  .... 

. . 114 

Casey  

29 

Duane 

53 

Glynn  ...... 

. . 11 

Cogan,  Coggan 

110 

Duley 

10 

Gorman  .... 

..,  7 

Conner,  Connor, 

Dunn  . . . .1. . . . 

73 

Healy,  Haley 

. 240 

Conners  ..... 

92 

Dwyer  ......  ... 

5 

Higgins  . . . . 

. . 160 

Corbett 

63 

Farrell,  Farrelly 

14 

Hogan  ...  .1. 

Corcoran  

25 

Fitzgerald  ..... 

64 

Hurley 

5 

Crehore  ...... 

85 

Gerrald  ....... 

16 

Joyce  

. . 42 

Crowley  ...... 

18 

Fitzpatrick  . . . 

9 

Besides  the 

“0” 

names  listed,  there 

were  persons 

named 

O’Cahan,  O’Doherty,  O’Byrne,  O’Callaghan,  O’Donoghue,  O’Dono- 
van, O’Dwyer,  O’Grady,  O’KeelFe,  O’Leary,  O’Riordan,  O’Shaw, 
and  O’Shaughnessy. 


318  A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Kane,  Kaine, 

McFadden  .... 

18 

O’Carroll  

4 

Cane,  McKane 

153 

McGinnis  . .,.  .i. 

11 

O’Connell  . . 

12 

Kearney,  Carney 

19 

McGowan  . . . .) 

15 

O’Connor  . .,.  . . 

23 

Keating  

16 

McGrath, 

O’Donnell  .... 

26 

Keiley,  Keeley  . 

10 

McGraw  .... 

21 

O’Flaherty  .... 

3 

Kelly,  Kelley  . 

202 

McKenna, 

O’Hanlon 

3 

Kennedy  

no 

McKenny . . . . 

50 

O’Hara  

8 

Kenney 

86 

McLaughlin  . . . 

20 

O’Kelley  

7 

Larkin  

157 

McMahon  .... 

17 

O’Neill  . 

32 

Leary,  Lary, 

McNeill  

58 

O’Reilly 

14 

Larey  

38 

McSweeney  ... 

10 

O’Rourke  ...... 

5 

Lawler,  Lawless 

17 

Madden  

29 

O’Sullivan  .... 

43 

Logan  ........ 

86 

Mahon,  Mahony, 

O’Toole  

5 

Lynch  ........ 

48 

Mahoone  ... 

23 

Power,  Powers. 

150 

McBride 

13 

Malone  

67 

Prendergast  . . 

22 

McCarthy  .... 

85 

Maloney  ...... 

10 

Quigley  

7 

IMcClary 

40 

Mooney  

10 

Quinn 

7 

McConnehe  . . . 

20 

Mullins  

45 

Reilly,  Riley  . . 

226 

McCormack  ... 

8 

Murphy  

82 

Rvan  

19 

McDonnell  .... 

19 

Nolen  

10 

Sullivan  

280 

McDonald  .... 

52 

O’Brien  

48 

Walsh 

36 

McDaniel 

31 

O’Bryne  

3 

These  names  furnish  a striking  exhibit  of  the  racial 
character  of  the  Irish  who  settled  in  New  England,  and 
yet  this  list  is  far  from  being  complete,  for  it  would  al- 
most seem  that  there  is  hardly  an  Irish  name  of  any 
prominence  that  does  not  appear  at  some  time  or  other 
in  New  England  records,  as  well  as  a great  many  Irish 
people  with  non-Irish  names,  such  as  those  alluded  to  in 
Chapter  VIII.  Besides,  I have  excluded  from  this  cate- 
gory many  of  the  “Mac”  names  and  also  such  as  Blake, 
Barrett,  Boyce,  Butler,  Buckley,  Carey,  Clarke,  Coch- 
ran, Collins,  Cunningham,  Dexter,  Field,  Ford,  Fox, 
Gill,  Garrett,  Gibbons,  Greeley,  Griffin,  Harrington, 
Hart,  Hayes,  Holland,  Hughes,  Jennings,  Moore,  IVIan- 


OF  AMERICAN  FIISTORY 


319 


ning,  Mitchell,  Neale,  Reynolds,  and  many  similar 
names;  for  although  these  names  have  been  very  com- 
mon among  the  Irish  for  centuries  and  most  of  them  are 
from  Gaelic  derivatives,  yet  it  is  also  possible  that  some 
of  these  people  may  have  been  of  English,  Welsh,  or 
Scotch  descent.  At  the  same  time,  however,  I may  say 
that  I have  determined  positively  that  some  of  those  I 
have  omitted  were  Irish.  The  name  Butler,  for  ex- 
ample, is  listed  876  times  in  the  records  from  which  I 
am  quoting,  and  I have  found  family  histories  showing 
that  many  of  the  New  England  Butlers  were  descend- 
ants from  Irish  immigrants  who  came  from  Waterford 
and  Kilkenny.  Most  of  the  Dexter  families  in  Massa- 
chusetts are  descended  from  Richard  Dexter,  who  came 
from  Ireland  to  Boston  in  1642,  and  he  was  a descend- 
ant of  a de  Exeter  who  migrated  to  Ireland  from  France 
in  the  Norman  invasion  of  1172 ; so  that  we  see  the  Dex- 
ters were  in  Ireland  for  470  years  before  the  first  of  the 
family  came  to  America.  Some  of  the  Massachusetts 
Fields  were  descendants  of  Darby  Field,  an  Irishman 
and  a noted  personage  in  New  England  history;  some 
of  the  Massachusetts  Blakes,  I find,  are  of  the  old  Gal- 
way family  of  that  name,  and  some  of  the  Neales  were 
descended  from  an  Irishman  named  Neale,  who  accom- 
panied Darby  Field  in  his  discovery  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains in  New  Hampshire  in  the  year  1643.^°  So  that, 
Vv’hile  there  may  be  a partial  offset  in  some  of  the  names 
that  possibly  should  not  be  listed  under  the  head  of 
“Irish,”  I would  be  justified  in  including  as  “Irish”  a 


Journal  of  Governor  John  Winthrop. 


320 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


certain  proportion  of  those  omitted,  who,  in  the  aggre- 
gate, numbered  many  thousands. 

Readers  should  not  understand  that  the  numbers 
shown  in  this  list  constitute  the  total  number  of  people 
so  named  and  mentioned  in  New  England  reeords,  and 
in  considering  the  list  they  should  keep  in  mind  the  fact 
that  I am  now  quoting  from  records  brought  out  by  only 
one  of  the  historical  societies.  For  instance,  in  the  fore- 
going list  will  be  noted  forty-eight  O’Briens,  this  num- 
ber being  all  of  the  name  who  are  mentioned  in  the  par- 
ticular records  referred  to ; but  as  there  are  eighty-five 
O’Briens  listed  among  the  Massachusetts  Soldiers  and 
Sailors  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  we  can  well  imagine 
that  there  must  have  been  several  hundred  of  the  name 
from  which  this  number  of  soldiers  was  drawn;  and  it 
is  probable  that  the  New  England  progeny  of  one  Irish- 
man of  the  name  alone,  Morris  O’Brien  of  Machias, 
who  had  six  sons  and  three  daughters,  all  of  whom  mar- 
ried, numbered  not  less  than  250  persons  at  the  close 
of  the  eighteenth  century.  Opposite  Kearney  or  Car- 
ney will  be  noted  the  figure  19,  as  representing  all  of 
that  name  mentioned  in  the  partieular  records  referred 
to.  Now,  one  Irishman  alone,  Mark  Carney,  who,  ac- 
cording to  the  inscription  on  his  tombstone  at  Dresden, 
JNIaine,  “Died  [in  1782]  defending  his  country  for  lib- 
erty,” was  the  father  of  thirteen  children,  and  his  eld- 
est son,  Daniel  Carney  of  Boston,  was  the  father  of 

Mark  Carney  emigrated  from  Ireland  (probably  from  Kil- 
kenny) to  Pownalborough,  Maine,  about  the  year  1759-  He  was 
a brave  soldier  of  the  Revolution.  For  an  account  of  his  career, 
see  Journal  of  the  American  Irish  Historical  Society,  Vol.  XIV. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


321 


twenty-two  children,  and  the  genealogy  of  the  Carney 
family  indicates  that  at  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury there  were  several  hundred  descendants  of  Mark 
Carney  in  New  England.  So  that  the  foregoing  list  ob- 
viously is  far  short  of  the  total  number  of  such  names 
that  are  mentioned  in  the  records. 

This  list  of  approximately  one  hundred  Irish  names  shows 
that  the  average  number  of  times  each  is  mentioned  in  the  records 
from  which  they  are  taken  is  fifty.  It  must  be  said,  however,  that 
it  is  very  difficult,  and  in  some  instances  impossible,  to  determine, 
in  the  case  of  a certain  given  name  appearing  more  than  once, 
whether  the  same  or  different  persons  are  referred  to,  and  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  in  some  cases,  when  making  up  the  foregoing 
tabulation,  the  same  person’s  name  was  counted  several  times.  But 
the  illustrations  of  the  cases  of  the  names  O’Brien  and  Carney 
and  the  many  similar  ones  that  can  be  pointed  out  show  that  these 
repetitions  are  more  than  offset  by  the  omissions,  and  it  is  clear 
that  the  list  falls  far  short  of  the  total  number  of  people  of  the 
names  selected  who  were  in  New  England  prior  to  the  opening  of 
the  nineteenth  century. 


CHAPTER  XIX 


EARLY  IRISH  SETTLERS  IN  VIRGINIA 


Irish  in  Virginia  before  the  arrival  of  the  Mayfloner.  Their  names 
from  Hotten’s  “Original  Lists.”  The  Shenandoah  Valley  first 
settled  by  Irish  immigrants.  Numerous  Gaelic  names  on  the 
rosters  of  the  Virginia  Militia.  The  Colonial  Records  a vast 
storehouse  of  information.  Prominent  Irish  families  in 
Virginia.  Daniel  Carroll’s  letter  to  Washington  on  Irish  im- 
migration. 


HE  records  of  the  Southern  States  are  a mine  of 


historical  wealth  concerning  the  pioneer  settlers, 
and  while  they  appear  to  have  been  carefully  scanned 
by  writers  of  general  history  and  much  of  their  con- 
tents has  been  given  to  the  public,  none  have  interested 
themselves  particularly  in  the  story  of  the  Irish  pioneers 
of  that  territory  which  lies  buried  in  these  musty  vol- 
umes. In  Virginia,  for  instance,  much  of  the  material 
for  this  story  can  be  found  in  the  County  Records,  ^ the 
Land  and  Probate  Records,  and  the  Parish  Registers  of 
the  old  churches,  especially  in  the  counties  bordering  on 
the  James,  York,  Potomac,  and  Rappahannock  rivers, 
copies  of  all  of  which  are  accessible,  some  at  the  State 
Library  and  the  various  offices  of  the  Commonwealth 
at  Richmond,  others  in  the  possession  of  the  county 
clerks  and  the  registrars  of  wills  and  deeds,  while  still 

^ The  County  Records  of  Virginia,  collected  by  Crozier,  have 
been  published  by  the  Virginia  Historical  Society. 

322 


A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY  823 


others  are  under  the  care  of  the  churchwardens  and  other 
custodians  of  old  records.  Nothing  is  left  to  the  imagi- 
nation, and  there  is  such  an  abundance  of  material  at 
hand  on  the  subject  that  there  does  not  seem  to  be  a par- 
ticle of  excuse  for  the  complaint  that  “the  Irish  have 
been  kept  out  of  history,”  for  there  has  been  every  op- 
portunity to  fill  the  void. 

The  fact  that  Virginia  received  a large  infusion  of 
Irish  blood  from  a very  early  period  is  indisputable,  and, 
according  to  the  most  dependable  records,  approxi- 
mately three  hundred  years  have  elapsed  since  the  first 
Irishman  appeared  in  Virginia,  which  was  before  the 
arrival  of  the  Pilgrims  of  the  Mayflower.  Neill  ^ re- 
fers to  a book  presented  “at  a Court  held  for  Virginia 
on  December  19,  1621,”  by  an  English  Puritan  minis- 
ter named  John  Brinsley,  which  the  author  explained 
was  “adapted  for  all  functions  and  places,  and  more 
particularly  to  every  ruder  place,  and  more  especially 
to  that  poor  Irish  nation  with  our  loving  countrymen 
in  Virginia.”  In  the  same  work,  Neill  quotes  a sermon 
delivered  in  London  in  the  year  1622  by  Rev.  Patrick 
Copland  of  Barbadoes  Island,  afterward  the  first  Presi- 
dent of  the  College  of  Virginia,  in  which  he  referred  to 
“eight  hundred  persons  who  had  been  transported  out 
of  England  and  Ireland  for  the  plantations  of  Vir- 
ginia,” and  in  an  explanatory  note  Neill  remarks  that 
“Ireland  has  always  been  a hive  from  which  America 
has  derived  sturdy  hewers  of  wood  to  subdue  the  for- 
ests.” 


^History  of  the  English  Colonization  in  America. 


324 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


The  Virginia  records  show  that  an  Irish  colony  was 
brought  from  Cork  in  the  Flying  Harte  in  the  year  1621 
by  Sir  William  Newce  and  located  at  what  is  now  New- 
port News,  and  some  few  years  later  “Daniel  Gookin 
of  Carrigoline,  County  Cork,”  transported  to  Virginia 
“great  multitudes  of  people  and  cattle  from  Ireland 
and  England.”  In  Hotten’s  Original  Lists  ® are  enu- 
merated the  names  of  many  persons,  the  ships  in  which 
they  sailed,  the  dates  of  their  arrival  in  the  colony,  and 
other  data,  and  among  the  names  we  find  such  as  Murfie, 
IMacBrian,  Riley,  Cassedy,  Carroll,  Connor,  Dunn, 
Earley,  Higgins,  Moore,  Hayes,  Mortagh,  Burke,  Bar- 
rett, Barron,  Mallon,  Garrett,  McConry,  Plunkett,  Con- 
way, Piggot,  McCarty,  Sexton,  Collins,  Straughan, 
Daly,  Hickey,  Courtney,  Gill,  Dermot,  Maddin,  O’Mul- 
lin,  Coggin,  Haly,  Creede,  Leimon,  Farrell,  Manning, 
Butler,  Connelly,  Flynn,  Cullen,  Hoban,  Gibbons, 
Welsh,  and  Joyce;  and  when  we  find  in  these  lists  such 
names  as  Desmond  O’Bryan,  Dennis  and  Owen  McCar- 
tie,  Patrick  Conly,  Patrick  Connyer,  Patrick  Breddy, 
Patrick  Ward,  Darby  Hurlie,  Bryan  McGawyn,  Den- 
nis Hogin,  Brian  Kelly,  Michael  Foley,  Teague  Nacton 
or  Naughton,  Teague  Quillin,  Donough  Garvie,  and  the 
like,  it  needs  no  stretch  of  the  imagination  to  conclude 
what  was  the  country  of  their  nativity.  All  of  these  came 

® The  Original  Lists  of  Persons  of  Quality,  Emigra-nts,  Religious 
Exiles,  Political  Rebels,  serving  men  sold  for  a term  of  years, 
apprentices,  children  stolen,  maidens  pressed,  and  others  mho  went 
from  Great  Britain  to  the  American  Plantations  between  l600  and 
1700;  copied  from  manuscripts  preserved  in  the  State  Paper  De- 
partment of  the  Public  Record  Office  of  England,  by  John  Camden 
Hotten;  New  York,  1874. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


325 


to  Virginia  between  1634  and  1636.  Hotten  also  quotes 
from  “A  List  of  the  Livinge  and  the  Dead  in  Virginia 
on  February  16,  1623,”  and  from  “A  Booke  of  Entrie 
for  Passengers  passing  beyond  the  Seas”  in  the  years 
1631  and  1632,  and  in  these  lists  appear  several  Irish 
names.  There  is  also  a “List  of  what  Ticquetts  have 
been  granted  out  of  the  Secretary’s  Office  of  the  Island 
of  Barbadoes  for  departure  off  this  Island,  beginning 
in  January,  1678,  and  ending  in  December  following,” 
and  among  those  who  left  Barbadoes  for  Virginia  and 
Carolina  in  that  year  are  ninety  Irish  names. 

In  a partial  list  of  “Early  Immigrants  to  Virginia 
(1623  to  1666)  ” collected  by  George  Cabell  Greer  from 
the  Land  Office  Records  at  Richmond,  ^ there  are  in- 
cluded more  than  three  hundred  old  Irish  names;  while 
in  the  marriage  and  baptismal  records  and  the  will  books 
of  the  different  counties  and  the  many  historical  extracts 
from  various  Virginia  records  reproduced  in  the  quar- 
terly publications  of  William  and  Mary  College  and  in 
the  Virginia  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography,  nu- 
merous Irish  names  appear,  dating  back  to  the  early 
years  of  the  eighteenth  century  and  down  to  and  beyond 
the  period  of  the  War  of  the  Revolution.  In  the  Colo- 
nial Papers  of  Virginia  references  are  made  to  the  trans- 
portation of  Irish  “Tories”  and  “convicts.”  For  exam- 
ple, under  date  of  September  24,  1653,  we  find  the 
Council  of  State  granting  a license  to  Sir  Richard 
Nethersole  “to  transport  one  hundred  Irish  Tories  to 


^ Richmond,  Virginia,  1912. 


326 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Virginia,”  and  Prendergast  ® gives  instances  from  the 
State  Papers  in  Dublin  Castle  showing  the  extent  to 
wEich  this  human  traffic  was  carried  on  by  the  English 
planters  and  adventurers. 

Many  of  the  Irish  who  are  shown  to  have  arrived  via 
the  Delaware  River  during  the  first  half  of  the  eight- 
eenth century  found  their  way  to  the  remote  settlements 
of  western  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  especially  in  the 
region  of  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains  and  the  Valley  of 
Virginia.  Betv/een  1740  and  1770  a very  large  number 
of  Irish  immigrants  came  to  Virginia,  and  evidently  it 
was  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  that  the  bulk  of  them  lo- 
cated ; for  in  the  early  records  of  F rederick,  Shenandoah, 
Rockingham,  Albemarle,  Augusta,  and  Rockbridge 
counties  are  to  be  found  a great  number  of  representa- 
tive Gaelic  names.  ® A local  historian  says  that  “pre- 
vious to  1744  several  immigrants  from  Pennsylvania, 
chiefly  Irish,  settled  on  the  South  Branch”  of  the  Shen- 
andoah River,  and  that  “the  earliest  settlers  on  the  upper 
w^aters  of  the  Opequon  were  a mixture  of  Irish  and 
Germans.”^  In  1763  another  Irish  contingent  came 
to  the  same  neighborhood,  who,  he  intimates,  were  Cath- 


® John  P.  Prendergast,  The  Cromwellian  Settlement  of  Ireland, 
pp.  244-6;  New  York,  1868. 

® These  names,  as  well  as  interesting  accounts  of  many  of  the 
individual  settlers,  written  by  people  acquainted  with  local  history 
and  traditions,  may  be  found  in  such  works  as  the  History  of  the 
Lower  Shenandoah  Valley,  by  J.  E.  Norris;  the  History  of  Albe- 
marle County,  by  Rev.  Edgar  Woods;  the  Virginia  Magazine  of 
History  and  Biography,  and  the  West  Virginia  Magazine  of  History. 

’’  Samuel  Kercheval,  History  of  the  Valley  oy  Virginia,  p.  46; 
Woodstock,  Va.,  1850. 


OF  AMEIilCAN  HISTORY 


327 


olics;  for  he  says  that  “the  Irish,  like  the  Germans, 
brought  with  them  the  religion,  customs,  and  habits  of 
their  ancestors,  and  the  Irish  wedding  was  always  the 
occasion  of  great  hilarity,  jollity,  and  mirth.”  ® While 
the  local  historian  fails  to  give  the  names  of  all  these 
settlers,  he  mentions  enough  of  them  to  indicate  that 
they  must  have  come  from  all  parts  of  Ireland.  William 
McMahon  he  mentions  as  a “Justice  of  the  first  Court 
which  sat  in  Frederick  County  in  1743,”  and  among  the 
pioneer  lawyers  of  the  county  in  1745  were  Michael 
Quinn  and  John  Ryan.  There  were  so  many  Irish  at 
Winchester  a short  time  before  the  Revolution  that  they 
used  to  celebrate  regularly  the  national  festival  of  Ire- 
land, and  some  amusing  incidents  are  related  in  local 
history  of  the  “disorders”  that  occurred  “when  the 
Dutch  exhibited  effigies  of  Saint  Patrick  and  ridiculed 
the  feast.”  ® 

We  are  told  that  “the  foremost  man  in  Augusta 
County  during  its  early  settlement  was  James  Patton, 
who  was  a native  of  Newton-Limavaddy,  Ireland,  where 
he  was  born  in  1692.  As  a master  and  owner  of  a mer- 
chant vessel,  he  brought  many  settlers  to  Virginia”; 
and  in  the  Official  Records  of  Robert  Dirvwiddie,  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor of  the  Colony  of  Virginia,  “ he  is  thus 
referred  to:  “Colonel  James  Patton  entered  into  the 
American  trade  to  Hobbes’s  Hole,  Virginia,  on  the  Rap- 
pahannock River.  Said  to  have  crossed  the  Atlantic 

* Samuel  Kercheval,  History  of  the  Valley  of  Virginia,  p.  46. 

^Ihid.,  p.  157. 

County  Records  of  Virginia,  Vols.  XIII  and  XVI. 

Vol.  I,  published  by  the  Virginia  Historieal  Society. 


328 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


twenty-five  times  to  bring  Irish  emigrants  [redemption- 
ers]  who  served  a given  time  to  pay  the  cost  of  their 
transportation.  Augusta  County,  in  which  he  received 
a grant  of  120,000  acres  of  land,  was  largely  settled 
through  his  agency.” 

On  the  roster  of  Augusta  County  militia  in  1742  there 
are  seventy-two  Irish  names,  and  among  the  officers  of 
the  Virginia  Regiment  commanded  by  Colonel  George 
Washington  in  1754  I note  such  names  as  Gorman,  Bar- 
rett, McCarty,  Doran,  McRoy,  Conway,  McAnnulty, 
Hogan,  and  Murphy,  and  on  the  roster  of  its  enlisted 
men  there  are  sixty-nine  Irish  names.  In  a bodj^  of 
“Militia  from  Augusta  County  who  fought  in  the 
French  and  Indian  Wars”  there  are  115  Irish  names, 
and,  as  an  illustration  of  its  racial  composition,  I find 
one  company — the  only  one  where  the  nationality  of  the 
men  is  given — comprising  a total  of  twenty-nine  men, 
fourteen  of  whom  are  recorded  as  born  in  Ireland,  seven 
in  England,  three  in  Virginia,  two  each  in  Scotland  and 
Pennsylvania,  and  one  in  INIaryland.  The  captain  of 
the  company  was  Andrew  Lewis,  a native  of  County 
Donegal,  who  afterward  achieved  fame  as  commander 
of  Virginia  troops  at  the  battle  of  Point  Pleasant  in 
1774.  In  Augusta  County  companies  commanded  by 
Captains  William  Cocke,  Christopher  Gist,  and  Henry 
Woodward,  in  1756,  twenty-five  per  cent,  of  the  men 
were  natives  of  Ireland,  and  in  “Colonel  Washington’s 
own  Company”  twenty-eight  per  cent,  gave  Ireland  as 
their  birthplace.  In  all,  ninety-five  of  the  enlisted  men 


Miscellaneous  Records  of  Virginia,  Vol.  II. 


/^aJ^^oDuc^n  sy  aa^a/a  aa?aa/c£S  l£W/vs 


GENEEAl.  ANDREW  LEWIS 

OF  THE  CONTINENTAL  ARMY.  BORN  IN  DONEGAL,  IRELAND. 
FROM  A STATUE  AT  RICHMOND,  VIRGINIA, 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


329 


from  Augusta  County  in  that  year  are  recorded  as  na- 
tives of  Ireland,  in  addition  to  a number  of  others  bear- 
ing Irish  names,  mostly  natives  of  Pennsylvania  and 
Virginia. 

In  the  muster-rolls  of  Virginia  militia  defending  the 
frontier  during  “Lord  Dunmore’s  War”  in  1774  there 
are  159  Irish  names.  In  the  Land  Bounty  Certificates 
a large  number  of  “militiamen  who  received  land  grants 
for  participation  in  the  wars  of  the  Colony  of  Virginia” 
are  mentioned,  and  among  them  there  are,  in  all,  239 
Irish  names.  In  miscellaneous  lists,  such  as  land  owners, 
testators,  legatees,  witnesses,  court  files,  etc.,  which  ap- 
pear in  William  and  Mary  College  Quarterly,  there  are 
155  Irish  names.  In  lists  of  marriages  solemnized  in 
Norfolk  and  Princess  Ann  counties,  of  “slave  owners 
in  Princess  Ann  County,”  and  of  tithables  and  property 
owners  between  1751  and  1800,  there  are  138  Irish 
names;  in  lists  of  persons  who  obtained  “head  rights” 
to  lands  in  Orange  County  between  1735  and  1756, 
taken  from  the  records  of  the  County  and  Circuit  Courts, 
there  are  85  Irish  names.  In  all,  there  are  340  persons 
included  in  these  Orange  County  lists,  almost  all  stated 
to  be  “from  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,”  though  in  some 
cases  “Ireland”  alone  is  given  as  the  country  whence 
they  emigrated.  To  Albemarle  County  the  Irish 
came  early,  and  one  of  the  first  recorded  surveys  of  a 
tract  of  land  in  that  vicinity  was  made  in  1745  for  one 

Miscellaneous  Records  of  Virginia,  Vol.  II. 

Vital  Records  reproduced  in  Lorver  Norfolk  County  Anti- 
quarian. 

See  W.  W.  Scott’s  History  of  Orange  County,  Virginia. 


330 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Dennis  Doyle,  in  a rich  and  beautiful  valley  on  Moor- 
man’s River  at  a place  now  known  as  Doylesville.  Here 
we  find  families  named  IMurphy,  Lynch,  Kelly,  Duna- 
ven,  McCann,  McCue,  and  McClanahan;  and  when  the 
citizens  of  Albemarle  signed  their  “Declaration  of  In- 
dependence” on  the  21st  of  April,  1779,  among  its 
signatories  were  men  named  Flanagan,  Mullins,  Hayes, 
Carroll,  Tandy,  Collins,  Fitzpatrick,  McGhee,  ISIc- 
Manus,  and  Sullivan.  Attention  is  called  to  these 
stray  facts  merely  to  show  what  a vast  amount  of  in- 
formation is  contained  in  the  Colonial  Records  that  have 
been  published  either  by  the  State  or  by  the  Virginia 
Historical  Society,  from  which  the  material  necessary 
for  the  compilation  of  the  story  of  Irish  endeavor  in 
that  section  of  the  country  may  be  readily  obtained. 

That  the  people  of  Virginia  are  a very  much  mixed 
race  may  be  seen  from  Bishop  Meade’s  references  to  the 
character  of  the  population  at  the  time  of  the  outbreak 
of  the  Revolution,  where  he  remarks  that  “numbers 
of  Virginia  families  have  their  genealogical  trees  or 
traditionary  records  by  which  they  can  trace  their  line 
to  the  most  ancient  families  in  England,  Ireland,  Scot- 
land, and  the  Huguenots  of  France.”  Among  the 
prominent  Virginia  families  of  Irish  descent  are  included 
the  McCartys,  Ljmches,  IMeades,  Prestons,  Lewises, 


The  original  document  is  still  preserved  by  the  Virginia  His- 
torical Society  at  Richmond. 

Rev.  Edgar  Woods,  History  of  Albemarle  County,  Virginia. 
Old  Churches  and  Families  in  Virginia,  by  Bishop  ViUiam 
H.  Meade. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


331 


Sullivans,  McCormicks,  McElroys,  O’Neills,  McGuires, 
McDonnells,  and  Farrells,  who  “held  their  own”  with 
their  Anglo-Saxon  neighbors,  and  some  of  whom  are 
mentioned  in  Virginia  history  with  almost  the  same 
prominence  as  the  descendants  of  the  “Cavaliers.” 

It  is  with  considerable  interest  that  we  read  of  the 
relationships  which  have  existed  for  generations  between 
descendants  of  Irish  settlers  and  the  “Cavalier”  fami- 
lies. For  instance,  the  McCartys  of  Virginia  were  on 
very  intimate  soeial  relations  with  the  Washington  fam- 
ily, and  were  intermarried  into  such  leading  families  as 
the  Balls,  Fitzhughs,  Lees,  and  others  of  equal  promi- 
nence in  Virginia ; and  Ann  McCarty,  daughter  of  Den- 
nis MeCarty,  of  Westmoreland  County,  Virginia,  was  a 
cousin  of  Mary  Ball,  the  mother  of  George  Wash- 
ington. A reeord  of  the  marriage  of  Dennis  Mc- 
Carty and  Sarah  Ball,  under  date  of  September 
22,  1724,  appears  in  the  parish  register  of  Cople 
Parish,  Westmoreland  County.  Sarah  Ball  was  the 
daughter  of  Colonel  William  Ball,  brother  of  Joseph, 
the  father  of  Mary  Ball.  The  latter  married  Augustine 
Washington,  father  of  George  Washington,  so  that  the 
exact  relationship  between  Mary  Ball  Washington 
and  Ann  McCarty  was  that  of  second  cousin.  Dennis 
McCarty  was  a son  of  Daniel  McCarty,  who,  with  his 
brother  Dennis,  was  exiled  from  Ireland  in  1690  after 


See  Ball  Genealogy ; also  Virginia  Genealogies,  by  Rev.  Horaee 
Edwin  Hayden.  For  further  particulars  of  the  McCartys  see 
Journal  of  the  American  Irish  Historical  Society  for  April,  1016, 

pp.  118-121. 


332 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


their  estates  had  been  confiscated  by  the  crown.  They 
settled  at  Kinsale,  Westmoreland  County. 

Bishop  Meade  enumerates  several  Irishmen  among 
the  early  Episcopal  clergy  in  Virginia,  and  according  to 
the  names  of  the  members  of  their  congregations  it  is 
very  evident  that  many  Irish  Catholic  families  joined 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  their  descendants 
have  since  remained  firm  adherents  of  the  various  Prot- 
estant denominations.  It  is  chiefly  for  this  reason  that 
so  many  American  historians  have  fallen  into  the  error 
of  saying  that  these  people  could  not  have  been  of  the 
old  Gaelic  race,  and  because  they  were  Protestants  and 
Presbyterians  they  are  usually  designated  by  the  racial 
misnomer,  “Scotch-Irish.” 

In  a “Catalogue  of  Revolutionary  Soldiers  and  Sail- 
ors of  the  Commonwealth  of  Virginia  to  whom  Land 

One  of  the  ancestral  seats  of  the  ^IcCarthys  was  at  Kinsale, 
Ireland. 

On  a recent  occasion,  in  the  genealogical  department  of  the 
New  York  Public  Library,  I was  asked  by  a gentleman  named 
Meade  “as  to  how  he  could  trace  his  line,”  and  was  told  by  him 
that  he  is  “descended  from  a Scotch-Irishman  named  Andrew  Meade 
who  emigrated  from  the  North  of  Ireland  sometime  in  the  eighteenth 
century.”  I was  happy  in  being  able  to  inform  him  where  to  find 
the  information,  but  he  was  astonished  to  learn  that  Andrew  Meade 
was  a Catholic  Irishman  from  County  Kerry,  whom  Bishop  Meade 
(one  of  his  descendants)  says  in  his  Old  Churches  and  Families  in 
Virginia,  came  over  in  the  year  1745.  Another  instance  is  that  of 
a newspaper  article  I wrote  on  the  McCartys  of  Virginia,  descend- 
ants of  Charles  and  Owen  McCarty,  who  came  to  the  colony  in 
l6S5.  A copy  of  it  reached  a lady  of  that  name  in  West  Virginia, 
and  she  wrote  me  saying  that  she  is  a descendant  of  one  of  the 
McCartys  whom  I mentioned,  but  that  she  “had  always  understood 
the  family  was  Scotch-Irish” ! 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


333 


Bounty  warrants  were  granted  by  Virginia  for  Military 
Services  in  the  War  for  Independence,”  388  Irish 
names  are  included.  All  of  these  were  attached  to  Vir- 
ginia regiments  of  the  Line,  and,  as  showing  that  the 
services  rendered  by  some  of  the  officers  were  important, 
I find  that  10,753  acres  were  allotted  to  Major  William 
Croghan,  5333  to  Major  John  Fitzgerald,  5000  to  Ma- 
jor Charles  Magill,  4666  to  Captain  John  Fitzgerald, 
4000  each  to  Captains  Benjamin  Casey,  Martin  Haley, 
“Thadey”  Kelly,  John  Kearney,  John  Kennon,  John 
Mcllehany,  William  Barrett,  Robert  Higgins,  Charles 
Gallahue,  John  Larty,  John  Kilty,  Richard  McCarty, 
Ferdinand  O’Neil,  John  Shields,  and  Patrick  Wright, 
and  2666  acres  each  to  Lieutenants  Christopher  Brady, 
Joseph  Conway,  Robert  Power,  Luke  Cannon,  Edward 
Conner,  Peter  Higgins,  Timothy  Feeley,  Pierce  Now- 
lan,  and  William  McGuire. 

Much  of  the  immigration  that  came  in  via  Philadel- 
phia a short  time  before  the  Revolution  was  intended  for 
other  parts  of  the  Colonies  besides  Pennsylvania,  and 
many  Irish  immigrants  found  their  way  to  the  Valley  of 
Virginia  and  some  passed  on  to  the  settlements  on  the 
Ohio  and  through  the  Carolinas.  Among  the  Letters  to 
W ashington  now  in  the  Archives  of  the  State  Depart- 
ment there  is  an  interesting  letter  to  him  from  Daniel 
Carroll,  brother  of  the  Bishop  of  Baltimore,  dated  Sep- 
tember 1,  1773,  in  relation  to  a number  of  Irish  families 
who  had  arrived  about  that  time  and  who  later  located 

Compiled  from  official  records  in  the  State  Land  Office  at 
Frankfort,  Kentucky,  and  published  by  the  Virginia  Historical 
Society. 


334 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


in  Frederick  County,  Virginia,  and  in  the  present  State 
of  West  Virginia.  This  letter  indicates  that  these  peo- 
ple came  from  the  province  of  Connacht  and  were  of 
the  farming  class,  able  to  pay  their  own  v^^ay,  and  that 
they  brought  with  them  some  necessary  equipment  to 
enable  them  to  begin  the  cultivation  of  land.  The  letter 
is  as  follows : 

“In  the  Winter  1771  I received  a letter  from  a Mercht  of  my  ac- 
quaintance in  Galway  in  Ireland,  strongly  recommending  some  Irish 
families  who  had  embarked  for  America.  These  poor  people,  finding 
they  cou’d  not  live  under  the  exactions  of  their  landlord,  on  their 
leases  falling  resolved  to  venture  into  this  part  of  the  world,  were  able 
to  pay  their  passages,  and  bring  with  them  some  family  goods  and 
working  utensils.  Besides  the  particular  and  strong  recommendation 
I received,  they  will  shew  you  the  testimony  given  in  their  favor 
by  the  Mayor  and  principal  inhabitants  of  Galway.  They  have 
had  house  room  and  firing  on  my  land  since  their  arrival.  The 
men  have  worked  abroad  and  by  their  Conduct  justified  the  recom- 
mendations given  of  them,  and  I am  certain  will  be  of  Singular 
Service  wherever  they  settle,  particularly  in  working  meadows,  to 
which  they  have  been  chiefly  accustom’d. 

“This  much  in  justice  to  these  poor  people,  I have  thought  proper 
to  say,  as  they  have  an  intention  of  treating  with  you  about  some 
of  your  back  land.  Three  of  these  men  have  been  as  far  back 
as  Buff aloe  land  over  the  Monongahela.  Upon  their  report,  they 
had  all  concluded  to  move  with  their  families  and  occupy  lands,  as 
many  others  have  done,  in  expectation  of  having  the  refusal,  when 
the  property  is  ascertained;  but  on  seeing  your  advertisement,  I 
adviz’d  them  to  wait  on  you,  and  know  your  terms.  I have  reason 
to  expect,  if  these  people  settle  themselves  to  their  Satisfaction,  a 
very  considerable  number  of  their  relations  will  be  soon  with  them, 
who  are  now  only  waiting  to  hear  from  them.  It  would  not,  I 
apprehend,  be  bad  policy  in  those  who  may  possess  large  bodys  or 
tracts  of  land  to  lay  out  a Glebe  for  a Clergyman.  This  would 
have  considerable  weight  with  many  Irish  Roman  Catholicks,  who 
would  probably  bring  their  own  Clergyman  with  them.  I intended 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


335 


myself  taking  a trip  into  these  new  Countries,  as  they  are  call’d, 
and  purchasing  some  land  if  the  terms  and  title  were  agreeable,  in 
hopes  of  making  it  turn  to  advantage,  as  my  connections  in  Ireland 
enable  me  to  procure  a number  of  very  industrious  settlers,  and 
among  them  some  of  property  with  whom  I correspond.  I have 
lately  received  a letter  dated  New  York,  July  26th,  from  Mr.  Fox- 
croft,  one  of  the  72  intended  proprietors,  by  which  I find  the  Charter 
was  not  then  obtained.  Shou’d  matters  be  settled  time  enough  this 
fall,  I shall  putt  my  resolution  into  execution,  and  if  you  intend  to 
make  an  excursion  that  way,  shall  be  glad  to  attend  you;  and  am. 
Sir,  with  esteem 

“yr  most  Obt.  Servt. 

“Daniel  Carroll.” 

Daniel  Carroll,  like  other  wealthy  men  of  that  day, 
was  a large  holder  of  uncultivated  lands  in  Virginia, 
and  this  letter  indicates  that  he  was  interested  in  the 
colonization  of  Irish  people  on  these  lands,  as  was  his 
more  famous  cousin,  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton.  In 
Burton’s  Life  of  Bishop  Challoner  of  London/^  the 
author  says:  “There  had  been  many  thousand  handbills 
distributed  in  Ireland  at  the  instigation  of  a Mr.  Charles 
Carroll,  a Roman  Catholic,  of  the  Congress  of  America, 
promising  every  individual  that  would  emigrate  to 
America  a proportional  quantity  of  land  according  to 
his  birth  and  station  in  life,  with  full  toleration ; and  that 
no  religious  tenets  should  be  any  hindrance  to  any 
preferment.” 

See  Letters  to  Washington,  edited  by  Stanislaus  M.  Hamilton 
and  published  by  the  Society  of  Colonial  Dames  in  America,  Vol. 
IV,  pp.  256-257;  Boston  and  New  York,  19OI. 

Vol.  II,  p.  193. 


CHAPTER  XX 


MORE  LIGHT  ON  THE  “SCOTCH-IRISH”  MYTH 

The  Diaries  of  the  Moravian  Missionaries.  No  mention  of  “Scotch- 
Irish”  in  official  records.  The  Land  Records  of  Maryland. 
The  early  settlements  of  New  Munster,  New  Leinster,  and  New 
Connaught.  The  County  of  New  Ireland.  Irish  immigrants 
to  Maryland  immediately  before  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. The  Maryland  Archives. 

From  various  authentic  sources  we  obtain  ideas  of 
the  extent  of  these  Irish  settlements.  For  ex- 
ample, in  the  archives  of  the  Moravian  Church  at  Beth- 
lehem, Pennsylvania,  there  are  preserved  the  original 
diaries  of  two  Moravian  missionaries  named  Revs.  Leon- 
hard Schnell  and  Robert  Husse,  wFo  made  a journey 
from  Virginia  to  Georgia,  begiiming  in  November,  1743, 
and  ending  in  April,  1744.  In  their  travels  they 
“preached  the  Gospel  to  the  German  settlers  of  what- 
ever denomination,”  and  in  their  accounts  of  meetings 
with  the  settlers  they  mention  Irish  people.  One  of 
them  wrote:  “I  asked  Jost  Hite  for  the  way  to  Caro- 
lina. He  told  me  of  one  which  runs  for  one  hundred 
and  fifty  miles  through  Irish  settlements,  the  district 
being  known  as  the  Irish  Tract.”  In  1753,  they  again 
journeyed  through  the  South,  and  we  find  these  entries 
in  their  Diaries:  “October  13,  1753,  we  passed  a little 
Town  called  Carl  Isles,^  consisting  of  about  sixty  houses 


Carlisle,  Pennsylvania. 


336 


A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY  337 


and  inhabited  mostly  by  Irishmen.  On  October  16, 
about  four  o’clock,  we  continued  on  our  journey.  On 
the  way  we  bought  ten  bushels  of  oats  from  an  Irish- 
man, and  after  we  travelled  three  miles  farther  we  break- 
fasted at  a little  creek  where  Irish  people  have  settled. 
. . . October  24,  1753,  three  miles  farther  we  came  to 
Augusta  Court  House  [Virginia],  a little  town  of  about 
twenty  houses  surrounded  by  mountains  on  all  sides. 
This  whole  district  is  settled  by  Irish  and  English  peo- 
ple.” And  in  referring  to  what  is  now  Lexington,  Vir- 
ginia, they  said:  “It  is  settled  mostly  by  English  and 
Irish  people.”  ^ All  through  their  Diaries  they  mention 
individual  Irishmen  whom  they  met  on  their  journey, 
but  not  once  is  any  reference  made  to  that  rara  avis  in 
terriSj  a “Scotch-Irishman.” 

Nor  can  we  find  in  the  official  records  any  reference 
to  the  “Scotch-Irish,”  for  in  all  written  documents  of 
the  Colonial  period,  where  the  immigrants  from  Ire- 
land are  mentioned  at  all,  they  are  referred  to  invariably 
by  their  proper  racial  designation.  In  this  matter  of  the 
so-called  “Scotch-Irish”  race,  the  position  assumed  by 
some  of  our  historians  is  absolutely  untenable,  as  a con- 
cise resume  of  the  historic  facts  readily  demonstrates. 
In  the  year  1611,  or  thereabouts,  the  “Plantation  of 
Ulster”  began  by  the  peopling  of  a large  section  of  that 
province  with  Scotch  and  English  colonists.  Although 
we  are  told,  chiefly  by  American  historians,  who,  unfor- 
tunately for  their  reputations,  have  relied  upon  histor- 

^ From  the  English  translation  of  the  Diaries  of  Rev.  Leonhard 
Schnell  and  Rev.  Robert  Husse,  by  Rev.  William  J.  Hinke,  a noted 
historian  of  the  Germans  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia. 


338 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


ical  myths  for  their  “facts,”  that  “by  the  middle  of  the 
seventeenth  century  there  were  three  hundred  thousand 
of  them  in  Ulster,”  ^ the  well-known  and  far  more  reli- 
able English  statistician.  Sir  William  Petty,  estimated 
that  in  1659  the  population  of  Ulster  was:  “Irish,  63,- 
350;  English,  Scotch,  and  other  aliens,  40,571;  a total 
of  103,921”;  from  which  we  see  the  utter  falsity  of  the 
statement  above  quoted.  The  same  historian  (Fiske) 
who  is  responsible  for  this  egregious  assertion  states  that 
“between  1730  and  1770  it  is  probable  that  at  least  half 
a million  [meaning  the  “Scotch-Irish”]  were  transferred 
from  Ulster  to  the  American  colonies,”  evidently  with- 
out investigating  the  facts  or  ascertaining  the  points  of 
departure  or  the  racial  composition  of  the  emigrants 
who  left  Ireland  during  that  period.  It  would  be  ridicu- 
lous to  assume  that  the  forty  thousand  “English,  Scotch, 
and  other  aliens”  of  Ulster  in  the  middle  of  the  seven- 
teenth century  could  have  produced  such  a racial  change 
in  the  predominant  element  in  that  province,  within  the 
space  of  a century,  that  the  entire  population  became 
“Scotch-Irish”;  that  the  strong,  virile,  old  Irish  families 
of  Ulster  had  all  vanished  before  the  exodus  to  America 
had  begun!  Yet  that  is  what  such  historians  practically 
claim. 

It  requires  some  more  tangible  historic  evidence  than 
the  prejudices  of  certain  self-styled  ethnologists  to  make 
these  people  other  than  what  they  were ; for  although  it 
is  true  that  several  thousand  Scotclimen  settled  in  Ire- 
land in  the  seventeenth  century,  they  were  far  too  few 


® John  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  and  Her  Neighbors,  Vol.  II,  p.  SOI, 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


339 


to  effect  such  a racial  change.  Lecky  says:  “No  fea- 
ture of  Irish  history  is  more  conspicuous  than  the  rapid- 
ity with  which  intermarriages  had  altered  the  character 
of  successive  generations  of  English  colonists.  . . . The 
conquest  of  Ireland  by  the  Puritan  soldiers  of  Crom- 
well was  hardly  more  signal  than  the  conquest  of  these 
soldiers  by  the  invincible  Catholicism  of  the  Irish 
women.”  The  Scotch  were  not  more  immune  than  the 
English  colonists  to  the  charms  of  the  Irish  maidens, 
for  responsible  antiquarians  have  shown  that  many  of 
the  descendants  of  the  Scotch  colonists  intermarried  with 
the  native  Irish.  In  Ireland  the  term  “Ulsterman”  is 
commonly  used  in  referring  to  a native  of  the  northern 
counties,  just  as  “Munsterman”  is  used  to  describe  a na- 
tive of  the  southern  counties,  but  the  term  “Scotch- 
Irish”  is  altogether  unknown  there.  There  is  no  more 
reason  for  calling  the  Irish-born  descendants  of  these 
people  “Scotch-Irish”  than  there  would  be  for  naming 
the  American  descendants  of  the  Huguenots  “French- 
Americans,”  or  the  descendants  of  the  Hollanders 
“Dutch-Americans.”  Yet  we  never  hear  of  these  hy- 
phenated racial  designations,  for  the  good  reason  that 
the  American  descendants  of  the  French  and  Dutch 
immigrants  are  plain,  every-day  “Americans.”  And, 
by  the  same  logic,  the  Irish-born  descendants  of  the 
Scotchmen  who  came  into  Ireland  are  plain,  every-day 
“Irishmen.” 

So  feverish  have  been  the  efforts  to  discredit  the  plain 
“Irish”  and  to  deny  them  the  slightest  credit  for  what 
they  may  have  contributed  to  America  in  the  pioneer 
days,  that  we  find  historians  describing  as  “Scotch- 


340 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Irish”  persons  bearing  such  names  as  Sullivan,  Murphy, 
McCarthy,  O’Kane,  Molloy,  McGuire,  FitzGerald, 
Donovan,  McGinnis,  McKeown,  McMahon,  McSherry,* 
and  numerous  others  so  named.  And  all  because  these 
people  reached  prominent  places  in  American  life  or 
because  their  American  descendants  were  of  the  Protes- 
tant faith.  ® The  “Scotch-Irish”  boast  of  their  patriot- 
ism in  the  Revolutionary  War,  but  on  that  point  they 
should  acquaint  themselves  with  the  expressed  opinions 
of  Washington  and  other  officers  of  the  Revolutionary 
forces,  for  the  record  of  the  Scotch  in  the  Revolution 
shows  them  to  have  been  practically  unanimous  against 
the  Colonists.  If,  then,  the  “Scotch-Irish”  did  not  get 
their  devotion  to  the  principles  of  liberty,  as  exemplified 
in  the  Revolution,  from  the  Scotch,  where  else  did  they 
get  it  but  from  the  Irish  part  of  the  hyphen?  We  know 


* These  are  actual  cases  of  surnames  of  Irish  settlers  who  became 
prominent  in  various  American  communities  and  whom  historians 
describe  as  “Scotch-Irish.” 

® One  of  these  historians  furnishes  “the  names  of  the  following 
Scotch-Irishmen,  taken  from  a list  of  the  non-commissioned  officers 
and  soldiers  of  the  Illinois  Regiment  and  the  Western  Army  under 
the  command  of  General  George  Rogers  Clark  in  1778.”  (From  The 
Scotch-Irish,  by  Charles  A.  Hanna,  Vol.  I,  p.  53;  New  York,  1902.) 
Among  these  names  he  includes: 


Patrick  Conroy 
William  Barry 
Thomas  Connolly 
George  Burke 
John  IMurphy 
William  Munroney 
Sylvester  Munroney 
Edward  Cockran 
George  Cockran 


Dennis  Coheron 
John  Doyle 
Patrick  Maher 
John  McGann 
Richard  McCarty 
Barney  Higgins 
Peter  Loughlin 
John  Lyons 
Andrew  Ryan 


Lazarus  Ryan 
Patrick  Riley 
Hugh  Logan 
John  McGuire 
Francis  McDermot 
Patrick  McClure 
James  McMullen 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


341 


that  Jefferson’s  original  draft  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  arraigned  the  British  government  for 
sending  “Scotch  mercenaries”  among  us,  but  that  this 
was  eliminated  out  of  respect  for  John  Witherspoon. 
The  Scotch  in  the  Mohawk  Valley  were  Tories,  and 
their  countrymen  who  settled  along  the  Cape  Fear 
River  were  nearly  all  active  Tory  partisans;  the  de- 
scendants of  those  who  came  over  after  the  defeat  of  Cul- 
loden  were  Tories,  and  the  “Scotch  Regulators”  who  fol- 
lowed Ferguson  to  death  at  King’s  Mountain  and  in  the 
border  warfare  in  the  Virginia  valleys  were  of  the  same 
race.  When  will  the  Scotch  element  in  American  his- 
tory stand  on  their  own  record,  and  not  lean  so  heavily 
for  support  on  the  Irish? 

The  phrase,  “Scotch-Irish,”  has  been  a favorite  lo- 
cution with  some  American  historians,  unwilling,  because 
of  their  inborn  prejudices,  to  accept  the  true  facts,  eth- 
nological or  historical,  with  regard  to  the  Irish  immi- 
grants and  their  descendants.  They  divide  them  in  two 
parts  and  have  sought  to  picture  the  mere  “Irish”  part 
of  them  as  a common  type  of  inferior  origin  and  the 
“Scotch-Irish”  as  so  far  above  them  in  intellect  and 
importance  as  to  necessitate  placing  them  in  a class  by 
themselves.  The  attempt  has  not  been  quite  as  success- 
ful as  they  wished  for,  because  the  names  entered  in  the 
American  records  stand  out  as  too  obvious  a refutation 
of  the  slander  to  be  effectually  concealed,  but  their  para- 
mount desire  is,  by  a series  of  spurious  arguments,  to 
create  the  impression  that  if  any  of  the  early  immigrants 
from  Ireland  exhibited  the  slightest  traces  of  those  qual- 
ities that  are  usually  regarded  as  commendable  in  a 


342 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


human  being,  they  received  them  as  a matter  of  course 
from  the  “Scotch”  end  of  the  hyphen!  They  are  unable 
to  explain  the  “Scotch”-Irishism  of  the  Carrolls,  Sulli- 
vans, Fitzgeralds,  INIoylans  and  others  of  that  stamp, 
but,  being  obsessed  with  the  idea  that  such  men  could  not 
be  of  the  Irish  race,  from  the  very  fact  that  they  achieved 
prominence  in  American  life,  they  simply  go  ahead  and 
claim  them  as  “Scotch-Irish”  anyway,  regardless  alto- 
gether of  what  intelligent  people  may  believe ! 

This  anti-Irish  propaganda  is  in  evidence  even  to  the 
present  day  and  a striking  instance  of  this  is  the  case 
of  the  lately  deceased  Mayor  of  the  City  of  New  York, 
John  Purroy  Mitchel,  who  has  been  described  in  the 
newspapers  as  “descended  from  a long  line  of  rigid 
Scotch-Irish  Presbyterians,”  and  to  this  one  writer  at- 
tributes “Mr.  Mitchel’s  great  success  and  fine,  manly 
qualities.”  They  don’t  know — or,  if  they  do,  they  prefer 
to  ignore  it — that  the  INIitchels  are  descended  from  the 
Irish  family  of  O’Mulvihill,  or,  as  it  is  spelled  in  Irish, 
O^Maolmicheille,  old  as  the  rocks  surrounding  the  harbor 
of  their  native  Newry.  ^ And  for  that  fact  we  have  no 
less  an  authority  than  the  grandfather  of  the  late  IMayor, 
John  Mitchel,  the  famous  Irish  patriot  of  the  last  cen- 
tury, who  gloried  in  his  descent  from  so  ancient  a family. 

“Scotch-Irish,”  therefore,  in  the  minds  of  these  his- 
torians, connotes  the  racial  superiority  of  the  aristoc- 
racy, but  by  “Irish”  is  implied  the  inferiority  of  the 
bourgeois!  The  bogus  race  distinction  that  has  been 

® See  Irish  Pedigrees  by  John  O’Hart,  Vol.  I,  p.  586.  Also 
Geoff ry  Keating’s  History  of  Ireland  (Topographical  Index  in  John 
O’Mahony’s  translation),  p.  727- 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


343 


manufactured  for  the  Irish  immigrants,  especially  those 
from  the  Province  of  Ulster,  is  a field  that  has  been  occu- 
pied by  many  American  writers.  Each  self-styled 
“authority”  simply  repeats  what  his  predecessors  have 
had  to  say  on  the  subject,  to  be  echoed  in  turn  by  his 
successors.  It  is  difficult  to  determine  who  it  was  that 
discovered  the  “Scotch-Irish  race.”  As  already  stated, 
the  term  is  altogether  unknown  in  Ireland  and  its  earli- 
est use  in  this  country  seems  to  have  been  about  thirty- 
five  years  before  the  Revolution  and  then  only  as  a term 
of  opprobrium  and  contempt!  The  late  Martin  I.  J. 
Griffin,  the  Philadelphia  historian,  than  whom  there  was 
no  better  authority,  informed  me  that  according  to  a 
newspaper  account  the  term  was  first  used  in  Phila- 
delphia in  1740  by  an  Irish  merchant  of  that  City.  Ac- 
cording to  Griffin,  it  appears  that  at  a merchants’  club 
in  the  “Quaker  City”  an  Irish  member  was  taunted  by 
a fellow-member  by  a sarcastic  reference  to  the  fact 
that  “an  Irish  Paddy”  was  the  first  person  to  be  con- 
victed under  a then  recent  Pennsylvania  statute.  The 
Irishman  could  not  deny  it,  but,  mortified  at  the  taunt, 
he  petulantly  exclaimed:  “Yes,  but  he  was  only  a Scotch 
Irishman,”  laying  particular  emphasis  on  the  prefix  and 
showing  by  the  tone  of  his  voice  the  utter  scorn  and 
contempt  in  which  the  criminal  was  held  by  his  country- 
men! In  1757,  we  find  the  term  again  used  in  Penn- 
sylvania, when  an  alleged  “Popish  plot”  was  reported 
in  England  as  existing  in  that  province.  Little  credence 
was  given  to  the  information  and,  in  attempting  to  dis- 
cover who  gave  it,  it  was  suspected  that  it  was  “some 
one  of  no  account,  some  Scotch  Irishman” ! When  the 


344 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Charitable  Irish  Society  was  founded  at  Boston  in  1737 
a “Scots  Charitable  Society”  had  been  in  existence  there 
for  several  years,  and  when  the  Society  of  the  Friendl}’- 
Sons  of  Saint  Patrick  was  organized  at  Philadelphia  in 
1771  there  was  then  in  existence  “The  Thistle  Society,” 
whose  members  were  Scotchmen  and  were  publicly 
known  as  such.  Strange,  the  “Scotch-Irishmen”  joined 
neither  of  these  Scotch  societies  but  preferred  to  asso- 
ciate themselves  with  their  own  countrymen! 

The  preceding  remarks  upon  the  early  records  of  Vir- 
ginia are  applicable  also  to  Maryland.  At  the  office 
of  the  Land  Commissioner  for  the  State  of  Maryland  at 
Annapolis  there  are  on  file  some  records  of  extraor- 
dinary interest  to  students  of  early  American  history. 
These  records  include  several  bound  manuscript  volumes 
entitled  The  Early  Settlers,  1633-1680,  containing  the 
names  of  the  immigrants  and  the  years  of  their  arrival 
in  the  province;  the  Certificates  and  Patents  issued  to 
these  settlers  covering  their  allotments  of  lands  from 
the  Proprietary  Government,  the  ancient  Rent  Rolls  of 
the  province,  and  entries  covering  land  transactions  of 
various  sorts,  as  well  as  numerous  wills  and  deeds,  some 
dating  back  to  the  earliest  settlements  of  Maryland. 
Although  the  entries  in  these  old  records  are  now  difficult 
to  read  and  the  paper  is  faded  with  age,  yet,  all  things 
considered,  they  are  in  an  excellent  state  of  preservation. 

From  time  to  time,  for  some  years  past,  I have  exam- 
ined these  records  and  have  extracted  from  them  the 
names  of  several  thousand  Irish  people  who  came  to 
Maryland  during  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  cen- 
turies. Words  fail  me  in  expressing  my  astonishment 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


345 


at  the  amount  of  data  that  is  here  available  for  a com- 
prehensive account  of  the  early  Irish  in  Maryland,  if 
some  one  with  the  time  and  the  taste  for  such  work  would 
only  set  himself  to  the  task  of  collecting  and  arranging 
this  material  and  giving  the  information  to  the  public. 
It  is  true  that  American  historians  have  disregarded  the 
mass  of  evidence  which  these  records  disclose  relating  to 
those  Irishmen  who  helped  to  bear  “the  white  man’s 
burden”  in  Maryland  in  the  earliest  times,  but  it  is 
more  astonishing  that  the  Irish  themselves  have  so  ut- 
terly ignored  the  importance  of  these  valuable  data, 
which  contain  the  proof,  beyond  any  question  or  doubt, 
that  the  Celtic  element  in  Maryland  had  a hand  in  laying 
the  foundations  of  the  future  State.  The  very  existence 
of  these  records  is  in  itself  an  indictment  of  the  Irish 
in  America,  some  of  whom  spend  their  time  criticizing 
the  historians  who  “kept  us  out  of  history,”  while  they 
themselves  have  right  in  their  own  hands,  if  they  would 
but  avail  themselves  of  it,  evidence  of  the  most  irrefu- 
table character  to  demolish  the  glorifiers  of  “the  Anglo- 
Saxon  founders  of  the  Republic”! 

In  many  cases,  by  the  aid  of  the  Certificates  and  Pat- 
ents, the  Rent  Rolls  and  the  Will  Books,  the  fortunes 
of  these  people  and  their  descendants  can  be  traced 
through  the  successive  generations;  for  these  records 
show  the  location  and  extent  of  the  land  grants,  the 
dates  of  the  patents,  the  names  given  to  these  tracts, 
sales,  mortgages,  assignments,  leases,  and  other  data 
that  are  usually  obtainable  from  land  records.  The 
nomenclature  of  the  land  grants  is  not  the  least  interest- 
ing feature  of  these  records,  for  it  is  found  in  numerous 


346 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


instances  that  the  Irish  settlers  named  their  plantations 
after  the  provinces,  eounties,  cities,  towns,  and  baronies 
of  Ireland,  and  often  by  their  family  names.  In  Ceeil 
and  Harford  eounties,  for  example,  as  early  as  1680 
there  was  a tract  of  land  one  hundred  miles  long  and 
eighty  miles  broad,  called  “New  Ireland,”  and  in  April, 
1684,  I find  that  a proelamation  was  issued  by  Lord 
Baltimore  giving  the  name  of  “the  County  of  New  Ire- 
land” to  this  extensive  section.  Moreover,  New  Ire- 
land was  subdivided  into  three  parts:  (1)  “New  Con- 
naught,” a manor  or  plantation  of  eighty  thousand  acres, 
owned  and  patented  by  George  Talbot,  formerly  of 
Castle  Rooney,  County  Roseommon,  who  was  Surveyor- 
General  of  Maryland;  (2)  “New  Leinster,”  a traet  of 
unknown  extent  patented  by  Bryan  O’Daly,  from  Wick- 
low; and  (3)  “New  Munster,”  patented  by  Edmund 
O’Dwyer,  from  Tipperary,  “and  other  Irishmen.”  It 
is  significant  that  there  was  no  “New  Ulster”  in  New 
Ireland ! 

These  tracts  were  subdivided  and  sold  or  leased  to 
other  settlers  who  eame  over  later,  and  among  these  are 
found  many  names  representative  of  the  most  aneient 
Irish  families  of  the  provinces  of  Connacht,  Munster, 
and  Leinster.  In  New  Munster  and  vicinity,  between 
1680  and  1696,  there  were  farms  of  land  patented  and  re- 
corded under  such  names  as  Bandon,  Fethard,  Clonmel, 
Bantry,  Cork,  Youghal,  Galway,  Waterford,  Birr,  Lim- 
erick, Clare,  Mallow,  Kilkenny,  Wexford,  Belfast,  An- 
trim, Dublin,  Tralee,  Raphoe,  Cavan,  Donegal,  Letter- 


^ Council  Journals  of  Maryland. 


fi£PPODi/CeD  BY  £/?A/^C£S  IBV//VS 


CHARLES  CARROEE 

SIGNER  OF  THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE, GRANDSON  OF 
CHARLES  O’CARROLL,  A NATIVE  OF  KINGS  COUNTY,  IRELAND. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


347 


kenny,  Sligo,  and  so  on,  owned  for  the  most  part  by  peo- 
ple bearing  names  at  once  indicative  of  their  racial 
origin.  Some  of  these  people  also  followed  the  old 
Irish  system  of  name-making ; Clouncous,  ® Crossayle, 
and  Kappagh  in  New  Munster  being  examples.  I am 
referring  to  these  particular  instances  merely  to  show 
the  character  and  reliability  of  the  information  that  is 
available  from  the  Land  Records  of  Maryland.  Vol- 
umes could  be  written  upon  similar  facts. 

That  the  Irish  were  coming  to  Maryland  a short  time 
before  the  Revolution  we  learn  from  an  incident  referred 
to  in  the  Memoirs  of  Commodore  Joshua  Barney,  the 
celebrated  naval  officer.  It  is  related  that  in  January, 
1772,  “Barney  embarked  on  his  first  sea  voyage  on  a 
vessel  trading  between  Baltimore  and  Cork.  From 
Cork  he  went  to  Liverpool,  where  the  vessel  and  the 
cargo  were  disposed  of;  and  in  order  that  he  might 
secure  passage  back  to  Baltimore  he  was  sent  to  Dublin, 
where  he  was  charmed  with  the  kindness  and  hospitality 
of  the  inhabitants.  The  vessel  in  which  Barney  and 
his  captain  had  taken  passage  from  Dublin  was  in  every 
part  stuffed  almost  to  suffocation  with  Irish  redemp- 
tioners,  men  and  women,  who  were  his  compagnons  d^i 

® Clouncous  was  a tract  patented  by  Charles  O’Carroll,  grand- 
father of  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton.  The  name  was  later 
changed  to,  and  is  still  known  as,  “The  Caves,”  the  original  name 
having  been  derived  from  the  Gaelic  words  cluan  cuas,  meaning 
“the  meadow  of  the  caves.”  Kappagh  was  patented  by  Edmund 
O’Dwyer,  and  in  his  petition  to  the  Council  he  stated  that  he  in- 
tended to  put  the  land  under  tillage.  In  the  Irish  language  the  word 
cappeach  (pronounced  “kappa”)  means  “a  plot  under  tillage.” 


348 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


voyage’"  ^ The  Irish  immigrants  seem  to  have  been 
arriving  in  extraordinarily  large  numbers  at  this  period, 
if  we  are  to  judge  from  an  announcement  in  the  Mary- 
land Journal  and  Baltimore  Advertiser  of  August  20, 
1773,  which  said:  “Within  this  fortnight  three  thousand 
five  hundred  emigrants  have  arrived  from  Ireland.” 
And  from  the  fact  that  so  many  Irish  names  appear 
in  the  muster-roll  of  the  Maryland  troops,  we  may  well 
assume  that  numbers  of  the  exiles  of  1772  and  1773  en- 
rolled themselves  under  the  banner  of  Washington  when 
the  call  came  for  “all  good  men  and  true”  to  stand  by 
the  patriot  cause. 

Besides  those  who  came  to  the  colony  direct  from  Ire- 
land, many  are  known  to  have  come  to  America  in  ships 
sailing  out  of  English  ports,  and  some  very  interesting 
instances  are  found  among  lists  of  “Emigrants  from 
England”  compiled  from  manuscript  records  discovered 
by  George  Fothergill  of  London  in  the  Public  Record 
Office  of  England.  These  lists  may  be  seen  in  the  pub- 
lications of  the  New  England  Historic  and  Genealogical 
Society,  and  therein  are  given  the  names  of  the  emi- 
grants, their  ages,  occupations,  the  countries  whence 
they  came,  and  their  destinations  in  the  American  prov- 
inces. Among  those  who  came  via  London,  Bristol, 
Plymouth,  and  Liverpool  betw'een  December,  1773,  and 
August,  1775,  were  296  people  from  various  parts  of 
Ireland.  Of  this  number,  177  were  destined  for  Mary- 
land, fifty-one  for  Pennsylvania,  fifty  for  Virginia,  nine 

^Biographical  Memoirs  of  Commodore  Joshua  Barney,  by  Mary 
Barney;  Boston,  1832. 

Annual  Register,  Vols.  LXII  to  LXVI. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


349 


for  New  York,  two  for  Carolina,  and  seven  for  the  West 
Indies.  In  addition  to  the  296  recorded  as  from  Ireland, 
there  is  listed  as  coming  from  English  towns  a far 
greater  number  who  bore  old  Irish  names  or  names  that 
are  common  among  the  Irish  for  centuries,  and  I am 
fully  convinced  that  many  of  these  people  were  also 
natives  of  Ireland.  Before  embarking,  all  emigrants 
were  required  to  furnish  certain  information  to  the  port 
officials,  including  the  places  whence  they  came;  and 
while  some  named  their  original  home  places  in  Ire- 
land, others  are  known  to  have  given  their  last  places 
of  residence  or  employment  in  England,  and  were  thus 
recorded  as  “from  England,”  from  which  fact  some 
historians  assume  that  all  such  people  were  English. 
An  interesting  item  among  F othergill’s  lists  is  one  show- 
ing that  “forty  emigrants  from  Baltimore  in  Ireland” 
sailed  from  London  in  the  ship  Adventure  on  April  26, 
1774,  “for  Baltimore  in  Maryland.”  The  lists  also  show 
that  the  ages  of  most  of  the  Irish  immigrants  ranged 
from  sixteen  to  thirty-six,  and  that  among  them  were 
artisans,  husbandmen,  tradesmen,  and  laborers,  as  well 
as  two  surgeons  and  six  schoolmasters,  the  class  of  peo- 
ple then  most  needed  in  the  American  Colonies.  Some 
of  the  most  familiar  Irish  names  are  represented  in  these 
lists. 


CHAPTER  XXI 


EARLY  IRISH  SETTLERS  IN  THE  CAROLINAS 

Irish  in  the  Carolinas  as  early  as  1669-  “Lymerick  Plantation.” 
The  early  marriage  and  other  records  of  South  Carolina.  An 
important  Irish  colony  at  Williamsburg.  Testimony  of  the 
Land,  Court,  and  Church  Records.  Vast  numbers  of  Irish 
settlers.  “Of  all  countries  none  have  furnished  the  Province 
with  so  many  inhabitants  as  Ireland.”  Irishmen  prominent  in 
the  politics  of  the  Carolinas. 

According  to  the  Transcripts  of  the  Shaftes- 
bury Papers,  ^ a large  colony  left  England  in 
August,  1669,  for  South  Carolina,  and  on  the  way  they 
“stopped  at  Kinsayle  in  Ireland  about  first  September,” 
where  they  took  on  board  a number  of  people  who  were 
willing  to  take  venture  in  the  enterprise.  This  is  the 
earliest  known  record  of  Irish  people  coming  to  South 
Carolina.  Very  few  of  the  members  of  this  expedition 
are  mentioned  by  name  in  South  Carolina  records,  but 
among  them  is  found  Florence  O’Sullivan,  who  in  time 
became  one  of  the  leading  men  of  the  colony  and  was 
appointed  its  surveyor-general.  During  the  troubles 
between  the  colonists  and  the  Indians  in  the  year  1671, 
O’Sullivan  was  in  command  of  a body  of  men  on  Sulli- 
van’s Island  in  Charleston  Harbor.  He  is  mentioned 
prominently  in  Hewatt’s  Historical  Account  of  the  Rise 

^ Published  by  the  City  Council  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

350 


A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY  351 


and  Progress  of  the  Colonies  of  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia.  ^ 

An  Irish  settlement  began  sometime  toward  the  end 
of  the  seventeenth  century  in  Berkeley  County,  South 
Carolina,  and  in  the  Council  Journals  ® of  the  period  ap- 
pear such  names  as  O’Neill,  Donnoho,  Lynch,  Brady, 
Carty,  Sullivan,  Donovan,  Croney,  Mallagan,  Logan, 
McKeown,  McLoughlin,  and  Fitzgerald,  mostly  in  con- 
nection with  transactions  relating  to  lands  on  the  Cooper 
and  Ashley  rivers.  Curiously  enough,  I find  “Peter 
O’Kelley,  his  wife  and  six  children,”  mentioned  among 
a number  of  people  who  went  from  Dorchester,  Massa- 
chusetts, in  November,  1696,  to  found  a settlement  at 
a place  since  called  Dorchester,  about  thirty  miles  from 
Charleston,  ^ and  here  Peter  O’ Kelley  and  his  descend- 
ants appear  as  members  of  the  local  Methodist  congre- 
gation. A Patrick  O’Kelley  from  this  district  was  a 
soldier  of  the  Revolution.  To  this  district  also  came 
from  Barbadoes  in  the  year  1672  an  Irishman  named 
Teague  Cantey,  the  progenitor  of  several  widely  sepa- 
rated families  of  Canteys,  some  of  whom  were  famous  in 
South  Carolina  and  much  of  whose  history  is  related  in 
records  published  by  the  Historical  Commission  of  Co- 
lumbia ^ and  in  the  county  histories. 

In  the  records  of  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State  ® 

^Published  at  London  in  1776. 

® Published  by  the  South  Carolina  Historical  and  Genealogical 
Society. 

^ New  England  Historic  and  Genealogical  Register,  Vol.  II, 

p.  128. 

® Book,  1672-1692. 

« Vol.  XXXIX. 


852 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


there  is  an  entry  of  an  important  conveyance  of  a tract 
of  land  on  July  18,  1707,  from  Thomas  Colleton  to 
“three  Irishmen,  John  Gough,  Dominick  Arthur,  and 
Michael  Mahon.”  This  tract  was  “situate  on  the  East- 
ern branch  of  the  Cooper  River  in  Berkeley  County,” 
contained  twelve  thousand  acres,  and  was  known  as  “ye 
Middle  Settlement  or  Ljunerick  Plantation.”  It  is 
stated  ^ that  “Limerick,  Ireland,  was  the  native  home  of 
Michael  Mahon,”  and  doubtless,  also,  of  Gough  and 
Arthur,  and  in  all  subsequent  transfers  of  these  lands 
they  are  referred  to  in  the  deeds  as  “part  of  ye  Lymer- 
ick  Plantation.”  The  descendants  of  these  people  are 
mentioned  in  the  records  for  several  generations,  and  in 
1747  John  Gough’s  portion  passed  under  his  will  to  his 
sons,  John,  Richard,  Francis,  and  Edward  O’Neale 
Gough,  and  finally  into  the  possession  of  a family  named 
Ball.  Mahon’s  widow  sold  her  holdings,  and  Dominick 
Arthur’s  share  fell  to  his  nephew,  Christopher  Arthur, 
who  by  will,  dated  October  24,  1724,  devised  “one- 
half  to  his  beloved  kinsman,  Patrick  Roche,  of  the  City 
of  Limerick,  IMerchant.”  Patrick  Roche  evidently  came 
to  take  possession  of  his  inheritance,  and  in  1739  the 
property  passed  to  his  son  Francis,  and  in  1784  the  last 
of  the  Roches  sold  it  to  persons  named  Quash  and  Irving. 
These  individual  instances  are  quoted  merely  to  sho’',." 
that  Irishmen  of  worth  and  standing  came  to  the  Caro- 
linas  in  the  earliest  days  of  their  settlement  by  white  men. 

In  various  published  marriage  records  of  South  Caro- 
lina for  half  a century  after  the  above-mentioned  set- 

In  South  Carolina  Historical  and  Genealogical  Magazine, 
Vol.  II. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


353 


tiements  were  established,  numerous  Irish  names  ap- 
pear. In  1737  a colony  of  immigrants  came  from  Ire- 
land to  South  Carolina  and  located  near  Newberry  and 
Camden,  where  they  formed  “the  bulk  of  the  entire  pop- 
ulation of  that  section,”  and  are  mentioned  as  “by  far 
the  most  notable  body  of  early  settlers  in  that  part  of 
the  State.”  About  1752  another  body  of  Irish  immi- 
grants came  to  this  neighborhood,  and  in  official  abstracts 
of  the  original  grants  and  deeds  covering  lands  in  that 
section  are  noted  such  names  as  O’Cain,  O’Neill, 
O’Quinn,  Kelly,  McGowan,  McCormack,  McGraw, 
McNeill,  McConnell,  Bready,  Rork,  Hanahan,  Casey, 
Regan,  Drennan,  Flannagan,  Dugan,  Malloy,  Malone, 
Madigan,  Brannon,  Cassity,  Dunn,  Downey,  Murphy, 
Fitzpatrick,  and  Lynch.  Indeed,  so  many  Irish  names 
are  mentioned  in  the  Annals  of  Newberry,  compiled  by 
Judge  John  Belton  O’Neall,  * that  without  much  depar- 
ture from  the  truth  the  volume  could  be  described  as  a 
story  of  Irish  endeavor  in  the  pioneer  days  of  that  part 
of  the  “Palmetto  State” ; and  in  the  ranks  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary soldiers  raised  in  that  section  are  found  many 
of  the  descendants  of  those  Irish  settlers.  Irish  families 
also  came  early  to  other  parts  of  the  colony,  and  glimpses 
of  their  story  are  obtained  from  the  various  records 
published  by  the  South  Carolina  Historical  and  Genea- 
logical Society. 

Ramsay,  in  his  History  of  the  Revolution  of  South 
Carolina  from  a British  Province  to  an  Independent 
State,  says  that  in  the  year  1719  an  act  was  passed  in 

® Grandson  of  Hugh  O’Neall,  who  came  to  Newberry  from 
Ireland  in  1752. 


354 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


the  English  Parliament  appropriating  certain  Indian 
lands  in  the  Carolinas  “for  the  use  and  encouragement 
of  such  of  His  Majesty’s  subjects  as  should  come  over 
and  settle  upon  them.”  Extracts  from  this  act  having 
been  published  in  Ireland,  “five  hundred  persons  from 
Ireland  transported  themselves  to  Carolina  to  take  the 
benefit  of  them.  But  the  whole  project  was  frustrated 
by  the  Proprietors,  who  claimed  these  lands  as  their 
property  and  insisted  upon  the  right  of  disposing  of 
them  as  they  thought  fit.  Not  long  afterward,  to  the 
utter  ruin  of  the  Irish  emigrants  and  in  breach  of  the 
provincial  faith,  these  Indian  lands  were  surveyed  by 
order  of  the  Proprietors  for  their  own  use  and  laid  out  in 
large  baronies.  By  this  harsh  usage  the  old  settlers, 
having  lost  the  protection  of  the  new-comers,  de- 
serted their  plantations  and  left  the  frontier  open  to 
the  enemy.  Many  of  the  unfortunate  Irish  emigrants, 
having  spent  the  little  money  they  brought  with  them, 
were  reduced  to  misery  and  perished.  The  remainder 
removed  to  the  Northern  Colonies.” 

In  referring  to  an  important  Irish  colony  which  set- 
tled in  what  is  now  Williamsburg  County,  South  Caro- 
lina, about  the  year  1734,  Ramsay  says:  “By  this  time 
[1730]  accounts  of  the  great  privileges  granted  by  the 
crown  for  the  encouragement  of  settlers  in  the  Pro\dnce 
had  been  published  through  Britain  and  Ireland  and 
many  industrious  people  had  resolved  to  take  the  bene- 
fit of  the  royal  bounty.  IMultitudes  of  labourers  and 
husbandmen  in  Ireland,  oppressed  by  landlords  and 
bishops  and  unable  to  procure  a comfortable  subsistenee 
for  their  families,  embarked  for  Carolina.  The  first 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


355 


colony  of  Irish  people  had  lands  granted  to  them,  and 
about  the  year  1734  formed  a settlement  called  Will- 
iamsburg Township.  As  this  township  received  frequent 
supplies  from  the  same  quarter,  the  Irish  settlers,  amidst 
every  hardship,  inereased  in  number.  Having  obtained 
credit  with  the  merchants  for  negroes,  they  were  relieved 
from  the  severest  part  of  their  labour.  By  this  aid  and 
their  own  industry,  spots  of  land  were  cleared  which  in 
a short  period  yielded  them  plenty  of  provisions  and  in 
time  became  fruitful  estates.”  The  plan  adopted  for 
the  settling  of  townships  proved  beneficial  in  many  re- 
spects, and  “it  encouraged  multitudes  of  poor,  oppressed 
people  in  Ireland,  Holland  and  Germany  to  emigrate, 
by  which  means  the  province  received  a number  of  use- 
ful settlers.” 

About  1755  new  emigrants  from  Ireland,  Germany, 
and  the  northern  colonies  obtained  grants  in  the  interior 
parts  of  South  Carolina  and  introduced  the  cultivation 
of  wheat,  hemp,  flax,  and  tobacco.  They  had  a vast 
extent  of  country  to  range  over  and  the  settlers  pros- 
pered. Eight  years  later,  the  provincial  government 
otFered  money  bounties  and  exemption  from  taxes  for 
ten  years,  as  well  as  payment  of  their  passages,  to  in- 
duce Europeans  to  come  to  South  Carolina,  and,  as  re- 
lated by  Ramsay,  “many  Irish  accepted  these  offers.” 
When  these  immigrants  arrived  they  received  one  hun- 
dred acres  of  land  for  each  man  and  fifty  acres  for  each 
woman  and  child,  and,  in  all,  two  townships,  compris- 
ing forty-eight  thousand  acres  of  exceedingly  fertile 
soil,  were  allotted  to  the  Irish  settlers.  In  describing  the 
settlements  made  in  South  Carolina  by  immigrants  from 


356 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


various  European  countries,  Ramsay  says:  “But  of  all 
countries  none  have  furnished  the  province  with  so  many 
inhabitants  as  Ireland.  Scarce  a ship  sailed  from  any  of 
its  ports  for  Charleston  that  was  not  crowded  with  men, 
women,  and  children.  The  bounty  allowed  to  the  new 
settlers  induced  numbers  of  these  people  to  resort  to 
Carolina.  The  merchants,  finding  this  bounty  equiva- 
lent to  the  expense  of  the  passage,  persuaded  the  peo- 
ple to  embark.  Many  causes  may  be  assigned  for  this 
spirit  of  emigration  from  Ireland,  but  domestic  oppres- 
sion was  the  most  powerful  and  prevalent.” 

Williamson,  in  his  History  of  North  Carolina,  says 
that  the  most  numerous  settlers  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  the  province  during  the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth 
century  were  from  Ireland.  “Lands  being  cheap  in 
Carolina,”  he  says,  “immigrants  from  the  North  of  Ire- 
land, by  way  of  Pennsylvania,  flocked  to  that  country, 
and  a considerable  part  of  North  Carolina  is  inliabited 
by  these  people  or  their  descendants.  . . . The  Irish 
reached  the  places  of  their  settlement  in  North  Carolina 
by  two  difF erent  avenues  of  approach ; one  portion  came 
in  by  the  Delaware  River,  landing  at  Philadelphia  or 
Newcastle,  the  other  at  Charleston.  The  former  gen- 
erally occupied  at  first  desirable  localities  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, east  of  the  Alleghenies,  until  finding  need  of  in- 
creased room  for  their  numbers,  they  passed  dowm  first 
into  Virginia  and  thence  into  Carolina  to  meet  the  wave 
of  immigration  from  the  South.” 

The  number  of  places  in  this  section  of  the  State  bear- 
ing names  of  a decidedly  Celtic  flavor  are  striking  evi- 
dence of  the  settlement  of  Irish  people  in  these  parts. 


/^BP/^0DUC£O  BY  A//M  BRA/VCBS  IBY//YS 


GEORGE  TAYLOR 

SIGNER  OF  THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE,  BORN  IN  IRELAND,  j 


OF  AJMERICAN  HISTORY 


357 


The  line  of  their  settlements  across  the  whole  State  may 
readily  be  traced  on  the  highroads  leading  from  Virginia 
into  North  Carolina,  especially  from  the  northwestern 
boundary  line  of  Carolina  on  and  through  the  State  as 
far  as  the  Roanoke.  On  maps  of  North  Carolina,  in  the 
section  referred  to  by  Williamson,  appear  such  places 
as  Fitzgerald,  Cody,  Courtney,  Malloy,  Riley,  Corbett, 
Murphy,  Murfreesboro,  Hogan’s  Creek,  Lyons,  Me- 
bane,  Mullen,  Gorman,  Donnoha,  Dalton,  Mooresville, 
Manning,  Oneal,  Connover,  Connollys,  Callahan,  Gro- 
gansville,  Gaffney,  McGrady,  McConnellsville,  Neely, 
Powers,  Lynch  Station,  Limerick,  Belfast,  Mayo, 
Muckross,  Mount  Mourne,  Claremont,  and  so  on. 

None  of  these  places  have  reached  any  importance 
from  the  standpoint  of  population  or  commerce,  and 
there  is  no  likelihood  that  any  of  them  will  ever  set  the 
world  aglow  by  their  fame.  But  they  are  set  down  here 
so  as  to  show  that  at  the  time  these  places  were  estab- 
lished there  must  have  been  some  local  Irish  influence 
by  which  the  names  were  selected ; and  while  I have  not 
stopped  to  inquire  as  to  the  origin  of  the  names  of  these 
towns  and  villages,  I believe  I am  safe  in  concluding 
that  they  were  selected  in  memory  of  the  pioneers  of 
the  respective  places. 

Although  Williamson  says  that  the  early  Irish  immi- 
grants to  the  Carolinas  came  from  the  north  of  Ireland, 
thus  intimating  that  the  settlers  comprised  the  so-called 
“Scotch-Irish”  element  only,  it  is  perfectly  clear  from 
the  names  of  the  settlers  that  they  flocked  from  all  parts 
of  Ireland,  and  that  the  ancient  stock  of  the  Clan-na- 
Gaedhal  was  largely  represented. 


358 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


In  the  manuscript  records  in  the  office  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  State  there  is  an  affidavit  dated  March  30,  1761, 
taken  by  one  Joseph  Willcocks,  who  is  described  as  “of 
the  City  of  Dublin  in  the  Kingdom  of  Ireland.”  The 
document  is  “signed,  sealed,  and  delivered  in  the  pres- 
ence of  Patt.  Hamilton,  Lord  Mayor  of  the  City  of 
Dublin,”  and  relates  to  “a  shipload  of  immigrants”  who 
at  that  time  were  about  to  depart  for  the  Colonies  from 
Dublin  Bay.  Willcocks,  with  one  Henry  McCulloh, 
was  engaged  in  the  transportation  of  immigrants  to 
North  Carolina.  They  received  patents  for  large  grants 
of  lands  and  then  induced  people  to  come  and  settle  on 
them.  These  lands  they  sold  to  the  settlers  at  the  rate 
of  four  pounds  for  every  hundred  acres,  and  at  one- 
half  that  price  in  the  less  favored  sections  of  the  colony. 
The  records  do  not  indicate  in  what  particular  places 
these  settlers  located,  but  I have  no  doubt  that  some  of 
those  whose  names  appear  in  the  records  after  this  period 
were  among  the  immigrants  who  sailed  from  the  Liffey 
in  the  year  1761. 

From  another  official  account  ® we  learn  that  “the 
immigrants  from  Ireland,  in  companies  sufficient  to  form 
settlements,  sought  the  wilds  of  America  by  two  ave- 
nues: the  one  by  Delaware  River  at  Philadelphia,  the 
other  through  Charleston.  Those  landing  at  the  South- 
ern port  immediately  sought  the  fertile  forests  of  the 
upper  country,  approaching  North  Carolina  and  Geor- 
gia on  the  other,  and  not  being  particular  about  boun- 
daries, extended  southward  at  pleasure;  while  on  the 
north  they  were  checked  by  a counter  tide  of  immigra- 


® Colonial  Records  of  North  Carolina,  Vol.  V. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


359 


tion.  Those  who  landed  on  the  Delaware,  after  the 
desirable  lands  east  of  the  Alleghenies  in  Pennsylvania 
were  occupied,  turned  their  course  southward  and  were 
speedily  on  the  Catawba.  Passing  on,  they  met  the 
southern  tide,  and  the  stream  turned  westward  to  the 
wilderness  long  known  as  ‘beyond  the  mountains’  [now 
Tennessee].  These  two  streams  from  the  same  original 
fountain,  Ireland,  meeting  and  intermingling  in  this 
new  soil,  preserve  their  characteristic  ditFerences,  the 
one  possessing  some  of  the  air  and  manner  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, the  other  of  Charleston. 

“These  enterprising  settlers,  inured  to  toil,  were  hardy 
and  long-lived.  The  constitutions  that  grew  up  in  Ire- 
land and  Pennsylvania  seemed  to  gather  strength  and 
suppleness  from  the  warm  climate  and  fertile  soil  of 
their  new  abodes.  Most  of  the  settlers  lived  long  enough 
to  witness  the  dawning  of  that  prosperity  that  awaited 
their  children.” 

We  also  learn  from  the  same  source  that  “the  Irish 
were  the  first  to  settle  in  the  Yadkin  River  District.” 
That  was  in  1746.  “Soon  the  districts  between  the  Yad- 
kin and  Catawba  were  laid  out  in  tracts  of  cultivated 
lands,  the  wild  brush  and  shrub  growths  cleared,  immense 
grazing  farms  were  established,  houses  grew  up,  children 
came,  and  the  settlements  populated.” 

And  again,  quoting  from  these  official  records : 
“Nearly  all  were  from  the  same  original  stock  in  Ire- 
land.” “Scotch-Irish”  they  are  usually  called  by  the 
historians,  although  what  the  justification  for  this  racial 
designation  could  have  been  is  beyond  our  comprehen- 


360 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


sion.  When  we  sean  the  lists  of  “the  Macs  and  the  O’s,” 
and  the  many  others  whose  names  are  found  in  the  rec- 
ords, we  know  that  there  was  a very  generous  infusion  of 
Irish  blood  in  the  composition  of  the  earliest  inhabitants 
of  this  portion  of  the  South. 

The  most  striking  proof  that  Irish  immigrants  settled 
in  large  numbers  in  the  Carolinas  is  found  in  the  constant 
recurrence  of  Irish  names  in  Colonial  documents  cover- 
ing only  four  counties  of  North  Carolina,  and  one  has 
only  to  scan  the  names  published  in  the  North  Carolina 
Genealogical  Records  to  verify  the  truth  of  this  asser- 
tion. In  the  Abstracts  of  Wills  probated  prior  to  1760, 
taken  from  the  Secretary’s  office  at  Raleigh  and  the  of- 
fices of  the  clerks  of  the  Superior  Courts  of  Chowan 
and  Bertie  counties,  there  are  429  Irish  names,  and  in 
similar  eighteenth  century  records  of  other  counties  I 
find  211  such  names.  In  the  Abstracts  of  Conveyances, 
compiled  from  the  office  of  the  Register  of  Deeds  for 
Chowan  County  at  Edenton,  North  Carolina,  and  in  the 
entries  relating  to  petitions  for  land  grants,  all  prior  to 
the  Revolutionary  period,  there  are  430  Irish  names ; in 
the  Marriage  Bonds  of  Bertie,  Chowan,  and  Tyrrell 
counties  previous  to  1800,  there  are  444  Irish  names,  and 
in  various  miscellaneous  records,  such  as  court  files,  rent 
rolls,  etc.,  there  are,  in  all,  174  names  of  the  most  dis- 
tinctively Irish  origin. 

Ireland  furnished  to  the  Carolinas  not  only  tillers  of 
the  soil  and  willing  hands  to  rear  their  buildmgs,  but  gov- 
ernors and  other  leading  men.  James  INIoore,  a descend- 
ant of  the  Irish  chieftain  Rory  O’More,  became  Cover- 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


361 


nor  of  the  Colony  in  1719.  Of  him  Ramsay^®  says: 
“He  was  a man  excellently  qualified  for  being  a popular 
leader  in  perilous  adventures.  He  had  been  removed  by 
the  previous  Governor  from  the  command  of  the  mili- 
tia for  warmly  espousing  the  cause  of  the  people.  In 
every  new  enterprise  he  had  been  a volunteer,  and  in  all 
his  undertakings  was  resolute,  steady,  and  inflexible.” 
Arthur  Dobbs,  from  Carrickfergus,  was  Governor  of 
North  Carolina  from  1754  to  1764,  and  Matthew  Rowan, 
a native  of  the  same  Irish  city,  was  Surveyor-General 
and  later  President  of  the  Council.  Cornelius  Harnett, 
a native  of  Dublin,  Ireland,  was  a member  of  the  Coun- 
cil, and  for  several  years  he  is  mentioned  in  the  Council 
Journals  more  often  than  any  other  man  in  the  prov- 
ince, and  in  1778  was  one  of  North  Carolina’s  represen- 
tatives in  the  Continental  Congress.  Hugh  W addell,  a 
native  of  Lisburn,  Ireland,  was  “Commander  of  the 
Militia”;  Barney  McKinney  was  a member  of  the  As- 
sembly, and  Terence  Sweeney  was  a “Member  of  the 
Court  for  Pasquotank  County.”  John  Connor  became 
Attorney-General  of  North  Carolina  in  1730,  and  his 
successor  in  office  was  David  O’Sheal.  In  1760,  Thomas 
McGuire  was  appointed  “Judge  of  the  Admiralty” ; and 
six  years  later  he  was  made  “Captain-General  of  the 
Province,”  and  in  1767  was  appointed  ikttorney-Gen- 
eral.  Among  the  Justices  of  the  Peace  in  various  parts 
of  North  Carolina  between  1734  and  1760,  I find  such 
names  as  Moore,  Leary,  Ryan,  Rutledge,  Bourke,  Lo- 
gan, Rowan,  Foyle,  Clifford,  MacLendon,  Brian, 
Obryan,  Conner,  McLewean,  Malone,  and  Kearney; 


History  of  South  Carolina. 


362  A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY 


and  among  the  members  of  the  General  Assembly  be- 
tween 1754  and  1760  were  men  named  McNeill,  McGee, 
Kenan,  McGuire,  Walsh,  Jordan,  Fanning,  Murphee, 
and  others  whose  names  indicate  an  Irish  origin. 


CHAPTER  XXII 


PRE-EEVOLUTIONARY  IRISH  IN  GEORGIA 

Irishmen  recorded  among  the  first  white  men  in  Georgia.  Towns, 
cities,  and  counties  named  by  them.  The  Colonial  Records  of 
Georgia.  The  Irish  settlements  in  Queensborough  Township. 
Characteristic  Irish  names  from  the  records  of  land  grants. 
The  wandering  Irish  schoolmaster. 

WHILE  the  State  of  Georgia  is  not  as  rich  a field 
for  the  historical  searcher  as  other  Southern 
States,  some  valuable  material  relating  to  the  pre-Revo- 
lutionary  settlers  is  found  in  the  records  of  the  Provin- 
cial Council.  When  Georgia  became  a State  all  original 
records  relating  to  the  Colonial  period  were  transferred 
to  the  custody  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  but  by  an  act 
of  the  Legislature  some  years  ago  a committee  was  ap- 
pointed to  examine  these  records  and  to  tabulate  and 
index  them  for  the  purpose  of  preserving  them  for  future 
generations.  The  original  records,  or  such  of  them 
as  are  extant,  are  on  file  at  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of 
State,  but  verbatim  copies  were  published  under  the  title 
of  Colonial  Records  of  Georgia  ^ and  are  now  accessible 
to  all  historical  students. 

These  records  indicate  that  from  a very  early  date 
men  of  Irish  blood  settled  in  Georgia  and  contributed 
a share  to  the  building  of  its  foundations.  Their  names 

^ Twenty-five  volumes,  published  by  the  State  at  Atlanta,  Georgia, 
1904-1915. 


363 


364 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


are  found  chiefly  in  the  records  of  land  grants,  of  the 
conveyances  of  lots  and  holdings  in  the  first  towns  and 
settlements  established  in  the  colony,  in  the  Council 
Journals  and  the  court  files,  on  the  muster-rolls  of  the 
Colonial  militia,  and  in  sundry  records  and  documents 
that  have  been  preserved  by  historical  societies.  It  is 
of  unusual  interest  to  find  Irish  names  in  a list  of  “per- 
sons who  composed  the  first  jury  empanelled  in  Geor- 
gia” (1733).  Oglethorpe,  the  first  English  Governor, 
came  to  Georgia  in  that  year,  and  among  the  Colonists 
who  received  grants  of  town  lots  at  Savannah  in  1735 
are  found  some  bearing  unmistakably  Irish  names,  and 
the  Savannah  town  records  for  many  years  after  that 
period  contain  a goodly  number  of  such  names." 

Some  important  cities  of  Georgia  owe  their  origin  to 
Irishmen.  One,  Kennedy  O’Brien,  is  recorded  as  the 
founder  of  the  city  of  Augusta®  (1735)  ; an  Irishman 
named  Mitchell  was  the  first  to  lay  out  the  site  of  the 
city  of  Atlanta;^  an  Irishman  named  McCormack,  from 
Dublin,  Ireland,  was  the  founder  of  the  city  of  Dublin, 
Georgia;  ® the  town  of  Fitzgerald  took  its  name  from 
Washington’s  friend,  Colonel  John  Fitzgerald,  cele- 
brated as  “the  finest  horseman  in  the  Revolutionary 


^ See  also  Colonial  Records  of  Georgia. 

® Charles  C.  Jones,  History  of  Georgia,  Vol.  I,  pp.  217-18.  Also, 
History  of  Augusta,  by  the  same  author,  pp.  27-29,  and  Charles 
Edge-worth  Jones’  History  of  Georgia. 

* Smith,  The  Siory  of  Georgia  and  the  Georgian  People;  also. 
Rev.  George  White,  Historical  Collections  of  Georgia;  New  York, 
1855. 

® White,  Historical  Collections  of  Georgia. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


365 


Army” ; ® the  city  of  McDonough,  Georgia,  perpetuates 
the  name  of  the  victor  at  the  battle  of  Lake  Champlain, 
while  the  town  of  Jasper  was  named  for  the  Irish  soldier, 
Sergeant  William  Jasper,  whose  conduct  at  the  siege 
of  Savannah  in  1780  is  written  in  American  history  as 
one  of  the  heroic  incidents  of  the  Revolutionary  War. 
Twenty-two  counties  of  Georgia  were  named  in  honor 
of  Irishmen  or  of  Americans  of  Irish  descent  who  dis- 
tinguished themselves  in  one  capacity  or  another  in  the 
civil  or  political  life  of  that  State.  On  an  old  map  of 
the  State,  chiefly  in  the  sections  where  the  early  Irish 
settlers  are  known  to  have  located,  I find  places  named 
Limerick,  Clare,  Ennis,  Killarney,  Tyrone,  Dublin, 
Blarney,  Cork,  Belfast,  Newry,  and  Donegal,  as  well  as 
forty-five  places  called  by  Irish  family  names.  With 
few  exceptions,  these  places  have  not  risen  beyond  the 
importance  of  back-country  villages,  yet  it  is  evident  that 
those  who  selected  these  localities  for  their  permanent 
settlement  sought  to  perpetuate  their  native  homes  in 
Ireland  or  the  names  of  the  pioneer  families.^ 

® Lossing,  Field  Booh  of  the  Revolution,  Vol.  II,  p.  239-  Griffin, 
in  American  Catholic  Historical  Researches,  Vol.  V,  No.  1,  says 
that  Fitzgerald  was  born  in  Ireland  and  settled  at  Alexandria,  Va., 
in  1769  or  1770.  In  1776  he  was  appointed  aide-de-camp  to  General 
Washington  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

’’  On  this  point,  an  historical  writer  asks  with  a very  “wise”  air: 
“Assuming  that  the  Irish  settled  in  this  country  in  such  large 
numbers  as  is  claimed,  how  is  it  that  so  very  few  American  place- 
names  originated  with  the  Irish  pioneers,  after  the  manner  by  which 
the  English  and  Dutch  settlers  named  their  towns  and  settlements.^” 
In  asking  this  question,  he  only  displays  his  ignorance  of  American 
geography,  for  with  very  little  difficulty  he  could  have  ascertained 
that  not  less  than  7000  American  place-papies  recorded  in  geo- 


366 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


The  land  records  of  Georgia  after  1754  contain  many 
references  to  Irish  immigrants  who  petitioned  the  Colo- 
nial government  for  grants  of  land,  most  of  whom  came 
in  by  way  of  Charleston,  although  it  is  known  that  some 
actually  “trekked”  overland  with  their  families  from  as 
far  east  as  Baltimore  and  Philadelphia.  "While  these 
Irish  people  settled  principally  in  the  vicinity  of  Savan- 
nah, the  various  places  mentioned  in  the  petitions  in- 
dicate that  in  course  of  time  many  of  them  spread  out 
along  the  banks  of  the  Savannah  and  Altamaha  rivers 
and  their  tributaries  in  the  southeastern  section  of  the 
province,  where  they  established  settlements  in  a wilder- 
ness that  had  been  hitherto  known  only  to  the  traders 
and  Indian  tribes.  In  1766  the  General  Assembly  of 
Georgia  passed  an  Act  “to  encourage  settlers  to  come  in- 
to the  Province,”  and  as  a result  of  the  sending  of  copies 
of  this  act  to  Ireland  we  learn  that  in  December,  1768, 
“the  most  numerous  single  colony  which,  up  to  that  time, 
had  come  to  Georgia  from  any  European  country”  ar- 
rived from  Ireland.®  They  numbered  in  all  one  hun- 
dred and  seven  persons.  These  people,  as  well  as  some 
of  those  who  came  over  later,  located  on  lands  which  had 
been  already  reserved  for  them  along  the  Great  Ogee- 
chee  River,  chiefly  in  what  are  now  Chatham,  Screven, 
and  Burke  counties;  and  De  Brahm,  one  of  the  historians 
of  Georgia,  describes  one  of  these  settlements  as  “in- 
habited by  about  seventy,  and  its  environs  by  about  two 

graphical  treatises  and  253  counties  of  the  various  States  of  the 
Union  were  named  after  towns,  cities,  and  counties  in  Ireland,  or 
by  Irish  family  names. 

® Colonial  Records  of  Georgia. 


ff£P/iOOUC£0  BY  FBA^CBS  i£VWS 


MATTHEW  THORNTON 

SIGNER  OF  the  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE,  BORN  IN  LIMERICK,  IRELAND. 


V 


lA 


> 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


367 


hundred  families,  mostly  Irish,  from  which  it  is  generally 
called  the  Irish  Settlement.”  ® 

In  1769  another  Irish  contingent  arrived  at  Savannah, 
and  in  the  Colonial  Records  may  be  seen  a report  of 
a meeting  of  the  Provincial  Council,  held  on  October  2, 
1770,  at  which  a petition  was  read  “from  sundry  per- 
sons who  arrived  from  Ireland  in  the  ship  Hopewell  in 
December,  1769,  who  had  lands  ordered  them  in  Queens- 
borough  Township.”  The  petition  presented  to  the 
Council  by  these  people  stated  “that  they  were  chiefly 
farmers;  that  being  of  late  years  greatly  oppressed  by 
rents  in  Ireland,  so  that  the  most  exerted  industry 
scarcely  afforded  a comfortable  subsistence  to  their 
families,  they  determined  to  seek  relief  by  moving  to  the 
American  colonies.  That  being  informed  by  sundry  let- 
ters from  their  friends,  who  came  to  settle  in  this 
Province  from  Ireland  last  year  in  the  ship  Prince 
George,  that  a certain  portion  of  land  was  laid  out  and 
appropriated  for  the  purpose  of  settling  a township  in 
this  Province,  the  consideration  of  the  great  privileges 
and  advantages  afforded  them  by  the  Governor  and 
General  Assembly  were  powerful  inducements  to  their 
immediately  resolving  to  leave  their  native  country,  to 
part  with  their  little  substance  and  thereby  enable  them 
to  come  over  and  settle  in  this  flourishing  Province,  hop- 
ing to  entitle  themselves  to  its  protection,  encourage- 
ment, and  assistance,  and  of  being  found  in  return  to 
the  utmost  of  their  ability  equally  useful  in  forwarding 

® John  G.  W.  De  Brahm,  History  of  the  Province  of  Georgia^ 
Wormsloe,  North  Carolina,  1849. 

loVol.  XI. 


368 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


your  generous  intentions  in  the  further  settling  and  in- 
creasing the  same.  That  although  some  of  your  peti- 
tioners have  come  over  upon  Redemption,  yet  the  far 
greater  part  have  paid  their  passage,  in  the  doing  of 
which,  many  having  large  families,  they  have  much  re- 
duced their  substance.”  They  asked,  therefore,  “that 
they  may  be  partakers  with  their  fellow-countrymen  in 
the  lands  yet  ungranted  in  the  Township  of  Queens- 
borough,  and  to  grant  them  such  other  relief  as  in  your 
great  wisdom  and  generous  disposition  you  shall  judge 
necessary  to  their  melancholy  circumstances.” 

From  all  of  which  we  can  judge  that  the  Irish  im- 
migrants were  among  the  most  useful  settlers  that  the 
Colonists  could  wish  to  have  among  them,  and  that  they 
were  a splendid  acquisition  to  the  new  country.  The 
minutes  of  the  meeting  of  the  Council  at  which  this 
petition  was  presented  say:  “It  W’as  ordered  that  the 
said  petition  be  postponed  until  the  lands  reserved  for 
the  Irish  settlers  be  ascertained.” 

In  the  Colonial  Records  of  Georgia  under  date  of 
February  4,  1772,  there  is  a report  of  another  petition  to 
the  Governor  and  Council  “on  behalf  of  the  Irish  settlers 
of  Queensborough  Township  and  others  who  are  ex- 
pected from  Ireland  in  a short  time.”  In  the  same 
month  these  Irish  settlers  to  the  number  of  two  hundred 
arrived,  and  “the  Board,  taking  the  said  memorial  into 
consideration,  resolved  that  25,000  acres  of  land  near 
to  or  adjoining  Queensborough  Township  be  reserved 
for  the  use  of  the  Irish  settlers.^"  Later  in  the  same 


i^Vol.  XII, 

Ibid, 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


369 


year,  still  another  Irish  contingent  arrived  at  Savannah 
and  located  near  the  Ogeechee  River  at  what  is  now 
Louisville,  in  Jefferson  County,  and,  according  to 
Smith,^^  “it  was  known  as  ‘The  Irish  Colony.’  ” 

We  also  learn  that  from  time  to  time  other  immigrants 
came  from  Ireland  and  located  near  the  same  region. 
Some  of  them  suffered  much  hardship  during  the  Revo- 
lutionary War,  not  only  from  their  immediate  neighbors, 
the  Indians,  but  from  the  English  soldiers  and  their 
Tory  allies.  It  must  not  be  forgotten  also  that  the 
information  as  to  these  continual  Irish  arrivals  is  gleaned 
mainly  from  the  land  records,  where  only  a fraction  of 
the  Irish  names  necessarily  appear,  for  it  is  known  that 
many  Irish  “indentured  servants”  or  “redemptioners” 
also  made  their  way  to  Georgia  from  Baltimore  and 
Charleston.  That  there  was  a constant  flow  of  Irish  im- 
migrants, or  descendants  of  Irish  settlers  from  other 
provinces,  into  Georgia  after  the  settlements  in  Queens- 
borough  Township  were  established,  is  undeniable,  as  a 
glance  at  the  records  will  show.  Many  of  the  petitions 
filed  with  the  Provincial  Council  asked  for  grants  of 
land,  “in  or  near  the  Irish  settlements  at  Queens- 
borough,”  and  in  some  cases  the  petitioners  mentioned 
the  names  of  other  settlers  already  located,  with  a re- 
quest that  they  be  allotted  lands  as  near  them  as  possible, 
thus  indicating  a natural  desire  to  be  in  an  Irish  atmos- 
phere. They  were  not  all  poor  immigrants  by  any 
means,  nor  were  they  all  new-comers  at  the  time  of  their 
appearance  before  the  Council,  for  some  stated  in  their 
petitions  that  they  already  were  in  possession  of  slaves 


The  Story  of  Georgia  and  the  Georgian  People. 


370 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


and  lands  and  had  been  “for  some  time  in  the  Province” 
with  their  families. 

Thus  we  see  that  for  several  years  before  the  Revolu- 
tion there  was  a constant  influx  of  Irish  settlers  to 
Georgia.  They  are  referred  to  as  “Irish”  in  the  official 
documents  of  the  province,  without  any  qualifying  pre- 
fix or  affix ; they  described  themselves  as  “Irish,”  as  they 
were  in  fact,  and  the  best  possible  proof  that  can  be 
adduced  in  support  of  this  statement  is  contained  in  the 
names  of  the  petitioners,  which  show  that  a large  propor- 
tion of  them  were  of  the  old  Celtic  race  and  that  they 
came  from  every  part  of  Ireland.  In  fact,  it  is  quite 
apparent  from  the  names  that  the  greatest  number  were 
from  the  provinces  of  Munster  and  Connacht.^^  Yet 
more  than  one  historian  of  Georgia  refers  to  these  people 
as  “Scotch-Irish  from  the  Province  of  Ulster,”  thus  in- 
timating, in  common  with  other  historians  having  the 
same  ulterior  object  in  view,  that  if  history  is  to  give 
them  any  credit  as  American  pioneers,  the  honor  is  to 
he  accorded  to  them  chiefly  because  of  their  alleged 
“Scotch”  descent! 

From  published  historical  sketches  of  the  counties  of 
Georgia  and  the  town  histories  we  obtain  a glimpse  of 
the  status  of  the  Celtic  element  that  settled  at  various 

Among  the  petitioners  for  land  grants  appear  such  character- 
istic Irish  names  as  O’Berry,  O’Cain,  O’Daniel,  O’Friel,  O’Neill, 
O’Sheals,  and  no  less  than  twelve  O’Brjmns;  McCartys,  McGuires, 
McMahons,  McKelveys,  McKennans,  McLaughlins,  McGowans, 
McMurphys,  McCormacks,  McGarrys;  Burke  and  Barry,  Clancy 
and  Callahan,  Casey  and  Carroll,  Devany  and  Daly,  Donnelly  and 
Doyle,  Doolin  and  Dooley,  Flanagan  and  Farrell,  Fitzgerald  and 
Fitzpatrick,  Garvey  and  Grady,  Gillespie  and  Geary,  Hurley  and 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


371 


places  throughout  the  province.  Here  and  there 
through  these  sketches  are  scattered  a goodly  number 
of  Irish  names,  and  in  several  instances  these  Irish  peo- 
ple are  mentioned  as  among  “the  first  settlers.”  The 
Records  of  Land  Grants  of  Wilkes  County,  copied  from 
the  manuscript  folios  on  file  at  the  clerk’s  office  at  Wash- 
ington, Georgia,  indicate  that  a large  number  of  Irish 
people  located  in  that  county.  In  most  cases,  the  names 
are  spelled  phonetically,  and  while  the  exact  locations 
of  the  grants  are  not  given,  it  is  assumed  that  they 
settled  in  that  particular  section  of  the  State  north  and 
west  of  Augusta,  for  it  is  in  records  relating  to  this 
vieinity  that  most  of  the  Irish  names  are  mentioned. 
We  are  told  that  “Wayne  County  was  largely  settled 
by  people  who  came  from  the  north  of  Ireland,”  and 
in  Dooly  County  “the  earliest  families  were  Doolys  and 
Clarkes,”  and  the  county  was  named  after  Colonel  John 
Dooly,  who,  as  commander  of  Georgia  militia  in  the  War 
of  the  Revolution,  made  a brilliant  record  against  Tar- 
leton  and  Cornwallis.  Colonel  Dooly  served  through- 
out the  whole  war,  and  after  its  close  became  a Judge  of 
the  Superior  Court.  According  to  White,’^^  “the  Doolys 
originally  came  from  Ireland  to  North  Carolina,  but 
about  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution  settled  in  Lincoln 
County,  Georgia.  Colonel  Dooly  was  conspicuous  for 

Hogan,  Kelly  and  Keating,  Lyneh  and  Logan,  Murphy  and  Mul- 
ligan, Moran  and  Malone,  Maroney  and  Madden,  Nolan  and  Nugent, 
Powers  and  Phelan,  Quinn  and  Quinlan,  Ryan  and  Reilly,  Sullivan 
and  Sweeney,  Toole  and  Tobin,  Ward  and  Walsh,  and  a host  of 
similar  names. 

Smith,  Story  of  Georgia  and  the  Georgian  People. 

Historical  Collections  of  Georgia. 


372  A HIDDEN  PHASE  OF  HISTORY 


his  services  on  both  sides  of  the  Savannah  River  above 
and  below  Petersburg,  and  at  Kettle  Creek  he  com- 
manded the  right  wing  of  the  American  forces  and 
largely  contributed  to  the  victory  of  the  Americans.” 

It  is  a remarkable  fact  that  there  was  hardly  a meet- 
ing of  the  Provincial  Council  of  Georgia,  between  the 
years  1767  and  1772,  at  which  petitioners  for  land  grants 
bearing  the  most  ancient  Irish  names  did  not  appear,  and 
it  is  not  less  remarkable  to  find  an  historian  of  Georgia 
saying,  in  reference  to  the  general  colonization  of  the 
province:  “As  a general  thing,  these  colonists  had  no 
one  to  preach  to  them  and  no  one  to  teach  their  children, 
save  now  and  then  a wandering  Irishman  wFo  taught  a 
subscription  school  for  a few  months  of  the  year” ! In 
poring  over  these  records  and  noting  the  extraordinary 
regularity  with  which  Irish  names  appear  therein,  one 
is  impelled  to  wonder,  and  the  searcher  finds  himself 
asking.  Where  now  are  the  descendants  of  those  Irish 
pioneers  of  Georgia,  some  of  w^hom  came  in  the  days 
when  that  now  flourishing  State  was  a howling  wilder- 
ness? Like  the  host  of  Irish-blooded  Americans  of 
Colonial  stock  scattered  throughout  this  great  country, 
many  of  them  have  lost  their  ancient  names  and  some  be- 
lieve that  they  are  of  “Scotch-Irish”  or  “Anglo-Saxon” 
descent;  the  story  of  their  Irish  forebears  is  lost  for  all 
time,  and  they  are  led  to  believe,  perhaps,  from  their 
reading  of  history,  that  the  Irish  had  no  hand  in  laying 
the  foundations  on  which  the  great  American  Republic 
was  erected! 


Smith,  The  Story  of  Georgia  and  the  Georgian  People,  p.  70. 


CHAPTER  XXIII 

THE  FIRST  CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

The  Government  publication,  A Century  of  Population  Growth.  An 
analysis  proves  this  work  to  be  utterly  unreliable.  The  com- 
pilers failed  to  take  into  consideration  the  changes  in  Irish 
names.  Comparison  with  the  Revolutionary  muster-rolls  shows 
numerous  Irish  names  omitted  from  the  Census  Returns.  Con- 
clusion. 

AS  for  the  United  States  Government  publication, 
A Century  of  Population  Growth,  if  we  accept  the 
figures  furnished  by  this  compilation  we  are  compelled 
to  believe  that  the  white  population  of  the  United  States 
in  1790  was  divided  as  follows: 


English  . . 

2,345,844 

or 

83.5% 

of  the  whole 

Scotch  

188,589 

or 

6.7% 

of  the  whole 

German  

156,457 

or 

5.6% 

of  the  whole 

Dutch  

56,623 

or 

2% 

of  the  whole 

Irish  

44,273 

or 

1.6% 

of  the  whole 

French  . 

13,384 

or 

.5% 

of  the  whole 

Hebrew  and  all  others  .... 

5,078 

or 

.1% 

of  the  whole 

Total 

2,810,248 

100% 

The  44,273  Irish  are  thus  distributed  by  States: 


Maine  

1,334 

New  York 

2,525 

New  Hampshire 

1,346 

Pennsylvania  . . 

8,614 

Vermont  

579 

Maryland 

5,008 

Massachusetts  . 

3,732 

Virginia  

8,842 

Rhode  Island  , . 

459 

North  Carolina  . 

6,651 

Connecticut  .... 

1,589 

South  Carolina  . 

3,576 

Total  44-, 273 
373 


374 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


Government  statisticians  are  supposed  to  be  a cold- 
blooded class  of  men,  entirely  free  from  racial,  religious, 
or  political  prejudice,  whose  forte  is  the  collection  of  in- 
controvertible facts;  yet  when  we  analyze  the  figures 
now  before  us,  we  find  that  they  are  anything  but  cor- 
rect. In  fact,  the  most  patient  critic  of  these  figures, 
acquainted  with  the  actual  historic  facts,  cannot  help 
characterizing  them  as  nothing  short  of  a joke! 

If  it  be  true  that  there  were  only  3732  persons  of 
Irish  descent  of  both  sexes  in  the  State  of  ISIassachusetts 
in  the  year  1790,  it  seems  strange  that  according  to  the 
marriage  records  of  the  city  of  Boston  alone  nearly  2000 
persons  bearing  Irish  names  were  married  there  during 
the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries,  and  that  the 
published  Vital  Records  of  only  fifty-three  other  INIassa- 
chusetts  towns  and  cities,  which  I have  examined,  con- 
tain 1700  entries  covering  marriages  and  births  of  people 
of  Irish  name,  all  prior  to  the  year  1790 ! When  we  add 
to  these  approximately  10,000  Irish  names  which  appear 
in  the  seventy-one  volumes  of  Colonial  Records  pub- 
lished by  the  New  England  Historic  and  Genealogical 
Society,  in  the  Probate  and  Land  Records  of  Massa- 
chusetts, the  town  and  county  histories  and  authentic 
historical  collections  like  those  of  the  Essex  Institute, 
the  mystery  deepens  beyond  possible  understanding. 

If  it  be  true  that  the  same  class  of  people  in  the  State 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1790  numbered  only  8614,  what  could 
have  become  of  the  descendants  of  the  “crowds  of 
foreigners  [Irish]  who  are  yearly  poured  upon  us,”  as 
stated  by  the  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1728 ; of  the  descendants  of  “the  great  numbers  of  Irish 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


375 


Papists  and  convicts”  who  were  in  Pennsylvania  in  1756 ; 
of  the  descendants  of  the  Irish  immigrants,  numbering 
“12,000  per  year,”  who  came  to  the  province  between 
1726  and  1750,  or  of  the  18,000  Irish  immigrants  who 
came  to  America  during  the  first  half  of  the  year  1773 
alone,  not  to  speak  of  the  thousands  of  others  of  the 
same  class  who  came  to  Pennsylvania  at  other  times? 

If  the  male  and  female  population  of  Maryland  of 
Irish  birth  or  descent  in  1790  was  only  5008,  how  could 
it  be  possible  that  upward  of  4600  Revolutionary  soldiers 
of  Irish  name  enlisted  in  Maryland  ? An  exact  count  of 
the  Irish  names  in  the  Land  Records  of  Maryland  alone 
of  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries  brings  the 
total  number  to  2100,  and  must  it  be  said  that  the  de- 
scendants of  these  people  had  all  disappeared  by  the  time 
the  first  census  was  taken,  more  than  half  a century 
later? 

If  it  be  true  that  only  2525  persons  of  Irish  descent 
were  in  the  State  of  New  York  in  the  year  1790,  what 
explanation  have  the  government  statisticians  to  offer 
when  we  point  to  the  several  thousand  Irish  names  listed 
in  the  marriage,  land,  military,  and  court  records,  and  in 
other  Colonial  records  published  by  the  New  York  His- 
torical Society  and  the  New  York  Biographical  and 
Genealogical  Society,  not  to  speak  of  the  vast  numbers 
whose  names  appear  in  other  similar  publications? 

When  we  take  up  individual  names,  the  absurdity  of 
the  government  figures  is  still  more  amazing.  At  page 
255  of  this  monumental  work  it  is  shown  there  were  73 
“heads  of  families”  named  O’Brien,  under  the  various 
renderings  of  that  name,  in  the  United  States  in  1790; 


376 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


and  as  the  “average  size  of  each  family”  of  O’Briens  is 
given  as  5.2,  the  total  number  of  O’Briens  in  the  entire 
country,  males  and  females  of  all  ages,  is  given  as  376. 
Yet  there  are  approximately  250  O’Briens  on  the  Revo- 
lutionary muster-rolls  alone!  Of  the  McCarthys  there 
is  shown  to  have  been  a total  of  625  in  the  United  States 
in  1790,  yet  the  number  of  soldiers  named  McCarthy 
recorded  on  the  Revolutionary  muster-rolls  is  335,  and 
in  other  records  a much  greater  number  is  given!  A 
further  analysis  of  the  total  number  of  persons  of  these 
two  names  shows  them  thus  distributed  in  A Century  of 
Population  Growth: 


Maine  ......... 

O’Briens 

26 

McCarthys 

15 

New  Hampshire 

5 

None 

Vermont  

16 

15 

Massachusetts  . 

37 

72 

Rhode  Island  . . 

None 

5 

New  York  . . . . 

73 

116 

Pennsylvania  . . 

26 

125 

Maryland  

52 

36 

Virginia  ....... 

16 

140 

North  Carolina 

57 

34 

South  Carolina  . 

52 

67 

Connecticut  . . . 

16 

None 

Total  376 

625 

According  to  this,  there  were  only  37  persons  named 
O’Brien,  males  and  females  of  all  ages  and  conditions, 
in  Massachusetts  in  1790,  and  if  that  were  so  we  can  only 
wonder  where  the  83  Revolutionary  soldiers  named 
O’Brien,  whose  names  are  found  in  the  3Iuster-Rolls  of 


/!£PflOOUCeO  BY  A/VA^A  A/MA/CSS  IBY/A/S 

THOMAS  MQ  KEAN 

SIGNER  OF  THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 
SON  OF  WILLIAM  AND  LETITIA  M?.  KEAN  OF  COUNTY  DERRY, IRELAND, 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


377 


the  Massachusetts  Soldiers  and  Sailors  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary IV arj  as  officially  published  by  that  State,  eould 
have  sprung  from!  Neither  in  Connecticut  nor  in  New 
Hampshire  could  the  veraeious  government  statistieians 
find  a single  individual  of  the  name  McCarthy  in  1790, 
yet  the  Connectieut  and  New  Hampshire  muster-rolls 
contain  27  Revolutionary  soldiers  named  McCarthy,  and 
in  the  vital  statistics  of  both  States  are  found  a goodly 
number  of  people  of  that  name  1 

In  Pennsylvania  it  is  shown  there  were  125 
McCarthys,  male  and  female;  so  that,  if  it  be  true  that 
110  McCarthys  served  in  the  Revolutionary  army  and 
navy  of  Pennsylvania,  as  the  muster-rolls  plainly  show, 
some  of  them  must  have  been  the  ghosts  of  the 
McCarthys  who  died  before  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary war! 

The  same  remarks  apply  to  numerous  other  Irish 
names.  For  example,  in  A Century  of  Population 
Growth,  there  are  shown  to  have  been  only  eight  persons 
named  Murphy  in  Massachusetts  in  1790,  yet  the 
muster-rolls  of  the  Revolutionary  soldiers  and  sailors  of 
Massachusetts  contain  the  names  of  seventy-eight  Mur- 
phys and  eight  McMurphys.  In  Maryland  a total  of 
forty-seven  Murphys  of  both  sexes  is  shown,  but  the 
Revolutionary  records  of  that  State  contain  the  names 
of  eighty-five  Murphys.  Similar  discrepancies  are  shown 
in  the  case  of  the  KeKys,  only  to  a much  greater  extent, 
for  among  the  Irish  names  appearing  in  early  American 
records  the  Kellys  far  outnumber  any  other  family. 

In  a table  entitled  “Nomenelature,  dealing  with 
names  represented  by  at  least  100  white  persons,  by 


378 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


States  and  Territories,  at  the  First  Census,  1790,”  in 
A Century  of  Population  Growth,  numerous  surnames 
are  listed  and  opposite  each  are  given  statistics  showing 
the  number  of  “Heads  of  Families”  and  the  number  of 
persons  of  each  name  in  the  various  States  represented 
in  the  First  Census.  As  a further  aid  in  determining 
the  reliability  of  these  statistics,  the  following  twenty 
Irish  surnames  have  been  selected  with  the  number  of 
people  of  each  name  supposed  to  have  been  in  the  United 
States  in  the  year  1790,  and  in  a parallel  column  is  shown 
the  number  of  soldiers  and  sailors  of  the  same  surnames 
that  are  recorded  in  the  Revolutionary  muster-roUs : 


^ etS 

M 4-« 

oS; 

oS 

Ah  o 

An  d . 

o 

a 

^“60 

oi 

■hW  m 

0 >,'5 

^ -4 

^ rf 

a 

3 

u 

3 

W 

,0  ® U 3 

S-c  o w 

C 0®H 

gS’a 

Callaghan  . . . 

164 

140 

Crowley  ..... 

54 

Dempsey  . . . . , 

141 

73 

Donohue  .... 

125 

73 

Duffy  

133 

78 

Dwyer 

57 

Flynn  

188 

108 

Gallagher  . .i. 

177 

86 

Haggerty  . 

62 

Lafferty 

129 

61 

a 

d 

c 

u 

3 

U1 

Mahony 


Maloney 127 

Malloy  127 

McGahy,  McGahan.  none* 

McMahon  207 

McISIanus  none* 

O’Hara  none* 

Quinn  191 

Shea  134, 

Sheehan none* 


sc*. 

Ah  o 
■S'®  60 
C .5  . 

^ 3 

•5  ciJ " 

^ in 


89 

97 

89 

72 

143 

72 
122 
122 

73 
66 


Totals  2055  1669 

Now,  the  total  of  2055  includes  adult  men  and  women, 
the  “lame,  the  blind  and  the  halt,”  boys  and  girls  and 


*Number  said  to  have  been  less  than  100. 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


879 


babes  in  arms,  and  if  we  add  an  average  of  75  persons 
for  each  of  the  seven  surnames  where  the  number  is 
said  to  have  been  less  than  one  hundred,  we  have  a 
total  of  2580  persons  of  these  twenty  surnames  in  the 
United  States  in  1790.  If  we  assume  that  there  were 
an  equal  number  of  persons  so  named  in  the  Colonies  in 
1775  and  that  seventy  per  cent,  of  them  were  non-com- 
batants— which,  according  to  all  known  statistics,  is  a 
low  average — that  would  leave  approximately  775  men 
of  these  twenty  surnames  capable  of  bearing  arms.  But, 
as  it  is  shown  there  are  at  least  1669  soldiers  and  sailors 
so  named  on  the  Revolutionary  muster-rolls,  we  can 
understand  at  once  how  reliable  are  the  figures  furnished 
to  us  through  A Century  of  Population  Growth.  Of 
such  surnames  as  O’Neill,  Sullivan,  McCarthy,  Reilly, 
Ryan,  Kelly,  O’Brien,  Murphy,  Connor,  Burke, 
Doherty  and  Connelly,  there  are  shown  to  have  been 
9044  of  both  sexes  and  of  all  ages  in  the  United  States  in 
1790,  included  in  which  number  there  could  hardly  have 
been  more  than  3000  fit  fighting  men  when  the  Revolu- 
tionary war  broke  out,  and  even  some  of  these  must 
necessarily  have  remained  at  home  to  provide  a living  for 
their  dependents.  But,  as  the  total  number  of  soldiers 
and  sailors  of  these  nine  names  was  3841,  we  have  a 
further  insight  into  the  truth  and  logic  of  the  Govern- 
ment figures. 

The  name  of  Donnelly  is  a striking  illustration  of  this. 
Of  persons  of  this  name  of  both  sexes  there  are  said  to 
have  been  a total  of  one  hundred  and  eighty-seven  in  the 
United  States  in  1790,  yet  there  were  one  hundred  and 
fifty-five  Revolutionary  soldiers  so  named.  On  the  basis 


380 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


of  the  one  hundred  and  fifty-five  Donnellys  who  joined 
the  Revolutionary  army,  I estimate  there  must  have  been 
nearly  six  hundred  persons  of  that  name  in  America  dur- 
ing the  period  of  the  war,  and  since  the  census  of  1790 
gives  a total  of  only  one  hundred  and  eighty-seven,  it  is 
perfectly  plain  that  all  of  the  Donnellys  were  not 
counted.  To  consider  the  question  from  another  stand- 
point, the  following  data  are  submitted  as  showing  a 
comparison  between  the  number  of  soldiers  and  sailors 
of  the  Revolution  and  the  number  of  persons  on  the 
Census  Returns  of  1790  in  the  States  of  Pennsylvania 
and  Massachusetts,  these  two  being  selected  because  it 
is  admitted  that  it  was  in  Pennsylvania  the  greatest 
number  of  Irish  immigrants  settled  and  the  population 
of  Massachusetts  is  claimed  to  have  been  the  most 
English  of  any  part  of  the  Colonies. 


s 

o 

u 

O 

o 

cj 

C ^ 
o 

t" 

c’^ 

.3  >4 

d 

o 

t— 

o 

s 

© 3 

t-O 

a m 

© 

S 

© 3 

© 71 
^ 3 

cd 

a 

u 

11 

S 

u 

c O.E 
c 

3 © O 

£2 

3 

in 

zo 

3 

in 

ZKA 

© 

Zu 

Brannan  1 

In  Penna.  41 

none 

Doyle  . . . 

In  Mass.  38 

15 

Brennan  / 

Dugan  . . 

In  Mass.  14 

10 

Casey  . . . 

In  Mass.  28 

11 

Dwyer 

In  Mass.  17 

none 

In  Penna.  18 

15 

Farrell  . . 

In  Mass.  20 

none 

Cassidy  . 

.In  Mass.  11 

10 

In  Penna.  28 

30 

Cavanagh  . 

In  Mass.  22 

none 

Fitzgerald 

In  Penna.  42 

none 

In  Penna.  23 

none 

Fitzpatrick  In  Mass.  6 

none 

Crowley  . 

In  Penna.  22 

none 

Flynn  ... 

• In  Penna.  31 

21 

In  Mass.  11 

none 

In  Mass.  34 

13 

Donohue  . 

In  Mass.  11 

none 

Keating  . 

In  Penna.  26 

none 

In  Penna.  38 

11 

In  Mass.  10 

none 

Donovan  . 

In  Penna.  17 

14 

Leary  . . . 

In  Mass.  17 

5 

In  Mass.  8 

none 

Mahony  . . 

In  Mass.  20 

none 

OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY  381 


>1 

O 

o> 

9 

C G 
o 

U 

9 

a 

<i>  m 

Xi  3 
c m 

5 C 

o 

a 

a 

a 

CG 

O 

Ih’-M 

O 0 

Hv, 

o 

u 

9 02 
.Q  P 

P 

9 

G 

•So  ^ 

c 

S ^5 

0 

U2 

0 O 

3 

m 

3 <u  o 

ZKfi 

zo 

Mahony . . . 

In  Penna.  19 

12 

McNamara 

In  Mass.  11 

none 

Malone  . . 

In 

Mass.  17 

none 

O’Donnell. 

In  Mass.  19 

none 

Maloney  . 

In 

Mass.  32 

10 

O’Neill  ..^ 

In  Penna.l04< 

47 

McCaffrey 

In 

Mass.  11 

none 

Quinn  ... 

In  Mass.  20 

10 

McCormick  In 

Mass.  11 

none 

Ryan  .... 

In  Penna.l  18 

115 

McGuire  . 

In 

Mass.  21 

none 

In  Mass.  76 

60 

McLaughlin  In 

Mass.  22 

none 

Sullivan  . . 

In  Penna.  90 

80 

McMahon. 

In 

Mass.  23 

none 

In  Mass.  49 

15 

McManus . 

In 

Mass.  11 

none 

Of  the  forty-one  names  all  told,  selected  for  the  pur- 
pose of  this  inquiry,  there  were  6770  Revolutionary  sol- 
diers and  sailors,  so  that,  when  we  consider  the  fact  that 
there  must  be  added  to  this  number  the  vast  number  of 
persons  of  the  same  names  appearing  in  the  land  and 
court  records,  in  the  baptismal,  marriage  and  death  rec- 
ords and  in  the  various  other  classes  of  vital  records  of 
colonial  times,  we  are  in  a position  to  say  that  the 
Government  publication  here  under  review  is  utterly 
inconsistent  with  truth  or  reason.  If  the  same  inquiry 
were  made  in  the  case  of  each  Irish  name,  with  an 
analysis  of  the  number  in  each  of  the  original  Thirteen 
Colonies,  I am  satisfied  the  same  identical  result  could 
be  shown,  with  greater  or  lesser  variations,  and  the  ab- 
surdity of  the  Government  figures  would  then  appear  in 
a more  glaring  light.  The  statistics  as  to  Irish  emigra- 
tion to  the  Colonies  previous  to  the  Revolution,  gathered 
from  a thousand  sources,  supported  by  official  records 
and  newspapers  of  the  time,  prove  how  idle  it  would  be 


382 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


to  give  any  further  consideration  to  the  Government 
figures  and  impartial  readers  may  safely  be  left  to  form 
their  own  judgment  of  the  value  of  the  compilation  in 
view  of  the  irrefutable  facts  here  presented. 

And  yet,  this  publication  is  the  basis  upon  which  is 
built  the  theory  that  the  Irish  constituted  only  one  and 
six-tenths  per  cent,  of  the  population  of  the  United 
States  in  1790  and,  as  a logical  inference,  that  the  Irish 
contributed  very  little  to  the  achievement  of  American 
independence!  It  is  the  “authority”  usually  quoted  by 
learned  college  professors  and  “near  historians”  in  their 
disquisitions  upon  the  racial  elements  from  which  the 
great  American  people  have  sprung  and  for  the  asser- 
tion, made  by  more  than  one  historical  writer,  that  the 
Colonies  which  now  form  the  United  States  should  be 
considered  as  “England  transplanted”!  The  Pharisees 
of  history  may  have  withheld  from  Ireland  the  credit 
that  is  her  due,  but,  thanks  to  the  never-failing  guidance 
of  the  records,  we  are  able  to  show  that  Irish  blood, 
brain  and  brawn  have  been  a valuable  acquisition  to  the 
building  of  the  fabric  of  American  institutions  and  that 
the  sons  of  Ireland  merit  more  prominent  recognition 
than  has  been  accorded  them  in  the  pages  of  American 
history.  The  testimony  presented  in  this  volume  has 
been  adduced  from  sources  which  can  hardly  be  called 
into  question  and  its  perusal  by  those  who  so  amusingly 
glorify  the  Anglo-Saxon  as  the  sole  founder  of  the 
American  race  and  American  institutions  would  have  a 
chastening  influence  on  their  ignorance  of  early  Ameri- 
can history,  and  would  reopen  the  long  vista  of  the  years 
at  the  very  beginning  of  which  they  w'ould  see  Celt  and 


OF  AJMERICAN  HISTORY 


383 


Saxon,  Teuton  and  Gaul,  working  side  by  side  solidify- 
ing the  foundations  upon  which  this  great  nation  of 
freemen  rests. 

In  reviewing  this  subject,  there  is  an  almost  uncon- 
trollable desire  to  go  into  the  facts  at  greater  length, 
so  vast  is  the  wealth  of  material  from  which  to  draw. 
But  I have  thought  that  too  much  detail  would  only 
result  in  confusing  the  salient  features,  and,  in  any  event, 
the  story  of  the  early  Irish  settlements  in  any  one  section 
of  the  country  seems  to  be  almost  a repetition  of  the 
story  of  the  Irish  pioneers  in  other  sections  of  our  land. 
With  this  in  mind,  I have  not  done  more  than  touch 
the  surface,  and  have  dealt  only  with  concrete  facts  ob- 
tained from  unquestionable  sources.  In  case  there 
should  be  a desire  to  verify  any  statement  made  in  this 
book,  it  can  be  done  readily  by  reference  to  the  records 
and  historical  works  already  alluded  to,  and  by  exam- 
ination of  the  records  preserved  at  such  offices  as  those 
of  the  Secretaries  of  State,  Land  Commissioners,  and 
other  custodians  of  public  records  of  the  various  States. 
For  the  convenience  of  those  who  cannot  consult  the 
originals,  authentic  copies  of  many  of  these  records  are 
available  at  the  leading  public  libraries,  the  Library  of 
Congress  and  the  historical  societies,  but  those  men- 
tioned in  the  text  and  in  the  footnotes  of  this  work  con- 
stitute only  a fraction  of  the  great  number  of  authori- 
ties I have  examined  during  a period  of  nearly  twenty 
years  tracing  “the  footsteps  of  the  Celt”  in  America. 

When  we  bear  all  these  historic  facts  in  mind,  and 
when  we  consider  the  further  fact  that  the  Irish  immi- 
grants, for  the  most  part,  were  driven  into  exile  by  the 


384 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


oppressions  of  an  alien  government  and  of  rack-renting 
landlords,  we  need  not  wonder  that  large  numbers  of 
Irishmen  and  their  sons  are  found  enrolled  in  the  army 
of  the  Revolution,  and  that  they  were  so  eager  to  offer 
their  hands  and  hearts  to  the  service  of  their  adopted 
country.  And  I think  that  impartial  readers  will  recog- 
nize, even  from  this  short  review  of  the  evidence  afforded 
by  the  records,  that  the  testimony  given  before  the 
English  Parliament  in  1779  by  disinterested  witnesses 
could  not  have  been  very  far  short  of  the  truth,  and  that 
the  descendants  of  the  Irish  in  America  are  fully  justi- 
fied in  claiming  that  were  it  not  for  the  numbers  and 
influence  of  the  Irish  and  their  participation  in  the  con- 
flict, the  emancipation  of  the  American  people  from 
English  rule  would  have  been  postponed  for  many  years. 


CHAPTER  XXIV 


AMERICA’S  DEBT  TO  IRELAND 

End  of  the  World  War.  France  repaid  for  her  aid  to  the  struggling 
Colonies.  America’s  contribution  to  the  Allied  cause.  What 
will  be  England’s  response  ? Self-determination  by  all  nations, 
great  and  small,  the  only  means  by  which  permanent  peace  can 
be  secured.  Ireland’s  claims  to  nationhood  and  to  the  gratitude 
of  America. 

The  preceding  chapters  deal  with  Ireland’s  part 
in  America’s  struggle  for  liberty.  This,  the  con- 
cluding chapter,  will  be  devoted  to  a brief  survey  of  the 
influence  exerted  by  the  achievement  of  American  in- 
dependence upon  the  establishment  of  liberty  through- 
out the  world. 

Now  that  the  terrible  struggle  in  Europe  has  drawn 
to  a close,  and  America  has  triumphantly  vindicated  the 
justice  of  the  cause  which  impelled  her  to  war  on  Ger- 
man autocracy,  it  is  pertinent  to  recall  the  situation  at 
present  existing  in  Ireland.  Much  has  been  said,  and 
properly  said,  since  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  of  the  debt 
of  gratitude  which  we  owed  to  France  because  of  the 
services  rendered  by  that  nation  in  the  struggle  for 
American  liberty.  America  has  well  disproved  the  as- 
sertion that  “republics  are  ungrateful”;  the  American 
people  have  not  forgotten  the  favors  that  were  done  for 
them  by  the  gallant  French  nation;  and  in  this,  her 
hour  of  strength,  America  has  well  repaid  the  debt.  At 

385 


386 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


the  outset  of  the  Revolution,  America  appealed  to  Ire- 
land, and  not  in  vain,  for  Ireland’s  sons  answered  the 
call  with  the  same  cheerful  readiness  that  they  have 
responded  to  all  similar  appeals  in  the  wars  in  which 
America  has  been  engaged,  and  the  words  of  Lord 
Chatham  in  the  House  of  Commons  in  1775,  that  “the 
Irish  are  with  the  Americans  to  a man,”  are  just  as 
applicable  to-day. 

Irishmen  and  their  descendants,  in  every  land  under 
the  sun,  rejoice  that  the  light  of  liberty  is  to  sliine  once 
again  for  the  oppressed  nations  of  Europe,  and  espe- 
cially that  this  happy  result  has  been  achieved  through 
America’s  participation  in  the  war.  But  what  of  Ire- 
land itself,  one  of  the  “small  nations”  of  Europe?  She 
contributed  more  fighting  men  to  the  Revolution  than 
even  the  gallant  French,  and  America  owes  more  to  Ire- 
land for  the  success  of  that  Revolution  than  to  any 
other  Euroj)ean  country,  for  in  the  days  wFen  it  was 
unfashionable  and  dangerous  to  speak  of  American 
Independence  the  Irish  immigrants  and  their  sons  were 
planting  the  seeds  of  liberty  on  this  continent.  Ireland 
has  waged  the  longest  and  most  bitter  struggle  in  his- 
tory for  human  freedom,  and  her  people  still  cry  out  to 
the  generosity  of  their  American  friends.  Will  the  call 
be  heard  in  America,  as  the  call  of  the  Americans  was 
heard  in  Ireland  one  hundred  and  forty-three  years 
ago?  There  is  every  reason  to  hope  that  it  will;  that 
the  great-hearted  American  people  will  pay  the  debt 
their  country  owes  to  Ireland  for  the  part  played  by  her 
sons  in  the  achievement  of  our  liberties;  and  that  the 
American  doctrine  of  human  freedom  will  be  consist- 


GENERAL  RICHARD  BUTLER 

OF  THE  CONTINENTAL  ARMY,  BORN  IN  DUBLIN,  IRELAND, 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


387 


ently  applied  to  all,  including  the  “Island  of  Sorrows.” 

And  how  may  that  debt  be  paid?  Our  great  Presi- 
dent has  solemnly  declared  that  after  this  war  “the  small 
nationalities  shall  have  the  right  to  self-determination,” 
and  that  this  question  shall  be  settled  at  the  Peace  Con- 
ference ; and  Ireland  has  every  reason  to  expect  that  her 
inalienable  right  to  self-determination  shall  not  be  ex- 
cluded from  the  great  subjects  to  be  discussed  at  this 
historic  convention.  A well-known  American  jurist,  a 
serious  student  of  this  question,  thus  expresses  himself 
on  the  present  relations  between  England  and  Ireland, 
especially  as  they  apply  to  the  forthcoming  Peace  Con- 
ference, and  the  timeliness  of  his  views  justifies  their 
citation  here: 

“Surely  every  American,  and  every  lover  of  liberty 
and  humanity  throughout  the  world,  is  anxious  that  this 
should  be  the  last  great  war  and  that  peace  and  good 
will  among  the  various  races  of  mankind  shall  per- 
manently take  the  place  of  the  rule  of  force  and  of  the 
horrors  of  war.  How  can  this  end  be  attained  until  and 
unless  all  peoples  and  all  nations  are  permitted  to  enjoy 
the  right  of  self-determination  and  to  select  for  them- 
selves the  form  of  government  under  which  they  are  to 
live?  We  entered  this  war  to  put  an  end  to  autocracy 
and  to  bring  into  existence  the  rule  of  democracy.  That 
does  not  mean  merely  the  end  of  German  autocracy,  or 
British  autocracy,  or  Russian  autocracy,  but  of  all  au- 
tocracy. It  does  not  mean  to  bring  freedom  to  the 
Poles  alone,  nor  to  restore  freedom  to  the  Serbians 
alone,  but  to  bring  freedom  to  all  the  oppressed  peoples 
and  to  all  the  down-trodden  nations. 


388 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


“And  what  people  deserve  such  consideration  at  our 
hands  as  do  the  Irish?  What  other  land  has  sent  us 
sons  who  have  been  so  numerous  and  so  constant  in 
our  behalf  in  every  hour  of  our  existence  and  in  every 
battle  for  our  honor  and  our  flag?  Not  alone  were 
they  in  great  numbers  in  the  Revolutionary  armies,  not 
alone  did  they  make  certain  the  success  of  the  Revolu- 
tion and  since  then  render  decisive  aid  in  every  war  in 
which  we  have  engaged,  but  their  services  in  times  of 
peace,  in  every  walk  in  life,  in  the  development  of  our 
great  country  have  been  well-nigh  priceless  to  us.  And 
this  not  alone  in  the  material  things,  the  building  of  our 
railroads  and  bridges  and  roads  and  cities  and  the 
clearing  of  our  forests,  but  even  more  in  the  develop- 
ment of  our  ideals  and  of  the  spiritual  side  of  our 
nature — that  side  which  made  us  enter  this  gigantic  war 
in  order  to  bring  to  others  that  liberty  which  we  value 
above  all  other  riches.  Think  of  their  contributions  to 
our  national  character;  their  indomitable  perseverance; 
their  indestructible  optimism ; the  charm  and  vivacity  of 
their  manner  even  in  dark  hours  of  gloom  and  storm; 
their  inexhaustible  humor  and  their  brilliant  wit;  and, 
above  all,  their  belief  in  the  invisible  world  around  us 
that  makes  for  the  certain  triumph  of  the  moral  forces 
in  every  great  contest  among  men!  We  have  shown  the 
world  that  we  are  not  ungrateful  to  France,  that  great 
country  whose  service  to  us  we  have  now  many  times 
repaid.  Can  we  afford  to  let  history  record  that  it  was 
only  to  the  strong  that  we  were  grateful,  and  that  in  our 
hour  of  victory  and  triumph,  when  the  whole  world  ac- 
claimed our  power  and  our  strength,  we  turned  a deaf 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


389 


ear  to  the  call  of  the  people  whose  blood  has  helped  so 
greatly  to  make  us  what  we  are  to-day,  and  refused  to 
pay  to  Ireland  the  debt  so  long  owed?  Let  it  not  be 
so,  for  in  that  direction  lies  not  alone  ingratitude — 
‘basest  of  vices’ — but  danger  for  the  future  of  all  man- 
kind 1 

“While  Ireland,  in  its  present  condition,  stands  fes- 
tering like  a great  sore  in  the  side  of  England,  there  can 
be  no  security  or  peace  for  England  or  for  Europe. 
English  statesmen  have  tried  through  the  centuries 
every  method  suggested  by  ingenuity  or  force  or  craft 
to  settle  this  question, — except  the  method  of  leaving 
Ireland  to  the  Irish;  and  the  Premier  of  England  was 
forced  to  confess  recently  that  the  people  of  Ireland 
are  now  as  dissatisfied  with  English  rule  as  they  were 
in  the  time  of  Cromwell. 

“It  is  entirely  within  the  bounds  of  propriety  for 
America  to  remind  England  of  the  situation  as  it  existed 
in  the  spring  of  1917,  when  England,  with  her  back 
to  the  wall,  according  to  the  admissions  of  her  own 
generals  and  statesmen,  found  herself  beaten  and  prac- 
tically at  the  end  of  her  resources,  in  which  crucial 
moment  America  entered  the  war  and  brought  victory 
and  triumph  to  the  Allied  cause.  The  former  enemies 
became  the  co-belligerents  of  the  great  World  War! 
The  despised  and  derided  Colonies  became,  through 
liberty  and  the  opportunity  to  develop  their  resources, 
the  saviours  in  the  great  hour  of  fate!  Had  Washing- 
ton failed,  who  can  say  that  America  to-day  would  have 
been  much  more  powerful  than  Canada  or  Australia, 


390 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


and  under  such  conditions  what  would  have  been  the 
fate  of  the  Allies? 

“Justice  demands  that  Ireland  should  have  the  same 
right  accorded  to  her  as  that  which  is  to  be  given  to 
the  other  small  nations  of  Europe.  Experience,  dearly- 
bought  by  England,  suggests  the  wisdom  of  turning 
an  age-long  enemy  into  a friendly  neighbor.  Gratitude 
and  consistency  call  on  America  to  help  Ireland  to 
liberty,  now  that  we  have  it  in  our  power  to  do  so.  The 
history  of  mankind,  and  the  cry  of  humanity  which  calls 
out  for  permanent  peace  to  end  all  wars,  both  urge  that 
only  by  self-determination  can  tyranny  and  war  be  ban- 
ished from  the  earth.  A thousand  selfish  interests  prob- 
ably will  call  out  in  England,  now  that  her  hour  of  peril 
has  passed,  to  make  no  concessions  to  America  on  this 
question.  But  that  extraordinary  genius  which  has 
watched  over  England’s  destinies  for  the  last  three  cen- 
turies, and  which  has  made  her  survive  trials  and  outlive 
storms  that  seemed  certain  to  engulf  her,  may  raise  up 
among  her  sons  one  who  will  remind  her  that  it  will  be 
well  to  listen  to  the  voice  of  that  great  country  but  for 
which  she  would  have  gone  to  inevitable  destruction,  and 
to  do  now  in  her  hour  of  triumph  that  act  of  justice 
which  she  has  so  long  deferred. 

“And  that  act  may  result  in  building  up  another 
great  and  prosperous  country  near  her  shores,  whose 
commerce  would  be  with  all  mankind,  instead  of  with 
her  alone,  but  the  portion  of  that  commerce  which  she 
would  secure  would  be  greater  than  the  whole  of  that 
which  she  noAv  monopolizes.  It  may  result  in  bringing 
into  existence  a government  in  Ireland  which  would 


OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 


391 


mean  the  creation  of  a hundred  ties  that  would  make 
for  friendliness  and  neighborly  kindliness,  and  of  con- 
tributions to  mankind,  in  the  benefits  of  which  England 
would  necessarily  share,  that  would  outweigh  many 
times  any  losses  she  would  sustain.  It  may,  indeed,  re- 
sult in  loosening  her  control  of  the  seas,  but  it  would 
remove  the  enmity  and  hostility  of  England’s  governing 
classes  that  have  gone  wherever  the  Irish  or  their  de- 
scendants are  to  be  found  on  earth, — and  where  is  it 
that  they  are  not  to  be  found?  And  such  an  act  will  do 
more  to  remove  the  differences  that  have  existed  be- 
tween America  and  England  than  all  other  things  that 
she  can  do,  in  that  it  will  satisfy  the  vast  body  of 
Americans  of  the  sincerity  of  England  in  talking  of  self- 
determination  for  the  small  nations. 

“Possibly,  England  may  be  told  by  her  zealous 
friends  here  that  America  has  been  won  so  completely 
from  her  old  ideas  that,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  the 
separation  of  the  two  countries  is  a thing  of  the  past. 
But  let  her  make  no  such  mistake.  Never,  underneath 
the  surface,  was  the  spirit  of  American  nationality  so 
vibrant  and  so  strong;  never  was  there  such  pride  in 
what  our  country  has  been  able  to  do  and  is  determined 
to  do  for  the  cause  of  liberty  and  mankind;  never  sc 
certain  the  reaction  which  will  come  against  any  failure 
unselfishly  to  keep  promises  and  professions  made  in 
the  hour  of  danger  and  distress.  America  has  awakened 
for  the  first  time  to  a realization  of  her  wonderful 
strength,  not  merely  in  material  resources,  but  in  the 
moral  leadership  of  the  progressive  forces  of  the  world, 
which  will  remain  with  her  so  long,  and  only  so  long,  as 


392 


A HIDDEN  PHASE 


she  is  faithful  to  the  eternal  truths  contained  in  that 
immortal  document — in  the  common  language,  it  is  well 
to  remember,  of  America  and  England — the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  which  startled  the  tyrants  of  man- 
kind and  started  that  procession  of  peoples  toward 
liberty,  which  should  not  and  will  not  end  until  all  gov- 
ernments on  earth  derive  their  powers  from  the  consent 
of  those  whom  they  govern. 

“In  that  path  lie  safety  and  security  for  mankind; 
peace  and  good  will  among  men,  and  freedom  from  war, 
with  its  attendant  horrors ; an  end  to  the  colossal  arma- 
ments and  preparations  for  war  which  bring  in  their 
train  the  over-taxation  which  breeds  anarchy  and  hatred 
of  all  authority;  the  League  of  Nations  and  the  rule  of 
justice  of  which  idealists  all  over  the  world  are  dream- 
ing, and  the  permanent  peace  which  will  secure  to  Eng- 
land, as  to  all  the  rest  of  the  world,  the  exemption  which 
she  needs  from  another  test  of  her  strength  in  arms. 
May  her  statesmen  have  the  courage  to  rise  to  the  occa- 
sion and  by  their  devotion  to  justice  and  the  fulfilment 
of  their  pledges  help  our  great  President,  at  the  Peace 
Conference,  to  make  that  permanent,  because  just, 
peace  which  will  be  a lasting  blessing  to  all  mankind!” 


APPENDIX 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  ARMY  AND  NAVY 
OF  THE  REVOLUTION  OF  IRISH  BIRTH  OR 
DESCENT 

Note — Those  marked  with  an  asterisk  (*)  were  born  in  Ireland. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  many  of  the  others  were  also  native 
Irishmen,  but  the  place  of  birth  is  not  given  in  the  records  from 
which  these  names  are  obtained. 

•^Armstrong,  John,  Brigadier-General,  Continental  Army 
^Armstrong,  James,  Captain,  Virginia  Light  Horse 
*Adams,  William,  Surgeon,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery 
Adair,  John,  Major,  South  Carolina  Militia 
*Aiken,  John,  Lieutenant,  Bedford,  N.  H.,  Militia 

Barry,  David,  Sub-Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

Barry,  Richard,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

*Barry,  Andrew,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Partisan  Rangers 
Barry,  James,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Philadelphia  County  Mili- 
tia 

*Barry,  Michael,  Privateer  Captain,  Mass.  Naval  Service 
Barry,  John,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Militia 
*Barry,  Michael,  Surgeon,  3d  Continental  Dragoons,  Va. 
*Barry,  John,  Captain,  Continental  Navy 
*Barry,  Patrick,  Captain,  Pennsylvania  Navy 
Barry,  Theodore,  Lieutenant,  Pennsylvania  Navy 
Baldwin,  Cornelius,  Lieutenant,  Colonel  William  Malcom’s 
Regiment  of  New  York  Levies 
Baldwin,  Cornelius,  Surgeon,  8th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Banning,  John,  Captain,  Virginia  Militia 
Barnwell,  John,  Brigadier-General,  South  Carolina  Militia 

393 


394 


APPENDIX 


Barrett,  Bartholomew,  Captain,  9th  Regiment,  Albany  Coun- 
ty, N.  Y.,  Militia 

Barrett,  James,  Lieutenant,  4th  Regiment,  New  York  Line 
Barrett,  James,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Mass.  Militia 
Barrett,  James,  Captain,  Massachusetts  Militia 
Barrett,  Joseph,  Captain,  Nichols’  N.  H.  Regiment,  Conti- 
nental Line 

Barrett,  Richard,  Captain,  Philadelphia  City  Guards 
Barrett,  Oliver,  Ensign,  Warner’s  N.  H.  Regiment,  Conti- 
nental Line 

Barrett,  William,  Captain,  Virginia  Continental  Line 
Barrett,  Robert,  Captain,  Virginia  Convention  Guards 
Barrett,  Thomas,  Captain,  New  York  Militia 
Barrett,  William,  Captain,  Baylor’s  N.  C.  Dragoons 
Barron,  James,  Brigadier-General,  Virginia  State  Troops 
Barron,  James,  Lieutenant,  Virginia  Militia 
Barron,  John,  Lieutenant,  Massachusetts  Militia 
Barron,  Oliver,  Captain,  Massachusetts  Militia 
Barron,  Timothy,  Captain,  Bedell’s  Regiment,  Vermont  Mili- 
tia 

Barron,  William,  Captain,  Col.  Isaac  Wyman’s  N.  H. 
Regiment 

Barron,  Richard,  Captain,  Virginia  State  Navy 
Barber,  Francis,  Colonel,  2d  Regiment,  N.  J.  Line 
Barber,  John,  Colonel,  New  York  Line 

Bennett,  Patrick,  Quartermaster,  4th  Continental  Dragoons 
^Blaine,  Ephraim,  Commissary-General  of  Purchases,  Penna. 
Line 

Bohannon,  Ambrose,  Captain,  1st  Va.  Continental  Artillery 
Bolan,  Thomas,  Adjutant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Bowen,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  Chester  Count}',  Pa.,  Militia 
*Boylan,  James,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Artillery 
Boylan,  James,  Captain,  Penna.  Battalion  of  the  Flying  Camp 
Boyle,  Alexander,  Adjutant,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
Boyle,  James,  Lieutenant,  Chester  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Boyle,  James,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Boyle,  John,  Officer,  First  City  Troop  of  Phiiadelphia 
*Boyle,  Peter,  Lieutenant,  13th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Boyle,  Peter,  Ensign,  Penna.  State  Regiment  of  Foot 


APPENDIX 


395 


Boyle,  Philip,  Lieutenant,  York  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
^Bradigan,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
Brady,  Christopher,  Lieutenant,  Stephenson’s  Va.  Rifle  Regi- 
ment 

Brady,  David,  Surgeon,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
Brady,  John,  Captain,  12th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Brady,  John,  Major,  Northumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Brad}^  James,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Brady,  Joseph,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Brady,  Samuel,  Captain,  8th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Brady,  William,  Captain,  Stephenson’s  Va.  Rifle  Regiment 
Bradey,  William,  Lieutenant,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 

Brady,  , Captain,  Morgan’s  Rifle  Corps 

Brannon,  Benjamin,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Chester  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Brannon,  B.,  Lieutenant,  Georgia  Brigade,  Continental  Line 
Bohan,  Joseph,  Captain,  Pulaski  Legion  (Ga.) 

Breslin,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Bradley,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  5th  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line 
Bradley,  Daniel,  Captain,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Broderick,  James,  Captain,  Spencer’s  Regiment,  N.  J.  Line 

Broderick,  , Captain,  Sussex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 

Brandon,  John,  Major,  Rowan  County,  N.  C.,  Troops 
Brandon,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  12th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Brandon,  Thomas,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Brandon,  William,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Bulger,  Edward,  Major,  Kentucky  troops 
Bulger,  John,  Captain,  Kentucky  troops 
*Bourke,  James,  Captain,  Privateer  Neptune,  Mass.  Naval 
Service 

*Bourke,  Thomas,  Captain,  4th  Maryland  Battalion  of  the 
Flying  Camp 

Burke,  Adam,  Lieutenant,  South  Carolina  troops 
Burke,  Edward,  Captain,  Patton’s  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Burke,  Edward,  Captain,  1st  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Burke,  Edward,  Captain,  11th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Burke,  Edward,  Lieutenant,  ship  Columbus,  Continental  Navy 
Burke,  Henry,  Captain,  Virginia  Militia 
Burke,  Jacob,  Captain,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 


396 


APPENDIX 


Burke,  John,  Captain,  brigantine  Good  Hope,  Mass.  Navy 
Burke,  John,  Captain,  Georgia  Brigade,  Continental  Line 
Burke,  John,  Lieutenant,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Burke,  Lewis,  Captain,  Shee’s  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Burke,  Thomas,  Colonel,  North  Carolina  Line 
*Burke,  William,  Captain,  Penna.  State  Navy 
Burke,  William,  Captain,  ship  Warner,  Continental  Navy 
Burke,  John,  Captain,  schooner  Constitution,  Mass.  Navy 
Burke,  William,  Captain,  ship  Skyrocket,  Mass.  Navy 
*Brown,  Andrew,  Muster-Master  General,  Continental  Army 
Browne,  John,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

Browne,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

Butler,  Charles,  Lieutenant,  22d  Continental  Infantry,  Conn. 
*Butler,  Edward,  Captain,  9th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Butler,  Edward,  Adjutant,  3d  Regiment,  Penna  Line 
Butler,  Edward,  Lieutenant,  5th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Butler,  Edmond,  Lieutenant,  Georgia  Brigade,  Continental 
Line 

Butler,  Henry,  Captain,  N.  H.  Militia 
Butler,  James,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Butler,  James,  Captain,  Goshen,  N.  Y.,  Regiment 
Butler,  John,  Adjutant,  Brewer’s  Massachusetts  Regiment 
Butler,  John,  Brigadier-General,  North  Carolina  Militia 
Butler,  John,  Captain,  Marion’s  South  Carolina  Brigade 
Butler,  John,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  North  Carolina  troops 
Butler,  Joseph,  Lieutenant,  Smallwood’s  Md.  Regiment  of 
the  Line 

Butler,  Joseph,  Captain,  4<th  Mass.  Continental  Infantry 
Butler,  Lawrence,  Captain,  14th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
*Butler,  Pierce,  Major,  South  Carolina  Militia 
*Butler,  Percival,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Butler,  Richard,  Major-General,  Continental  Line 
Butler,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  15th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Butler,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Scammon’s  IMass.  Regiment 
*Butler,  Thomas,  Captain,  3d  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Butler,  William,  Lieutenant,  Georgia  Brigade,  Continental 
Line 


APPENDIX 


397 


*Butler,  William,  Colonel,  4th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Butler,  William,  Colonel,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Byrne,  Clifford,  Captain,  brigantine  Greyhound,  Continental 
Navy 

*Byrne,  James,  Captain,  privateer  Two  Esthers,  Penna.  Naval 
Service 

*Byrne,  John,  Captain,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
Byrne,  John,  Captain,  Thurston’s  Va.  Regiment  of  the  Line 
Byrne,  Joseph,  Ensign,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
*Byrne,  Simon,  Privateer  Captain,  Mass.  Naval  Service 

Cain,  Morris,  Lieutenant,  Bedford  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Callaghan,  Charles,  Captain,  sloop  Polly,  Mass.  Naval  Service 
*Callaghan,  William,  Captain,  sloop  Ranger,  Mass.  Naval 
Service 

*Callahan,  John,  Lieutenant,  North  Carolina  Militia 
Callahan,  John,  Privateer  Captain,  Mass.  Naval  Service 
Calanan,  John,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Artillery 
Callan,  William,  Lieutenant,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Calhoun,  Mark,  Ensign,  Delaware  Battalion  of  the  Flying 
Camp 

Calhoun,  George,  Captain,  10th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Calhoun,  Patrick,  Ensign,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Calhoun,  William,  Lieutenant,  4th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Cannon,  Luke,  Lieutenant,  15th  Regiment,  Va.  Line 
Cannon,  Daniel,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Cannon,  John,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Cannon,  John,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Va.  Line 
Cannon,  William,  Captain,  Massachusetts  Militia 
*Cargill,  Henry,  Captain,  New  Hampshire  troops 
Carberry,  Henry,  Captain,  11th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Carberry,  Henry,  Captain,  Hartley’s  Maryland  Regiment 
Carragen,  Joseph,  Captain,  8th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Cavender,  Garret,  Lieutenant,  Bucks  County,  Pa.,  Militia 

Carrell, , Captain,  Chester  County,  Pa.,  Militia 

Carroll,  Butler,  Ensign,  10th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Carroll,  John,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Carroll,  John,  Ensign,  York  County,  Pa.,  Militia 


398 


APPENDIX 


Carroll,  Jonathan,  Lieutenant,  Learned’s  Mass.  Regiment 
Carnes,  Patrick,  Surgeon,  Virginia  troops 
Carnes,  Patrick,  Lieutenant,  Lee’s  Battalion  of  Light 
Dragoons 

Carney,  Arthur,  Captain,  4th  Battalion,  Georgia  Troops 
Carney,  Arthur,  Quartermaster,  8th  Regiment,  Va.  Line 
Carney,  Martin,  Lieutenant,  4th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Carney,  Richard,  Lieutenant,  Vermont  State  Line 
Carthy,  Daniel,  Assistant  Deputy  Quartermaster-General, 
Continental  Army 

Carty,  A.,  Lieutenant,  5th  Regiment,  Penna  Line 
*'Casey,  John,  Captain,  ship  Thomas,  Mass.  Naval  Service 
Casey,  John,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 
Casey,  John,  Major,  Pasquotank  County,  N.  C.,  troops 
Casey,  Benjamin,  Captain,  12th  Regiment,  Va.  State  Line 
Casey,  Gideon,  Lieutenant,  1st  Rhode  Island  Regiment 
*Casey,  Thomas,  Colonel,  Kentucky  troops 
*Carr,  Patrick,  Major,  Georgia  Brigade,  Continental  Line 
Carleton,  Patrick,  Lieutenant,  Georgia  Brigade,  Continental 
Line 

Cantey,  , Lieutenant,  Thompson’s  S.  C.  Rangers 

Carley,  Peter,  Ensign,  3d  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Militia 
Clinton,  George,  Brigadier-General,  New  York  troops 
Clinton,  James,  Brigadier-General,  Continental  Army 
Carnaghan,  James,  Lieutenant,  Miles’  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment 
Cranaghan,  John,  Ensign,  Morehead’s  Penna.  Guards 
Carnahan,  William,  Captain,  Massachusetts  Militia 
Coleman,  Nicholas,  Lieutenant,  9th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Coleman,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Line 
Coleman,  Timothy,  Lieutenant,  Pawling’s  Regiment,  N.  Y. 
Levies 

*Cogan,  Patrick,  Lieutenant,  5th  N.  H.  Continental  Regiment 
*Collins,  Cornelius,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Georgia  Line 
Collins,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  12th  Connecticut  Infantry 
Collins,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  Little’s  Mass.  Regiment 
Collins,  Daniel,  Captain,  Connecticut  Militia 
Collins,  Francis,  Captain,  New  York  Militia 
Collins,  John,  Deputy  Commissary  of  Military  Stores 
Collins,  James,  Major,  Little’s  Mass.  Regiment 


APPENDIX 


399 


Collins,  Joseph,  Captain,  New  Jersey  Militia 
Collins,  Joseph,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  Penna,  Line 
Collins,  Mark,  Captain,  Privateer,  Penna.  State  Navy 
Collins,  Robert,  Captain,  Privateer,  Penna.  State  Navy 
Collins,  Thomas,  Colonel,  Delaware  Militia 
Collins,  Williams,  Privateer  Commander,  Mass.  Naval  Service 
Comerford,  Joseph,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

Condry,  Dennis,  Privateer  Commander,  Mass.  Naval  Service 
Connell,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  Delaware  Battalion  of  the  Fly- 
ing Camp 

Connell,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  Delaware  Battalion  of  the  Fly- 
ing Camp 

Connelly,  John,  Captain,  Northampton  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
*Connelly,  John,  Captain,  Philadelphia  City  Artillery 
Connelly,  John,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  Militia 
Connelly,  Michael,  Lieutenant,  5th  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Line 
*Connelly,  Patrick,  Captain,  Georgia  Brigade,  Continental 
Line 

Connelly,  Robert,  Captain,  4th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Connolly,  Michael,  Captain,  2d  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Line 
*Connolly,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  Shee’s  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Connolly,  Thomas,  Captain,  privateer  Nancy,  Mass.  Naval 
Service 

Connor,  Conrad,  Lieutenant,  Penna.  Battalion  of  the  Flying 
Camp 

Connor,  Daniel,  Lieutenant  of  a Georgia  Regiment 
Connor,  Edward,  Captain,  Willett’s  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Levies 
Connor,  Edward,  Cornet,  3d  Regiment  Dragoons,  Conti- 
nental Line 

Connor,  Edward,  Quartermaster,  Wessenfels’  N.  Y.  Regiment 
Connor,  Edward,  Lieutenant,  3d  Continental  Dragoons 

(S.  c.) 

Connor,  John,  Lieutenant,  Washington  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Connor,  James,  Captain,  privateer  Providence,  Penna.  Naval 
Service 

*Connor,  Morgan,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  11th  Regiment,  Penna. 
Line  and  Adjutant-General  to  General  Washington 


400 


APPENDIX 


Connor,  Walter,  Captain,  privateer  St.  John,  Penna,  Naval 
Service 

Connors,  Benjamin,  Captain,  privateer  Hyder  Ally,  Mass. 
Naval  Service 

Connors,  Samuel,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Wingate’s  N.  H.  Regi- 
ment 

Connor,  William,  Ensign,  7th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
*Connors,  Timothy,  Quartermaster,  Lancaster  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Conners,  John,  Captain,  Georgia  Brigade,  Continental  Line 
Conner,  William,  Captain,  Washington  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Conway,  Charles,  Lieutenant,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Conway,  Francis,  Lieutenant,  King  George  County,  Va., 
Militia 

Conway,  Henry,  Captain,  14th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Conway,  James,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Conway,  John,  Captain,  1st  Battalion  1st  Establishment, 
N.  J.  State  troops 

Conway,  John,  Captain,  American  brigantine  Terrible 
Conway,  John,  Major,  4th  Battalion  2d  Establishment,  N.  J. 
State  troops 

Conway,  John,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  1st  Regiment,  N.  J.  Line 
Conway,  Joseph,  Captain,  15th  Regiment,  Va.,  Continental 
Line 

*Conway,  Thomas,  Brigadier-General,  Continental  Army 
Conville,  Andrew,  Captain,  Virginia  Militia 
Conwell,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  Delaware  Battalion  of  the  Fly- 
ing Camp 

Conwell,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment 
Conwell,  William,  Colonel,  Newcastle  County,  Del.,  Militia 
Conwell,  William,  Captain,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Conyers,  Daniel,  Captain,  Marion’s  S.  C.  Brigade 
Conyers,  James,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Coburn,  Peter,  Captain,  Bridge’s  Massachusetts  Regiment 
Coghlan,  Terence,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

Cotter,  John,  Lieutenant,  10th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Coughlan,  Richard,  Quartermaster,  Reed’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
Coughlin,  Richard,  Lieutenant,  2d  Continental  Artillery 


APPENDIX 


401 


Coughran,  John,  Lieutenant,  Penna.  Battalion  of  the  Flying 
Camp 

Convey,  Peter,  Lieutenant,  Monmouth  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
*Cosgrove,  Joseph,  Lieutenant,  Monmouth  County,  N.  J., 
Militia 

*Costigan,  Francis,  Lieutenant,  1st  Battalion  1st  Establish- 
ment, N.  J.  State  troops 

Costigan,  Lewis  J.,  Lieutenant,  1st  Battalion  2d  Establish- 
ment, N.  J.  State  troops 

*'Cronan,  Patrick,  Lieutenant,  Malcom’s  Regiment,  N.  Y. 
Levies 

*Crowley,  Florence,  Lieutenant,  3d  Massachusetts  Artillery 
^Constable,  William,  Aide-de-Camp  to  General  Lafayette 
*Cox,  Paul,  Captain,  Pennsylvania  Navy 
Coyle,  Samuel,  Ensign,  Bedford  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Coyle,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  5th  South  Carolina  Regiment 
^Croghan,  William,  Major,  Virginia  Continental  Line 
Cruise,  Walter,  Captain,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Cralg,  Isaac,  Captain,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery 
*Cross,  William,  Lieutenant  (regiment  unknown — served  in 
invasion  of  Canada  in  1775) 

Cruise,  James,  Sub-Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

*Courtenay,  Hercules,  Captain,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artil- 
lery 

Cullen,  Charles,  Lieutenant,  7th  Regiment,  Dutchess  County, 
N.  Y.,  Militia 

Cummins,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  Newcastle  County,  Del.,  Militia 
Cummins,  John,  Lieutenant,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Cummins,  John,  Lieutenant,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Cummins,  Robert,  Surgeon,  Sussex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Cummins,  William,  Lieutenant,  Heard’s  New  Jersey  Brigade 
Cummings,  John,  Captain,  Privateer,  Penna.  State  Navy 
Cunningham,  Arthur,  Ensign,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Cunningham,  Andrew,  Lieutenant,  Lancaster  County,  Penna., 
Militia 

*Conyngham,  Cornelius,  Lieutenant,  2d  N.  Y.  Continental 
Artillery 


402 


APPENDIX 


*Conyngham,  Gustavus,  Captain,  Penna.  State  Navy 
Cunningham,  Henry,  Lieutenant,  Lamb’s  Artillery 
Cunningham,  James,  Colonel,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Cunningham,  John,  Major,  Georgia  Brigade,  Continental  Line 
Cunningham,  John,  Lieutenant,  Lancaster  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Cunningham,  Paul,  Ensign,  North  Carolina  troops 
Cunningham,  Peter,  Ensign,  3d  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Cunningham,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Cunningham,  William,  Major,  Virginia  Line 

Daley,  Daniel,  Captain,  1st  South  Carolina  Regiment 
Daley,  Joshua,  Lieutenant,  7th  North  Carolina  Regiment 
*Dayley,  Dennis,  Lieutenant,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Dalton,  Jeremiah,  Privateer  Commander,  Mass.  Naval  Service 
Dalton,  Joseph,  Captain,  3d  Continental  Artillery  (N.  J.) 
Dalton,  Michael,  Privateer  Commander,  Mass.  Naval  Service 
Dalton,  Thomas  V.,  Captain,  4th  Maryland  Battalion  of  the 
Flying  Camp 

Dalton,  Valentine,  Lieutenant,  Clark’s  Illinois  Regiment 
Dealey,  John,  Lieutenant,  Brigantine  Sturdy  Beggar,  Mass. 
Davin,  Richard,  Ensign,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
D’Arcy,  James,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

D’Arcy,  John,  Surgeon’s  Mate,  2d  Regiment,  N.  J.  Line 
D’Arcy,  Lewis,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

Darrah,  Henry,  Captain,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
*Darragh,  Daniel,  Ensign,  9th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Darragh,  Charles,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Darragh,  Henry,  Lieutenant,  Penna.  Battalion  of  the  Fly- 
ing Camp 

Demsey,  Joseph,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
Dempsey,  William,  Ensign,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Dempsey,  William,  Ensign,  Penna.  Battalion  of  the  Flying 
Camp 

DeCourcy,  Edward,  Lieutenant,  Veazey’s  Independent  Mary- 
land Company 

Deevy,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Bedford  County,  Penna.,  Militia 


APPENDIX 


403 


*Delany,  Sharp,  Colonel,  2d  Pennsylvania  Regiment 
Dennis,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  10th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Dennis,  Patrick,  Lieutenant,  Rutgers’  N.  Y.  Artillery 
*Denny,  James,  Captain,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Line 
Denny,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  Bedford  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Denny,  Walter,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Denny,  William,  Lieutenant,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Devinny,  Andrew,  Major,  Bedford  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Devinny,  William,  Lieutenant,  Bedford  County,  Penna., 
Militia 

Dennison,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Line 
^Dennison,  James,  Captain,  4th  Regiment,  Albany  County, 
N.  Y.,  Militia 

*Dillon,  Count  Arthur,  Colonel,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

*Dillon,  Bartholomew,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Regiment  de  Dil- 
lon, French-Irish  Brigade 

Dillon,  Benjamin,  Lieutenant,  7th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Dillon,  James,  Lieutenant,  7th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Dillon,  James,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Dillon,  James,  Captain,  2d  Battalion,  2d  Establishment,  N.  J. 
State  troops 

Dillon,  John,  Lieutenant,  10th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Dillon,  Morris,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

^Dillon,  Theobald,  Colonel-en-seconde,  Regiment  de  Dillon, 
French-Irish  Brigade 

*Divver,  Anthony,  Captain,  ship  Cicero,  Mass.  Navy 
Dobbins,  Hugh,  Lieutenant,  9th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
*Donaldson,  John,  Captain,  brigantine  Captain,  Mass.  Navy 
Doherty,  George,  Major,  Georgia  Brigade,  Continental  Line 
Doherty,  George,  Major,  6th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Doherty,  James,  Major,  South  Carolina  Militia 
*Dougherty,  Bernard,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Bedford  County, 
Pa.,  Militia 

Dougherty,  Charles,  Lieutenant,  6th  Continental  Infantry 
(Mass.) 

Dougherty,  Henry,  Captain,  Pennsylvania  Navy 


404 


APPENDIX 


^Dougherty,  John,  Lieutenant,  Magaw’s  Penna.  Rifle  Re^- 
ment 

Dougherty,  John,  Captain,  1st  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Dougherty,  John,  Ensign,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
^Dougherty,  Michael,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  Maryland 
Line 

Dougherty,  Michael,  Lieutenant,  13th  Mass.  Regiment 
Donohoe,  Thomas,  Major,  6th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Dongan,  Thomas,  Colonel,  Randolph  County,  Va.,  Militia 
Dongan,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Donovan,  Richard,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  Md.  Line 
*Donovan,  Matthew,  Major,  9th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Dooley,  George,  Liei^tenant,  3d  Regiment,  Georgia  Line 
Donlevy,  James,  Ensign,  1st  Regiment,  Virginia  State  Line 
*Dooley,  John,  Colonel,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
Dooley,  Thomas,  Captain,  3d  Regiment,  Georgia  Line 
Dooley,  John,  Captain,  1st  Regiment,  Georgia  Line 
Dulin,  Henry,  Lieutenant,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
Dooley,  Thomas,  Captain,  Virginia  Militia 
Dugan,  James,  Ensign,  Penna.  State  Regiment  of  Foot 
Dugan,  John,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Guards 
Dugan,  Thomas,  Captain,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
Dugan,  Thomas,  Paymaster,  Bedford  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Dugan,  Thomas,  Ensign,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Dugan,  Jeremiah,  Major,  Battalion  of  Rangers 
Dugan,  James,  Ensign,  13th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Duggan,  John,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

DuflTy,  Hugh,  Ensign,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
*DufFy,  Timothy,  Surgeon’s  Mate,  Hazen’s  Continental  Regi- 
ment 

*Duffy,  Patrick,  Captain,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery 
Dorrance,  David,  Captain,  5th  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line 
Dorrance,  George,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Connecticut  Militia 
Dorrance,  George,  Lieutenant,  Hitchcock’s  R.  I.  Regiment 
Dowling,  David,  Captain,  Philadelphia  County  Militia 
*Dunnlng,  Michael,  Lieutenant,  Warner’s  N.  H.  Continental 
Regiment 

Doyle,  John,  Captain,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 


APPENDIX 


405 


*Doyle,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Doyle,  William,  Commander  of  Pennsylvania  Frontier  troops 
Downey,  Daniel,  Lieutenant  of  a South  Carolina  Regiment 
Downey,  John,  Captain,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
Downey,  John,  Captain,  11th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Downey,  Sylvester,  Surgeon’s  Mate,  9th  Regiment,  Penna. 
Line 

Downey,  Thomas,  Quartermaster,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Downey,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Doran,  Morris,  Captain,  sloop  Polly,  Mass.  Naval  Service 
Donnahou,  George,  Ensign,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
Donnell,  James,  Captain,  12th  Massachusetts  Regiment 
Donnell,  Nathaniel,  Captain,  Stevens’  N.  Y.  Artillery 
Donnell,  Timothy,  Ensign,  1st  Massachusetts  Regiment 
Danelly,  Patrick,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 
*Donnally,  Andrew,  Colonel,  Botetourt  County,  Va.,  Militia 
Donnelly,  Patrick,  Lieutenant,  7th  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 
Donley,  Moses,  Lieutenant,  Bedford  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
*Driscoll,  Darby,  Lieutenant,  brigantine  Civil  Usage,  Mass. 
Navy 

Driskell,  Joseph,  Lieutenant,  Stevens’  N.  Y.  Artillery 
Driskill,  John,  Lieutenant,  3d  Mass.  Artillery 
*Drennan,  William,  Captain,  Cumberland,  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Downing,  Timothy,  Captain,  Washington  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Doudel,  Michael,  Captain,  Thompson’s  Battalion  of  Penna. 
Riflemen 

Dungan,  Garrett,  Captain,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Dungan,  John,  Lieutenant,  Miles’  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment 
Dungan,  Thomas,  Paymaster,  12th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Dungan,  Thomas,  Jr.,  Lieutenant,  Bucks  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Dunn,  Jeremiah,  Lieutenant,  Thompson’s  New  Jersey  Bat- 
talion < 

Dunn,  James,  Captain,  Middlesex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Dunn,  James,  Captain,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Dunn,  James,  Captain,  Patterson’s  Battalion  of  the  Dela- 
ware Flying  Camp 

Dunn,  John,  Lieutenant,  Wynkoop’s  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Militia 
Dunn,  John,  Major,  Essex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 


406 


APPENDIX 


Dunn,  John,  Quartermaster,  Northampton  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

*Dunn,  Peter,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Dunn,  Samuel,  Captain,  Phinney’s  Massachusetts  Regiment 
Dunn,  Thomas,  Captain,  Charming  Molly,  Mass.  Naval  Serv- 
ice 

Dunwoody,  Hugh,  Lieutenant,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Dunwoody,  David,  Lieutenant,  Chester  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Dunwoody,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  Chester  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Dunwoody,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Chester  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Dunlevy,  Francis,  Lieutenant,  Penna.  troops  under  command 
of  Colonel  William  Crawford 

Dorsey,  Daniel,  Ensign,  3d  Battalion  Maryland  Flying  Camp 
Dorsey,  John,  Surgeon’s  Mate,  3d  Battalion  Md.  Flying 
Camp 

Dorsey,  John  W.,  Lieutenant,  3d  Battalion  Maryland  Flying 
Camp 

Dorsey,  Nicholas,  Lieutenant,  4th  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 
Dorsey,  Richard,  Lieutenant,  Moylan’s  4th  Dragoons 
Dorsey,  Thomas,  Captain,  Moylan’s  4th  Dragoons 

Ennis,  Daniel,  Ensign,  Sussex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Ennis,  William,  Lieutenant,  Olney’s  R.  I.  Battalion 

Farley,  Joseph,  Lieutenant,  5th  Regiment,  Va.  Line 
Fanning,  Charles,  Lieutenant,  4th  Connecticut  Regiment 
Fanning,  John,  Captain,  ship  Trojan,  Penna.  State  Navy 
Fanning,  John,  Surgeon’s  Mate,  Conn.  Hospital  Department 
Fanning,  Thomas,  Quartermaster,  17th  Continental  Infantr}’ 

Farrell,  , Adjutant,  Virginia  troops 

Farrell,  John,  Conductor  of  Military  Stores,  Penna.  Line 
Ferrall,  M.,  Ensign,  9th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Ferrell,  Luke  M.,  Lieutenant,  10th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Ferrell,  William,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Ferrell,  Simon,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  N.  Y., 
Militia 

Ferrell,  Thomas,  Captain,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
Farris,  John,  Commander  of  Privateers,  Mass.  Naval  Service 
Farley,  Andrew,  Captain,  Washington  County,  Pa.,  Militia 


APPENDIX 


407 


Fay,  Joseph,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  N.  H.  Line 
Feeley,  Timothy,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  Va.  Line 
*Fegan,  Lawrence,  Quartermaster,  9th  Regiment,  Pa.  Line 
Fennell,  John,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

Fergus,  James,  Surgeon,  1st  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Finney,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Finn,  John,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Artillery 
Finn,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  1st  Virginia  Artillery 
Finley,  Andrew,  Lieutenant,  8th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Finley,  John,  Lieutenant,  8th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Finley,  John  H.,  Lieutenant,  8th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Finley,  Joseph  I.,  Captain,  13th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
®Finley,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  Proctor’s  Penna.  Artillery 
Finley,  Samuel,  Surgeon,  14th  Massachusetts  Regiment 
Finley,  Samuel,  Major,  7th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Finley,  Thomas,  Captain,  Pennsylvania  Navy 
Fitzgerald,  Benjamin,  Lieutenant,  9th  Regiment,  Pa.  Line 
Fitzgerald,  Bartley,  Ensign,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Fitzgerald,  Edward,  Sub-Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon, 
French-Irish  Brigade 

^Fitzgerald,  John,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Fitzgerald,  John,  Captain,  2d  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
*Fitzgerald,  John,  Major,  9th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Fitzgerald,  John  Henry,  Captain,  3d  Regiment,  Va.  Line 
Fitzgerald,  Thomas,  Midshipman,  Continental  Frigate  Trum- 
huU 

Fitzgerald,  William,  Lieutenant,  Florida  and  Warwick, 
N.  Y.,  Regiment 

Fitzgerald,  William,  Captain,  Virginia  Militia 

Fitzgerald,  , Captain,  Sussex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 

^Fitzpatrick,  Patrick,  Captain,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
Fitzpatrick,  William,  Lieutenant,  Thompson’s  S.  C.  Rangers 
■*FitzSimmons,  Nicholas,  Lieutenant,  Pennsylvania  Navy 
*FitzSimmons,  Thomas,  Captain,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
Flahavan,  John,  Lieutenant,  1st  Battalion  1st  Establish- 
ment, N.  J.  State  Troops 


408 


APPENDIX 


Flahavan,  John,  Captain,  1st  Regiment,  N.  J,  Continental 
Line 

Flanagan,  Samuel,  Captain,  3d  Battalion  1st  Establishment 
N.  J.  State  Troops 

*Flanagan,  William,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Flinn,  James,  Quartermaster,  Colonel  Foster’s  Mass.  Regi- 
ment 

Flinn,  John,  Ensign,  Colonel  Malcom’s  N.  Y.  Regiment  of 
the  Line 

*Flinn,  John,  Captain,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
Fling,  Lemuel,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line 
Flood,  Daniel,  Captain,  Stickney’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
*Fogarty,  Joseph,  Lieutenant,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Foley,  Mason,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Fox,  Jeremiah,  Lieutenant,  Proctor’s  Penna.  Artillery 
Fox,  Michael,  Ensign,  Bedford  Countj%  Penna.,  Militia 
Forrester,  James,  Captain,  Hartley’s  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
^Forrester,  Simon,  Captain,  Ship  Rover,  Mass.  Navy 
*Fullerton,  Patrick,  Lieutenant,  Penna.  State  Regiment  of 
Foot 

Fullerton,  Edward,  Surgeon,  Penna.  Battalion  of  the  Flying 
Camp 

Fullerton,  Richard,  Captain,  3d  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Frailey,  Peter,  Captain,  Philadelphia  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Ford,  Peter,  Captain,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 

*Gallagher,  Bernard,  Privateer  Captain,  Virginia  Navy 
Gallagher,  Bernard,  Captain,  ship  Batchelor,  Penna.  State 
Navy 

Gallagher,  Charles,  Captain,  Frederick  County,  Va.,  Militia 
Gallahue,  Charles,  Captain,  Morgan’s  Rifle  Corps 
Garvan,  Edward,  Lieutenant,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
Garvin,  James,  Lieutenant,  Colonel  Wingate’s  N.  H.  Regi- 
ment 

Gallagher,  , Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  County,  Pa., 

Militia 

Garrett,  Andrew,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  Mass.  Line 
Garrett,  John,  Captain,  Delaware  Militia 


APPENDIX 


400 


Garrett,  Joseph,  Ensign,  Washington  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Garrett,  Nicholas,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Geary,  James,  Ensign,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Geary,  John,  Ensign,  1st  Regiment,  N.  J.  Line 
Geary,  William,  Lieutenant,  8th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Gaston,  Hugh,  Lieutenant,  Northampton  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Gaston,  Alexander,  Lieutenant,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
Gaston,  William,  Lieutenant,  Northampton  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

*Geoghegan,  John,  Ensign,  6th  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 
Gillespie,  Christopher,  Captain,  Northumberland  County, 
Pa.,  Militia 

Gillespie,  Henry,  Ensign,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Gillespie,  Charles,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Gillespie,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  4th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Gillespie,  William,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Georgia  Continental 
Brigade 

Gillespy,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  4th  Regiment,  Ulster  County, 
N.  Y.,  Militia 

Gilliland,  David,  Lieutenant,  Middlesex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Gilliland,  James,  Lieutenant,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
^Gilliland,  James,  Captain,  N.  Y.  Regiment  of  Sappers  and 
Miners 

Gilliland,  William,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  York  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

*Gilliland,  William,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  New  York  Line 
Gillelan,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Gibbons,  John,  Surgeon,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Gibbons,  James,  Lieutenant,  Shee’s  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Gibbons,  James,  Lieutenant,  4th  Pennsylvania  Battalion 
Gibbons,  James,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Gibbons,  Philip,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Gibbons,  William,  Colonel,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Gill,  Thomas,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Gill,  William,  Lieutenant,  Northumberland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Gilmore,  George,  Captain,  16th  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Militia 
Gilmore,  James,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Militia 


410 


APPENDIX 


Gilmore,  William,  Lieutenant,  Brewer’s  Massachusetts  Regi- 
ment 

Gilmore,  Hugh,  Lieutenant,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Glahan,  James,  Captain,  7th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Gillon,  Alexander,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Gleason,  Timothy,  Quartermaster,  Colonel  Mooney’s  N.  H. 
Regiment 

Gilmore,  Roger,  Captain,  Heald’s  N.  H.  Battalion 
Gilmore,  James,  Captain,  Hale’s  New  Hampshire  Volunteers 
*GolFe,  John,  Major,  Colonel  Daniel  Moore’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
Grady,  Elisha,  Ensign,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Gorman,  Joseph,  Ensign,  New  Jersey  Militia 
Gorman,  Joseph,  Ensign,  13th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Grattan,  John,  Lieutenant,  8th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Griffin,  Daniel,  Captain,  3d  Regiment,  New  York  Line 
Griffin,  John,  Lieutenant,  7th  Regiment,  N.  H.  Line 
*Greaton,  John,  Colonel,  Heath’s  Mass.  Regiment  and  Briga- 
dier-General Continental  Line 
Gurney,  Francis,  Captain,  Pliiladelphia  City  Militia 
Griffin,  Stephen,  Ensign,  2d  Regiment,  New  York  Line 

Hafferty,  Edward,  Lieutenant,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Haggerty,  John,  Captain,  Venango  County,  Pa.,  Rangers 
*Haley,  Martin,  Captain,  Virginia  Continental  Line 
*Hainey,  Patrick,  Captain,  Bedford  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Hand,  Daniel,  Captain,  Connecticut  Militia 
*Hand,  Edward,  Brigadier-General,  Continental  Army 
Handy,  Henry,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  New  Jersey  Militia 
Hand,  John,  Major,  New  Jersey  Militia 
Handy,  George,  Lieutenant,  Lee’s  Battalion  of  Light 
Dragoons 

Handy,  John,  Quartermaster,  Richmond’s  and  Tallman’s 
R.  I.  Regiment 

Hannon,  Matthew,  Lieutenant,  Washington  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

*Hare,  Patrick,  Privateer  Captain,  Mass.  Naval  Service 
*Haslett,  John,  Colonel,  Delaware  Regiment  of  the  Line 


APPENDIX 


411 


Hart,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Hart,  John,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Haviland,  John,  Lieutenant,  Essex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Harney,  Stephen,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  2d  Regiment,  N.  C. 
Line 

Hayes,  Arthur,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  Georgia  Line 
Hayes,  Christopher,  Lieutenant,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Hayes,  George,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Hayes,  James,  Lieutenant,  7th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Hayes,  Hugh,  Lieutenant,  Gloucester  County,  Va.,  Militia 
*Hayes,  John,  Lieutenant,  Northampton  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Hayes,  John,  Ensign,  Gloucester  County,  Va.,  Militia 
Hayes,  Joseph,  Colonel,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Hayes,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Hayes,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  10th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Hayes,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  Northampton  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Hayes,  Samuel,  Major,  Essex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Hayes,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  New  Jersey  Line 
Hayes,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Maryland  Battalion  Flying 
Camp 

Hayes,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Hayes,  Patrick,  Captain,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
*HeaIey,  Martin,  Captain  of  a Virginia  State  Regiment 
Healey,  Nathaniel,  Captain,  Learned’s  Massachusetts  Regi- 
ment 

*Heggarty,  Jeremiah,  Captain,  privateer  Languedoc,  Mass. 
Navy 

Hennion,  Cornelius,  Captain,  8d  Battalion  2d  Establishment, 
N.  J.  State  troops 

Herron,  James,  Captain,  Congress’  Own  Regiment  (N.  J.) 
Hallanan,  John,  Lieutenant,  Phila.  City  Artillery 
Higgins,  Cornelius,  Lieutenant,  5th  Regiment,  Conn.  Line 
*Higgins,  Cornelius,  Captain,  5th  Battalion,  Wadsworth’s 
Brigade 

Higgins,  Cornelius,  Jr.,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  Conn.  Line 
Higgins,  Gabriel,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Ulster  County, 
N.  Y.,  Militia 


412 


APPENDIX 


Higgins,  James,  Captain,  8th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Higgins,  John,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  N.  J.  Line 
Higgins,  Joseph,  Surgeon’s  Mate,  5th  Regiment,  Conn.  Line 
Higgins,  Peter,  Lieutenant,  4th  Regiment,  Va.  Line 
Higgins,  Robert,  Captain,  8th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 

Higgins,  , Lieutenant,  Bedford  County,  Pa.,  Militia 

Higgins,  Sylvanus,  Ensign,  1st  Regiment,  Conn.  Line 
Higgins,  William,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  Conn.  Line 
Higgins,  William,  Midshipman,  Oliver  Cromwell,  Conn.  Navy 
Higgins,  William,  Quartermaster,  3d  Regiment,  Conn.  Line 
Hines,  Ambrose,  Lieutenant,  Douglas’  Conn.  State  Regiment 
*Hynes,  Andrew,  Captain,  6th  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 
Hynes,  William,  Lieutenant,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Hynes,  William,  Ensign,  Hart’s  Penna.  Battalion  Flying 
Camp 

Hines,  Thomas,  Major,  Wake  County,  N.  C.,  Troops 

Hynes,  , Captain,  Philadelphia  County,  Pa.,  Militia 

*Hill,  Hugh,  Captain,  privateer  Pilgrim,  Mass.  Navy 
Hoey,  Benjamin,  Lieutenant,  Penna.  Artillery  Artificers 
*Huey,  Martin,  Captain,  Lancaster  Count}',  Penna.,  Militia 
*Heard,  Stephen,  Captain,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
Holland,  Thomas,  Ensign,  Haslett’s  Delaware  Regiment 
Hurley,  James,  Lieutenant,  N.  J.  Continental  Line 
*Hurley,  Martin,  Ensign,  1st  Battalion  2d  Establishment, 
N.  J.  State  Troops 

Hogan,  Francis,  Ensign,  14th  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Militia 
Hogan,  George,  Lieutenant,  13th  Regiment,  Albany  County, 
N.  Y.,  Militia 

Hogan,  Henry,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  Orange  County, 
N.  Y.,  Militia 

Hogan,  Henry,  Ensign,  1st  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  V. 
Hogan,  James,  Colonel,  7th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line  and  Briga- 
dier-General Continental  Army 

*Hogan,  Lawrence,  Captain,  sloop  Success,  Mass.  Naval  Serv- 
ice 

Hogan,  Dr.,  Surgeon-in-Chief,  Sullivan’s  Expedition 

of  1779 

*Hogan,  James,  Paymaster,  3d  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Hogan,  John,  Colonel,  Orange  County,  N.  C.,  Troops 


APPENDIX 


413 


Hogan,  Jurian,  Captain,  5th  Regiment,  Albany  County, 
N.  Y.,  Militia 

Hogan,  Philip,  Hospital  Physician  and  Surgeon,  S.  C. 

Hogan,  Captain,  5th  Regiment,  S.  C.  Line 

Hogan,  , Captain,  5th  Regiment,  Georgia  Line 

Hughes,  Timothy,  Captain,  Livingston’s  Regiment,  N.  Y. 
Line 

Hunter,  Patrick,  Captain,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Hussey,  John,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

Hyland,  John,  Lieutenant,  Maryland  Militia 

Irvine,  Matthew,  Captain,  Malcom’s  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Line 
*Irvine,  Mathew,  Surgeon,  Lee’s  Battalion  of  Light  Dragoons 
*Irvine,  James,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  9th  Regiment,  Pa.  Line 
*Irvine,  William,  Colonel,  7th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line  and 
Brigadier-General  Continental  Line 

Jordan,  John,  Captain,  Penna.  Artillery  Artificers 
Jordan,  William,  Lieutenant,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
* Johnston,  Francis,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  4!th  Penna.  Battalion 

*Kean,  John,  Captain,  Dauphin  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Keating,  William,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

Kelley,  Aaron,  Captain,  17th  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Militia 
Kelley,  David,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  Worcester  County, 
Mass. 

Kelley,  David,  Lieutenant,  Colonel  Rand’s  Mass.  Regiment 
Kelley,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
Kelley,  David,  Lieutenant,  2d  New  Hampshire  Regiment 
*Kelley,  Dennis,  Lieutenant  and  Adjutant,  4th  Regiment, 
Va.  Line 

Kelley,  John,  Lieutenant,  Florida  and  Warwick,  N.  Y.,  Regi- 
ment 

Kelley,  John,  Captain,  Salem  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Kelley,  Moses,  Colonel,  New  Hampshire  Militia 
Kelley,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  New  Hampshire  Militia 


414 


APPENDIX 


Kelley,  William,  Lieutenant,  Shepard’s  Battalion  of  Va. 
Riflemen 

Kelley,  William,  Captain,  Hartley’s  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Kelley,  William,  Lieutenant,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Kelly,  Abram,  Captain,  Boykin’s  South  Carolina  Rangers 
Kelly,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Kelly,  James,  Lieutenant,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Kelly,  John,  Sub-Lieutenant  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

Kelly,  John,  Colonel,  Pennsylvania  Militia 
Kelly,  Joseph,  Major,  Colonel  Sargent’s  Mass.  Regiment 
*Kelly,  Matthew,  Lieutenant,  Bedford  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
^Kelly,  Michael,  Ensign,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Kelly,  Moses,  Lieutenant,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Kelly,  Moses,  Muster-Master,  Wyman’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
Kelly,  John,  Captain,  Morris  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Kelly,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  Colonel  Dike’s  Mass.  Regiment 
Kelly,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  Colonel  Gilman’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
Kelly,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  Colonel  Mooney’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
*Kelly,  Thady,  Captain,  Virginia  State  Line 
Kelly,  William,  Lieutenant,  Bedford  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Kelly,  William,  Ensign,  Northampton  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Kelly,  William,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

Kaley,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  5th  Regiment,  Worcester  County, 
Mass. 

Kenna,  A.,  Ensign,  Stanton’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment 
Kenrick,  Daniel,  Captain,  New  Hampshire  Militia 
Keane,  Roger,  Privateer  Captain,  Pennsjdvania  Navy 
Keane,  Thomas,  Captain,  Colonel  Neill’s  Delaware  Regiment 
Keene,  Lawrence,  Captain,  11th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Keene,  Samuel,  Surgeon’s  Mate,  Maryland  Line 
Kain,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
^Kearns,  Daniel,  Ensign,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Kerns,  William,  Lieutenant,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Kerns,  William,  Ensign,  Northampton  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Keeley,  Mathias,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
*Kehoe,  John,  Captain,  privateer  Centipede,  Mass.  Navy 


APPENDIX 


415 


Keeler,  Thaddeus,  Lieutenant,  5th  Regiment,  Conn.  Line 
Kellinan,  John,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Artillery 
Kearney,  James,  Lieutenant,  Hartley’s  Additional  Regiment 
(Pa.) 

Kearney,  John,  Lieutenant,  Northampton  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Kerney,  John,  Captain,  Virginia  State  Line 
Kenney,  Abraham,  Lieutenant,  New  Jersey  Militia 
Kenney,  James,  Lieutenant,  5th  Regiment,  S.  C.  Line 
Kenney,  Peter,  Lieutenant,  Sussex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Kenney,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  Penna.  State  Regiment  of  Foot 
Kenny,  James,  Captain,  Hartley’s  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Kenan,  James,  Colonel,  Duplin  County,  N.  C.,  Militia 
Kennon,  John,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Kennon,  John,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Kennon,  Richard,  Lieutenant,  5th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Kennon,  William,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Kennessey,  John,  Captain,  Privateer,  Penna.  Navy 
Keran,  Edward,  Lieutenant,  13th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Kernaghan,  John,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Ulster  County, 
N.  Y.,  Militia 

Kennedy,  Andrew,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
Kennedy,  Daniel,  Adjutant,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Kennedy,  James,  Lieutenant,  1st  South  Carolina  Regiment 
Kennedy,  James,  Adjutant,  Virginia  Militia 
Kennedy,  John,  Lieutenant,  Florida  and  Warwick,  N.  Y., 
Regiment 

Kennedy,  John,  Lieutenant,  15th  Massachusetts  Regiment 
Kennedy,  Joseph,  Ensign  of  a Virginia  Regiment 
Kennedy,  I.jbert,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Kennedy,  Samuel,  Captain,  7th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Kennedy,  Samuel,  Surgeon,  4th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Kennedy,  Thomas,  Captain,  North  Carolina  Militia 
Kennedy,  Thomas,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Kennedy,  William,  Major,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Killen,  Mark,  Lieutenant,  Newcastle  County,  Del.,  Militia 
Kilty,  John,  Captain,  Virginia  Continental  Line 
Kilty,  John,  Captain,  3d  Continental  Dragoons  (Md.) 
Kilty,  William,  Surgeon,  4th  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 


416 


APPENDIX 


Kilpatrick,  William,  Ensign,  24th  Continental  Infantry 
(Mass.) 

*Knox,  James,  Captain,  Clark’s  Illinois  Regiment 
Kurtan,  Peter,  Ensign,  Nicholson’s  Conn.  Regiment 
Kyle,  John,  Captain,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Kyle,  Robert,  Ensign,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Kyle,  William,  Lieutenant,  7th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 

*Lawler,  Matthew,  Privateer  Captain,  Penna.  Navy 
Lawler,  Thomas,  Quartermaster,  3d  Regiment,  Va.  Line 
Lawless,  William,  Lieutenant,  Tallman’s  R.  I.  Regiment 
Lacey,  Daniel,  Captain,  Connecticut  Guards 
Lane,  Cornelius,  Captain,  Hunterdon  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Larty,  John,  Captain,  Virginia  Line 
*Lawrie,  James,  Captain,  1st  Regiment,  N.  J.  Line 
Laughery,  Jeremiah,  Captain,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Laughlin,  John,  Ensign,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Laughlin,  James,  Ensign,  Gloucester  County,  Va.,  Militia 
Lavery,  Plenry,  Ensign,  Bedford  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
*Lewis,  Andrew,  Brigadier-General,  Continental  Army 
Lewis,  Andrew,  Lieutenant,  9th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Lewis,  Charles,  Colonel,  Virginia  Troops 
*Lewis,  John,  Lieutenant,  9th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
*Lewis,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  11th  Regiment,  Va.  Line 
*Lewis,  William,  Major,  10th  Regiment,  Va.  Line 
Leamy,  John,  Captain,  ship  Adventure,  Penna.  Navy 
Leary,  James,  Lieutenant,  Colonel  Brooks’  Mass.  Regiment 
Leary,  James,  Lieutenant,  8th  Regiment  Continental  Line 
(Mass.) 

Leary,  William,  Lieutenant,  New  Jersey  Militia 
*Leary,  William,  Town  Major  of  New  York  and  Lieutenant  cf 
Militia 

Larey,  John,  Lieutenant,  7th  Massachusetts  Regiment 

Lary,  , Captain,  Bradley’s  N.  H.  Militia 

Logue,  James,  Lieutenant,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militi'’ 
Lowney,  Thomas,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Hunterdon  County, 
N.  J.,  Militia 

Lochry,  Jeremiah,  Captain,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 


APPENDIX 


417 


Logan,  Benjamin,  Colonel,  Kentucky  Troops 
Logan,  David,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Logan,  George,  Captain,  South  Carolina  troops 
Logan,  Francis,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Militia 
*Logan,  Samuel,  Major,  5th  Regiment,  New  York  Line 
Logan,  Samuel,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Logan,  Thomas,  Ensign,  Nicholson’s  Conn.  Regiment 
Logan,  Thomas,  Ensign,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Logan,  William,  Captain,  Somerset  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Long,  Andrew,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militiit 
Long,  Gabriel,  Captain,  11th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Long,  Hugh,  Captain,  Hart’s  Penna.  Battalion  of  the  Fly-» 
ing  Camp 

Long,  John,  Captain,  Northampton  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Long,  Edward,  Captain,  Dorset,  N.  Y.,  Militia 
Long,  Nicholas,  Colonel,  North  Carolina  Militia 
Long,  Nicholas,  Lieutenant  of  a Virginia  Regiment 
*Long,  Pierse,  Colonel,  New  Hampshire  Militia 
Long,  William,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Va.  Line 
Long,  Thomas,  Major,  Bucks  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Long,  William,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Looney,  William,  Captain,  Clark’s  Illinois  Regiment 
*Lyon,  Mathew,  Lieutenant,  “Green  Mountain  Boys”  (N.  H.) 
Lynch,  Charles,  Colonel  of  a Virginia  Rifle  Regiment 
Lynch,  Cornelius,  Ensign,  Elmore’s  Conn.  State  Regiment 
Lynch,  Isidore,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  FrenchTrish 
Brigade 

Lynch,  James,  Surgeon,  Pulaski’s  Legion  and  S.  C.  State 
troops 

Lynch,  John,  Major,  5th  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 
Lynch,  John,  Lieutenant,  7th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Lynch,  John,  Lieutenant,  Md.  Battalion  of  the  Flying  Camp 
Lynch,  John,  Captain,  4th  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 
Lynch,  Thomas,  Captain,  1st  Regiment,  S.  C.  Line 
*Lynch,  Thomas,  Captain,  Thompson’s  S.  C.  Rangers 
Linch,  James,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
Lyons,  John,  Captain,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
Lyons,  John,  Surgeon,  Va.  Continental  Line 


418 


APPENDIX 


Lyons,  Mathias,  Captain,  Essex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Lyons,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  Pennsylvania  Navy 

Madden,  Matthew,  Captain,  Commodore  de  Galvez,  Pa.  Navy 
Madden,  Michael,  Ensign,  Colonel  Smith’s  Mass.  Regiment 
*Magee,  Bernard,  First  Officer,  ship  Jefferson,  Mass.  Navy 
Magee,  James,  Captain,  Colonel  Graham’s  Regiment,  N.  Y. 
Levies 

Magee,  James,  Lieutenant,  4th  Regiment,  Albany  County, 
N.  Y.,  Militia 

*Magee,  James,  Captain,  brig  General  Arnold,  Mass.  Navy 
Magee,  John,  Privateer  Captain,  Penna.  Navy 
Magee,  Peter,  Lieutenant,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  Militia 
Magee,  Peter,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  New  York  Line 
Magee,  Thomas,  Captain,  Colonel  Malcom’s  Regiment  of 
N.  Y.  Levies 

Magee,  William,  Ensign,  5th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Magee,  William,  Ensign,  4th  Penna.  Battalion 
McGee,  Hugh,  Captain,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
McGee,  James,  Captain,  Colonel  Dubois’  Regiment,  N.  Y. 
Line 

McGee,  James,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
McGee,  John,  Ensign,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McGee,  John,  Ensign,  8th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McGee,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  Penns^dvania  Militia 
McGee,  William,  Lieutenant,  8th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Magill,  Charles,  Colonel  of  a Virginia  Regiment 
Magill,  James,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Magaw,  Robert,  Colonel,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Magaw,  William,  Colonel,  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment 
Magaw,  William,  Surgeon,  4th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Mahon,  John,  Lieutenant,  8th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Mahon,  John,  Captain,  11th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Mahon,  John,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Mahoney,  John,  Ensign,  13th  Regiment,  Albany  County, 
N.  Y.,  Militia 

Mahony,  Dennis,  Sub-Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon, 
French-Irish  Brigade 

Malone,  William,  Captain,  privateer  Harbinger,  R.  I.  Navy 


APPENDIX 


419 


Mallone,  James,  Captain,  Colonel  Putnam’s  Mass.  Regiment 
Malon,  James,  Lieutenant,  General  Michael  Farley’s  Mass. 
Brigade 

Malloon,  John,  Lieutenant,  4th  Regiment,  Essex  County, 
Mass. 

Maloney,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 

Malony,  , Captain,  privateer  Buckram,  Mass.  Naval 

Service 

*Mullowney,  John,  Captain,  Penna.  State  Navy 
Maroney,  Philip,  Captain,  1st  Battalion  Maryland  Flying 
Camp 

Maroney,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Lancaster  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

^Maxwell,  William,  Brigadier-General,  Continental  Army 
Maney,  William,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  Va.  Line 
Manley,  John,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  Georgia  Line 
Manning,  Jeremiah,  Captain,  Middlesex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Manning,  James,  Lieutenant,  Middlesex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Manning,  Lawrence,  Ensign,  Hazen’s  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Manning,  Lawrence,  Lieutenant,  Lee’s  Battalion  of  Light 
Dragoons 

Manning,  Richard,  Captain,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Manning,  William,  Captain,  Middlesex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Manning,  William,  Lieutenant,  Ward’s  Conn.  State  Regiment 
*Mease,  James,  Commissary,  Penna.  Troops 
*Mease,  John,  Captain,  4th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Mease,  James,  Paymaster  and  Treasurer,  Continental  Army 
*Mease,  Matthew,  Purser,  Bon  Homme  Richard,  Continental 
Navy 

Mebane,  Robert,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  7th  Regiment,  N.  C. 
Militia 

Menema,  Daniel,  Surgeon,  2d  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Line 
Manghan,  John,  Lieutenant,  Hartley’s  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Meade,  George,  Officer,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
Meighan,  George,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

Meleaney,  Robert,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  7th  Regiment,  N.  C. 
Line 

Mellin,  John,  Captain,  Colonel  Enoch  Hale’s  N.  H.  Regiment 


420 


APPENDIX 


Mellagan,  James,  Ensign,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
Marney,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
*MelaIly,  IMichael,  Captain,  Oliver  Cromwell,  Conn.  Navy 
Maley,  William,  Captain,  privateer  Rambler,  Mass.  Navy 
Maloy,  James,  Ensign,  5th  Penna.  Battalion 
Meloy,  John,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  South  Carolina  Line 
Molloy,  Edward,  Quartermaster,  Continental  Frigate  Deane 
Molloy,  James,  Ensign,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Mulloy,  Hugh,  Lieutenant,  Colonel  Tupper’s  Mass.  Regiment 
Mulloy,  James,  Lieutenant,  Shee’s  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Miles,  James,  Ensign,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Miles,  John,  Lieutenant,  Lamb’s  Artillery 
^Mitchell,  Anthony,  OfBcer  of  Penna.  Troops  (Regiment  un- 
known) 

Monaghan,  David,  Lieutenant,  Thompson’s  S.  C.  Rangers 
Mooney,  Benjamin,  Lieutenant,  Wyman’s  N.  H.  Militia  Regi- 
ment 

*Mooney,  Hercules,  Colonel,  New  Hampshire  Militia 
Moore,  Gerard,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

Moore,  William,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

*Moore,  Daniel,  Colonel,  New  Hampshire  Militia 
Morgan,  John  Baptist,  Sub-Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon, 
French-Irish  Brigade 

Moneanelly,  Bartholomew,  Quartermaster,  Regiment  de  Dil- 
lon, French-Irish  Brigade 

*Montgomery,  , Captain,  Clark’s  Illinois  Regiment 

Moran,  Edward,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 
Moriarty,  Thomas,  Privateer  Captain,  Mssachusetts  Navy 
Mulligan,  Francis,  Captain,  Privateer  Chance,  R.  I.  Navy 
*Moylan,  Jasper,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
*Moylan,  Stephen,  Colonel,  4th  Penna.  Dragoons  and  Quarter- 
master-General Continental  Army 
*Moylan,  John,  Quartermaster-General,  Penna.  Line 
Mullens,  Thomas,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Continental  Army 
Murley,  William,  Ensign,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Murran,  William,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Mulliollen,  William,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 


APPENDIX 


421 


Murphy,  Archibald,  Colonel,  Caswell  County,  N.  C.,  Militia 
Murphy,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  New  Hampshire  Militia 
*Murphy,  Daniel,  Captain,  Pennsylvania  Navy 
*Murphy,  John,  Captain,  privateer  Swallow,  R.  1.  Naval 
Service 

Murphy,  John,  Ensign,  Henry  County,  Va.,  Militia 
*Murphy,  John,  Captain,  privateer  Speedwell,  Mass.  Navy 
Murphy,  John,  Jr.,  Ensign,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
*Murphy,  Maurice,  Captain,  Hicks’  South  Carolina  Regiment 
Murphy,  Patrick,  Sub-Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon, 
French-Irish  Brigade 

Murphy,  Zachariah,  Captain,  privateer  Recusett,  Mass. 
Naval  Service 

Murphy,  , Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa., 

Militia 

Murfree,  Hardy,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  1st  Regiment,  N.  C. 
Line 

McMurphy,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  Hobart’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
*McMurphy,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  Stark’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
McMurphy,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  Peabody’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
McAfee,  Robert,  Captain,  Chester  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McAllen,  James,  Ensign,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McAteer,  John,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McAuley,  Cornelius,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

*McAlevy,  William,  Colonel,  Bedford  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McAllister,  Hugh,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McAllister,  Neil,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
McAvoy,  George,  Captain,  Perseverance,  Penna.  Navy 
McBride,  Archibald,  Ensign,  2d  Regiment,  Ulster  County, 
N.  Y.,  Militia 

McBride,  James,  Captain,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  Militia 
*McBride,  James,  Major,  Kentucky  troops 
McBride,  John,  Lieutenant,  Colonel  Pawling’s  Regiment, 
N.  Y.  Levies 

McBride,  John,  Captain,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McBride,  John,  Jr.,  Ensign,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McBride,  John,  Ensign,  Hartley’s  Penna.  Regiment  of  the 
Line 


422 


APPENDIX 


McBride,  John,  Captain,  Colonel  Dubois’s  Regiment,  N.  Y. 
Levies 

McBride,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  9th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McBride,  William,  Lieutenant,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McCalla,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
McCalla,  John,  Captain,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
McCalla,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Moylan’s  4th  Penna.  Dragoons 
McCalla,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
McCarter,  Charles,  Surgeon,  Morgan’s  Rifle  Corps 
*McCauley,  Matthew,  Lieutenant,  10th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
McCauley,  John,  Lieutenant,  Stickney’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
McCabe,  Edward,  Lieutenant,  12th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*McCabe,  James,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McCabe,  John,  Lieutenant,  Maryland  Battalion  of  the  Flying 
Camp 

McCall,  George,  Lieutenant,  Haslett’s  Delaware  Regiment 
McCall,  Hugh,  Major,  South  Carolina  Militia 
McCall,  James,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Rangers 
McCall,  John,  Lieutenant,  South  Carolina  Militia 
McCall,  William,  Lieutenant,  Spencer’s  N.  J.  Regiment  of  the 
Line 

McCall,  William,  Captain,  Bedford  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
^McCarthy,  Florence,  Ensign,  4th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
*McCarthy,  John,  Privateer  Captain,  Penna.  Navy 
McCarthy,  John,  Privateer  Captain,  Mass.  Navy 
McCarthy,  John,  Captain,  privateer  Black  Princess,  Conn. 
Naval  Service 

MacCarthy,  Eugene,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

McCarthy,  Timothy,  Ensign,  2d  Regiment,  R.  1.  Line 
McCarty,  Benjamin,  Ensign,  Northampton  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

McCarty,  Charles,  Captain,  Richmond  County,  Va.,  Militia 
McCarty,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  Grayson’s  Va.  Continental 
Regiment 

McCarty,  Richard,  Captain,  Clark’s  Elinois  Regiment 
•McCarty,  Richard,  Privateer  Captain,  Conn.  Naval  Service 
McCarty,  Richard,  Captain,  Virginia  State  Line 
McCarty,  William,  Quartermaster,  15th  Mass.  Regiment 


APPENDIX 


423 


McCartney,  John,  Captain,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
McCann,  Andrew,  Major,  Bedford  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McCann,  John,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
McCausland,  William,  Major,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
^McClary,  Andrew,  Major,  1st  New  Hampshire  Regiment 
McClary,  David,  Lieutenant,  Stichney’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
McClary,  John,  Colonel,  New  Hampshire  Militia 
*McClary,  Michael,  Captain,  3d  New  Hampshire  Regiment 
McCleary,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  Charlotte  County,  N.  Y., 
Militia 

McCleery,  William,  Colonel,  Washington  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McClanin,  William,  Lieutenant,  Sussex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
McClannen,  William,  Lieutenant,  18th  Mass.  Continental  In- 
fantry 

McClenaghan,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Lancaster  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

McClenahan,  John  F.,  Lieutenant,  Chester  County,  Penna., 
Militia 

McClenahan,  William,  Ensign,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
McClaughry,  John,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Line 
McClees,  Peter,  Lieutenant,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  Militia 
McCauley,  James,  Lieutenant,  6th  New  Hampshire  Regiment 
McCauley,  James,  Captain,  Marion’s  S.  C.  Brigade 
McCauley,  Matthew,  Lieutenant,  10th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
McCauley,  Thomas,  Surgeon’s  Mate,  4th  Continental 
Dragoons 

McClellan,  Daniel,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McClellan,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Line 
McCloskey,  Alexander,  Colonel,  New  Hampshire  Militia 
*McCloskey,  John,  Captain,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McCloskey,  James,  Sub-Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  DiUon, 
French-Irish  Brigade 

McConan,  John,  Captain,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McConaughey,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  York  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McClellan,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Line 
*McCollum,  Cornelius,  Lieutenant,  Gloucester  County,  N.  J., 
Militia 

McConnel,  Charles,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 


424 


APPENDIX 


McConnel,  James,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McConnell,  James,  Captain,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McConnell,  John,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
*McConnell,  Hugh,  Ensign,  4th  Regiment,  New  York  Line 
McConnell,  Matthew,  Captain,  Hazen’s  Regiment,  Pa.  Line 
^McConnell,  Matthew,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McConnell,  Robert,  Captain,  Proctor’s  Penna.  Artillery 
McConnell,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Penna., 
Militia 

McConnell,  Samuel,  Captain,  Colonel  Daniel  Moore’s  N.  H. 
Regiment 

McConnell,  , Captain,  Bartlett’s  N.  H.  Militia 

McConnell,  Hugh,  Adjutant,  Dubois’  New  York  Regiment  of 
the  Line 

McCormack,  D.,  Colonel,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
McCormick,  Alexander,  Lieutenant,  Bedford  County,  Penna., 
Militia 

McCormick,  Alexander,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  Penna. 
Line 

McConnick,  George,  Captain,  13th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
McCormick,  Henry,  Adjutant,  1st  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McCormick,  Henry,  Brigade  Major,  1st  Penna.  Brigade 
McCormick,  Henry,  Lieutenant,  Lancaster  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

McCormick,  John,  Ensign,  Northumberland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

^McCormick,  John,  Ensign,  10th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McCormick,  John,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
*McCormick,  Thomas,  Ensign,  Cumberland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

McCormick,  William,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

McClune,  William,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  New  York  Line 
McClure,  David,  Lieutenant,  Mott’s  Conn.  State  Regiment 
McClure,  James,  Adjutant,  Long’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
McClure,  James,  Lieutenant,  2d  Connecticut  Artiller}" 
McClure,  James,  Ensign,  North  Carolina  Militia 
McClure,  James,  Captain,  Montgomery’s  Penna.  Battalion 
Flying  Camp 


APPENDIX 


425 


McClure,  James,  Captain,  Proctor’s  Penna.  Artillery 
McClure,  James,  Captain,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McClure,  James,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McClure,  John,  Ensign,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McClure,  John,  Major,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
McClure,  John,  Captain,  South  Carolina  Rangers 
McClure,  Neil,  Colonel,  South  Carolina  Militia 
McClure,  William,  Surgeon,  6th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
McClure,  William,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McClure,  Joseph,  Captain,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McCrellis,  Plenry,  Ensign,  Stickney’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
McConkey,  William,  Captain,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McCrory,  Thomas,  Captain,  9th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
McCoy,  Charles,  Lieutenant,  Monmouth  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
McCoy,  Daniel,  Captain,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McCoy,  James,  Lieutenant,  Pennsylvania  Navy 
McCoy,  James,  Adjutant,  Northumberland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

McCoy,  John,  Lieutenant,  4th  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 
McCoy,  Joseph,  Ensign,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McCoy,  Matthew,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McCoy,  Neal,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McCoy,  Thomas,  Ensign,  6th  Penna.  Battalion 
McCoy,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

McCoy,  Thomas,  Captain,  9th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McCoy,  William,  Lieutenant,  Malcom’s  N.  Y.  Regiment  of 
the  Line 

McCoy,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McCullen,  James,  Captain,  N.  Y.  Artificers,  Continental  Army 
McDufFee,  Daniel,  Captain,  Colonel  Stephen  Evans’  N.  H. 
Regiment 

McDufFee,  William,  Captain,  2d  N.  H.  Continental  Regiment 
McDuffie,  John,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Stark’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
McDaniel,  Timothy,  Major,  3d  Cumberland  County,  Me., 
Regiment 

McDonnol,  John,  Captain,  Shee’s  Penna.  Regiment 
^McDonald,  Barney,  Lieutenant,  4th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
McDonald,  Daniel,  Captain,  Somerset  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 


426 


APPENDIX 


McDonald,  Daniel,  Major,  Essex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
McDonald,  James,  Captain,  1st  Regiment,  S.  C.  Line 
McDonald,  John,  Lieutenant,  6th  Penna.  Battalion 
McDonald,  John,  Captain,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McDonald,  John,  Captain,  1st  Regiment,  S.  C.  Line 
McDonald,  John  Baptist,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon, 
French-Irish  Brigade 

McDonald,  Richard,  Captain,  Somerset  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
McDonald,  William,  Lieutenant,  4th  Regiment,  Georgia  Line 
McDonough,  James,  Lieutenant,  Haslett’s  Delaware  Regi- 
ment 

McDonough,  Thomas,  Major,  Haslett’s  Delaware  Regiment 
McDermott,  David,  Ensign,  Pennsylvania  Militia 
McDermott,  Bernard,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon, 
French-Irish  Brigade 

McDermott,  Thomas,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

McDermond,  Daniel,  Ensign,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McDowell,  Andrew,  Lieutenant,  Middlesex  County,  N.  J., 
Militia 

McDowell,  Bernard,  Ensign,  4th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
McDowell,  Charles,  Lieutenant-Golonel,  Rowan  County, 
N.  C.,  troops 

McDowell,  Edward,  Lieutenant,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

McDowell,  James,  Captain,  Chester  County,  Pa.,  Regiment 
McDowell,  James,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

McDowell,  James,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Artillery 
McDowell,  John,  Surgeon,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McDowell,  John,  Lieutenant,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McDowell,  John,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Chester  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

McDowell,  John,  Captain,  7th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McDowell,  John,  Lieutenant,  Virginia  Continental  Line 
McDowell,  Joseph,  Brigadier-General,  North  Carolina  Militia 
McDowell,  Joseph,  Captain,  North  Carolina  Militia 
McDowell,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
McDowell,  Thomas,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 


APPENDIX 


427 


McDowell,  William,  Captain,  1st  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McDowell,  William,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McElderry,  John,  Lieutenant,  11th  Regiment,  Penna  Line 
*McElhatton,  William,  Lieutenant,  12th  Regiment,  Pa.  Line 
McElhinney,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  York  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McElhaney,  John,  Captain,  Virginia  State  Line 
McElheney,  James,  Captain,  2d  South  Carolina  Dragoons 
Mcllhaney,  James,  Lieutenant,  10th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
McFadden,  James,  Captain,  North  Carolina  Militia 
McFadden,  James,  Captain,  2d  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
McFadden,  James,  Lieutenant,  Maryland  Artillery 
McFadden,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  Bedford  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McFadden,  William,  Captain,  Pennsylvania  Navy 
McGra,  John,  Captain,  Privateer  Ranger,  Mass.  Navy 
McFall,  Patrick,  Lieutenant,  Penna.  State  Regiment  of  Foot 
McFall,  John,  Lieutenant,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McFall,  Patrick,  Lieutenant,  13th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McGafFey,  Andrew,  Lieutenant,  Wingate’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
McGafFey,  Neal,  Lieutenant,  Stark’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
*McGahey,  James,  Ensign,  North  Carolina  troops 
McGaughey,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Bedford  County,  Penna., 
Militia 

*McGannon,  Michael,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
McGeary,  William,  Lieutenant,  8th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*McGarry,  Hugh,  Captain,  Kentucky  troops 
McGarrough,  James,  Major,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

*McGibbony,  Patrick,  Lieutenant,  4th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
McGinley,  John,  Captain,  Philadelphia  City  Artillery 
McGinley,  John,  Superintendent,  Penna.  Artillery  Artificers 
*McGinnis,  John,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 

McGinnis,  , Lieutenant,  Thompson’s  S.  C.  Rangers 

McGinness,  Samuel,  Ensign,  Penna.  Battalion  of  the  Flying 
Camp 

Maginess,  James,  Ensign,  Bedford  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McGlauhan,  John,  Captain,  7th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
*McGowan,  John,  Brigade  Inspector,  Penna.  Line 
McGowan,  John,  Captain,  Miles’  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment 
McGowan,  John,  Captain,  4th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 


428 


APPENDIX 


McGowan,  James,  Lieutenant,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
*McGowan,  Thomas,  Captain,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 

McGowan,  , Lieutenant  of  a Georgia  Battalion 

McGufFey,  Robert,  Captain,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

McGuire,  Archibald,  Lieutenant,  Malcom’s  Regiment,  N.  Y. 
Levies 

McGuire,  Archibald,  Lieutenant,  11th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*McGuire,  James,  Ensign,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McGuire,  James,  Captain,  Grayson’s  Virginia  Regiment 
McGuire,  John,  Captain,  Grayson’s  Virginia  Regiment 
McGuire,  John,  Ensign,  3d  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 
McGuire,  “Merry,”  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  S.  C.  Line 
*McGuire,  Matthew,  Captain,  4th  Continental  Artillery 
McGuire,  Mathew,  Captain,  1st  Penna.  Artillery 
McGuire,  Philip,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

McGuire,  William,  Captain,  1st  Continental  Artillery  (Va.) 
McGuire,  William,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Maguire,  John,  Lieutenant,  Maryland  Line 
^Maguire,  Nathaniel,  Major,  Proctor’s  Penna.  Artillery 
McGrady,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  Northumberland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

McHenry,  William,  Captain,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
*McHenry,  Charles,  Captain,  5th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McHenry,  Daniel,  Ensign,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
*McHenry,  James,  Surgeon,  5th  Penna.  Battalion 
McHaney,  James,  Lieutenant,  5th  Regiment,  Va.  Line 
Mclllroy,  George,  Lieutenant,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McKall,  John,  Captain,  Norwich,  Conn.,  Company 
McKee,  David,  Lieutenant,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

McKee,  Hugh,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McKee,  Robert,  Captain,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
*McKee,  William,  Captain,  Clark’s  Illinois  Regiment 
*McKean,  Robert,  Captain,  1st  Regiment,  N.  V’.  Line 
McKean,  Thomas,  Captain,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
McKee,  John,  Captain,  Chester  Countj”^,  Penna.,  Militia 


APPENDIX 


429 


*McKelvey,  James,  Lieutenant,  Northumberland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

McKenney,  John,  Lieutenant,  9th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McKenny,  James,  Captain  Bedford  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McKenny,  John,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McKenny,  Robert,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McKenny,  William,  Lieutenant,  10th  Massachusetts  Regi- 
ment 

McKinney,  Harry,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
*McKarraghan,  William,  Captain,  24th  Regiment,  Hanover, 
Pa.,  Militia 

*McKinley,  Henry,  Captain,  12th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McKinnie,  Walter,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McKennan,  William,  Captain,  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment 
McKeown,  John,  Captain,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McQuown,  David,  Captain,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McQuown,  Richard,  Captain,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McQuown,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  Lancaster  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

McLane,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McLane,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  3d  Continental  Artillery 
McLane,  John,  Lieutenant,  Delaware  Battalion  of  the  Flying 
Camp 

McLane,  John,  Captain,  4th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
McLane,  William,  Surgeon’s  Mate,  North  Carolina  Line 
McLarey,  James,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  New  York  Militia 
McClaughlin,  William,  Captain,  Colleton  County,  S.  C.,  Foot 
Regiment 

McLaughlin,  James,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
McLaughlin,  John,  Captain,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
McLaughlin,  Thomas,  Captain,  South  Carolina  troops 
^McLaughlin,  Thomas,  Captain,  Stark’s  New  Hampshire 
Regiment 

■^McLaughlin,  Thomas,  Captain,  Colonel  Daniel  Moore’s  N.  H. 
Regiment 

McLaughlin,  John,  Lieutenant,  Frederick  County,  Va., 
Militia 

McGlaughlan,  John,  Captain,  7th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
McKelwaine,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 


430 


APPENDIX 


McManus,  Hugh,  Lieutenant,  Rensselaer  County,  N.  Y., 
Militia 

*McMahon,  John,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

McManus,  , Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  Albany  Coun- 

ty, N.  Y.,  Militia 

McMahon,  William,  Surgeon,  Virginia  Line 

*McMahon,  , Major,  Frontier  troops  of  Georgia 

McMurran,  John,  Ensign,  Wolcott’s  Conn.  State  Regiment 
McMullen,  John,  Lieutenant,  Bedford  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McMullan,  John,  Lieutenant,  Thurston’s  Continental  Regi- 
ment 

McMullen,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Artillery 
McMullan,  Nathaniel,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McMullin,  Samuel,  Ensign,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McMullen,  Thomas,  Ensign,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
McMullen,  William,  Ensign,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
*McMullen,  William,  Captain,  Philadelphia  City  Guards 
Mulan,  Robert,  Captain,  Philadelphia  City  Marines 
Mullen,  James,  Ensign,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
Mullen,  John,  Lieutenant,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Mullin,  Charles,  Ensign,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Mullin,  Michael,  Major,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McMurray,  Joseph,  Captain,  Berks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
McMurray,  William,  Lieutenant,  Doyle’s  Penna.  Independent 
Rifle  Company 

McMurray,  William,  Captain,  10th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
McNamara,  James,  Ensign,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
*McNamara,  Michael,  Lieutenant,  1st  Continental  Artillery 
McNaughton,  John,  Lieutenant,  8th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
McNeal,  Loughlin,  Lieutenant,  ship  Effingham,  Penna.  State 
Navy 

McNees,  John,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
McNeill,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  Clark’s  Illinois  Regiment 
McRenolds,  Robert,  Ensign,  10th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
*McSheehy,  Miles,  Adjutant,  9th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
McSheehy,  Patrick,  Sub-Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon, 
French-Irish  Brigade 

*McShane,  Barnabas,  Captain,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 


APPENDIX 


431 


McSheery,  Barnabas,  Ensign,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
*McSweeney,  James,  Lieutenant,  Hartley’s  Additional  Regi- 
ment 

Newlan,  Edward,  Captain,  Phoenix,  Penna.  Navy 
Nugent,  Anselm,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

Nagle,  James,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

Nagle,  Charles,  Adjutant,  10th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Nagle,  Peter,  Lieutenant,  Bedford  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Nealey,  Samuel,  Ensign,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Nealley,  William,  Lieutenant,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Neeley,  Henry,  Captain,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Neeley,  Matthew,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Ulster  County, 
N.  Y.,  Militia 

Neeley,  William,  Captain,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
*Neill,  Daniel,  Captain-Lieutenant,  N.  J.  State  Artillery 
Neill,  Henry,  Colonel,  Delaware  Line  Regiment 
Neill,  John,  Lieutenant,  South  Carolina  Militia 
Neill,  Robert,  Captain,  Essex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Neill,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
*Neilson,  John,  Colonel,  Middlesex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
*Nesbitt,  John,  Paymaster,  Penna.  State  Navy 
*Nichols,  Francis,  Major,  9th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Nevins,  Daniel,  Captain,  6th  Connecticut  Regiment 
Nevins,  William,  Lieutenant,  7th  Connecticut  Infantry 
*Noland,  Pierce,  Lieutenant,  Virginia  Continental  Line 
Nowlan,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  1st  Maryland  Battalion  Fly- 
ing Camp 

Norris,  George,  Lieutenant,  Burlington  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Norris,  James,  Captain,  Col.  Nathan  Hale’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
Norton,  Miles,  Lieutenant,  Connecticut  Provisional  Regiment 

O’Brien,  Michael,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

*0’Brian,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Connecticut  Provisional  Regi- 
ment 

O’Brien,  Jeremiah,  Captain,  MacJiias  Liberty,  Mass.  Navy 


482 


APPENDIX 


O’Brien,  John,  Captain,  Ship  Adventure,  Mass.  Navy 

O’Brien,  John,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

O’Brien,  Thaddeus,  Major,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

O’Brien,  Richard,  Lieutenant,  Ship  Jefferson,  Continental 
Navy 

O’Brien,  William,  Lieutenant,  Ship  Hibernia,  Massachusetts 
Navy 

O’Brien,  William,  Lieutenant,  MacMas  Liberty,  Massachu- 
setts Navy 

O’Bryan,  William,  Captain,  Georgia  troops  and  Treasurer 
Georgia  Revolutionary  Committees 

O’Brien,  Joseph,  Privateer  Captain,  Massachusetts  Navy 

O’Cahill,  Louis,  Sub-Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

O’Connor,  Chevalier  Armand,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Walsh, 
French-Irish  Brigade 

^O’Connor,  Morgan,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  11th  Regiment,  Pa. 
Line 

O’Crowley,  Felix,  Sub-Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Walsh, 
French-Irish  Brigade 

O’Croly,  Charles,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

O’Donnell,  John,  Ensign,  Washington  County,  Pa.,  Militia 

O’Doyer,  Dennis,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

O’Driscoll,  James,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

O’Bannon,  John,  Colonel,  Fauquier  County,  Virginia,  Militia 

O’Farrell,  Emanuel,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

O’Farrell,  Claude,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

O’Farrell,  James,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  DiUon,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

O’Flynn,  James,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 


APPENDIX 


433 


O’Flynn,  Patrick,  Captain,  Neill’s  Delaware  Regiment  of 
the  Line 

O’Gorman,  Charles,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

O’Hara,  Henry,  Captain,  13th  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Militia 
O’Hara,  Henry,  Captain,  Hazen’s  Continental  Regiment 
O’Hara,  James,  Captain  (regiment  not  stated,  served  at 
Fort  Pitt,  Pa.,  in  1776) 

O’Hara,  James,  Brigadier-General,  Penna.  Militia  and 
Quartermaster-General,  Continental  Army 

O’Hara,  , Captain,  New  Jersey  Militia 

O’Hara,  , Captain,  Connecticut  troops  (regiment  not 

stated) 

O’Keefe,  Patrick,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

Oakley,  Miles,  Lieutenant,  4th  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Line 
O’Mara,  Henry,  Captain,  Wynkoop’s  Regiment  of  New  York 
Militia 

O’Meara,  Daniel,  Sub-Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon, 
French-Irish  Brigade 

O’Meara,  John  Baptist,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Walsh, 
French-Irish  Brigade 

O’Moran,  Charles,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

O’Moran,  James,  Major,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

O’Neill,  Bernard,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

O’Neill,  John,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

O’Neill,  Charles,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
O’Neill,  Francis,  Surgeon,  10th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
O’Neill,  Ferdinand,  Captain,  Virginia  Cavalry 
O’Neill,  Henry,  Ensign,  9th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
O’Neal,  John,  Adjutant,  Col.  Daniel  Moore’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
O’Neal,  Ferdinand,  Captain,  Lee’s  Battalion  S.  C.  Light 
Dragoons 

O’Reilly,  Charles,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 


434 


APPENDIX 


O’Reilly,  John,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

O’Riordan,  James,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

O’Sheil,  James,  Sub-Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

Owens,  Barney,  Lieutenant,  8th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Owens,  Barney,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  New  York  Line 
Owens,  Henry,  Sub-Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

Purdon,  Henry,  Sub-Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

Purdon,  Simon,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

Patton,  James,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Penna,,  Militia 
Patton,  James,  Lieutenant,  2d  Continental  Dragoons 
*Patton,  John,  Colonel,  Pennsylvania  Line 
Patton,  John,  Colonel,  2d  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Patton,  John,  Lieutenant,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
*Patton,  John,  Quartermaster,  1st  Regiment,  N.  H.  Line 
Patton,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  Klotz’s  Penna.  Battalion  Fly- 
ing Camp 

Patton,  Robert,  Captain,  10th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Patton,  William,  Captain,  Patton’s  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Phelon,  Edward,  Aide-de-Camp  to  General  Putnam 
Phelon,  Edward,  Captain,  4th  Regiment,  Mass.  Line 
Phelon,  John,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  Mass.  Line 
*Phelan,  Patrick,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  Mass.  Line 
Phelon,  Patrick,  Captain,  Jackson’s  Mass.  Continental  Regi- 
ment 

Piggott,  James,  Captain,  8th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Piggott,  John,  Captain,  General  Clark’s  Illinois  Regiment 
Pickens,  Andrew,  Colonel,  S.  C.  Militia  and  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral, State  troops 

Pickett,  Martin,  Colonel,  Virginia  Militia 
Pickett,  Thomas,  Ensign,  1st  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Pickett,  William,  Captain,  1st  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Pickett,  William,  Major,  Virginia  Militia 


APPENDIX 


435 


*Plunkett,  David,  Captain,  Moylan’s  4th  Dragoons 
Plunkett,  Francis,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

Prendergast,  John,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 
Prendergast,  William,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  Maryland 
Line 

*Preston,  William,  Captain,  Virginia  Rangers 
Power,  Augustine,  Major,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
Power,  Nicholas,  Lieutenant,  10th  Regiment,  Albany  County, 
N.  Y.,  Militia 

Power,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  Lee’s  Battalion  S.  C.  Light 
Dragoons 

Power,  John,  Captain,  ship  William,  Massachusetts  Navy 
Power,  William,  Captain,  4th  Continental  Artillery 
Power,  William,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Powers,  Alexander,  Quartermaster,  Miles’  Penna.  Line  Regi- 
ment 

Powers,  James,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Powers,  James,  Lieutenant,  7th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Powers,  John,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  Hampshire  County, 
Mass.,  Militia 

Powers,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  4th  Regiment,  Hampshire 
County,  Mass.,  Militia 

Powers,  Thomas,  Captain,  Privateer  Dauphin,  Massachusetts 
Navy 

Powers,  William,  Lieutenant,  Gregory’s  Virginia  Scouts 
*Proctor,  Francis,  Lieutenant,  1st  Penna.  Artillery 
*Proctor,  Thomas,  Colonel,  1st  Penna.  Artillery 

Quigley,  Christopher,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Quigley,  James,  Lieutenant,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Quigley,  Joseph,  Captain,  Burlington  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
*Quigley,  Philip,  Ensign,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Quigley,  Robert,  Captain,  Burlington  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Quigley,  Robert,  Captain,  Pennsylvania  Militia 
^Quigley,  Thomas,  Commander,  schooner  General  Putnam, 
N.  Y.  Navy 

Quigley,  Thomas,  Captain,  Burlington  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 


436 


APPENDIX 


Quinlan,  Joseph,  Surgeon,  3d  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
*Quinn,  John,  Captain,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Quinn,  John,  Surgeon,  8d  Regiment,  N.  H.  Line 
*Quinn,  Michael,  Captain,  3d  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Quin,  Michael,  Captain,  8th  Regiment,  N.  C,  Line 
Quin,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  12th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
*Quirk,  Thomas,  Major,  Virginia  State  Line 
Quirk,  , Lieutenant,  7th  Regiment,  Virginia  Conti- 

nental Line 

Ragan,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  11th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Reagan,  Richard,  Captain,  Rockingham  County,  Virginia, 
Militia 

Redmond,  Andrew,  Military  Storekeeper,  South  Carolina 
troops 

^Redmond,  Andrew,  Officer,  1st  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Redmond,  John,  Captain,  6th  Regiment,  S.  C.  Militia 
Rice,  John,  Captain,  North  Carolina  troops 
Rice,  John,  Captain,  Pennsylvania  Navy 
*Reynolds,  Daniel,  Major,  Mooney’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
Reynolds,  Thomas,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Burlington  County, 
N.  J.,  Militia 

Reiley,  John,  Captain,  12th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Reiley,  John,  Captain,  1st  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 
Reiley,  John,  Captain,  New  York  Rangers 
Reiley,  John,  Captain,  3d  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Reilley,  John,  Captain,  Webb’s  Connecticut  Regiment 
Reilly,  James,  Lieutenant,  Burrall’s  Connecticut  Regiment 
Riley,  A.,  Captain,  Brig  Ranger,  Connecticut  Navy 
Riley,  John,  Captain,  Sloop  Hero,  Connecticut  Navy 
Riley,  John,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  Albany  County, 
N.  Y.,  Militia 

Riley,  Roger,  Captain,  New  Jersey  Militia 
Reiley,  William,  Captain,  1st  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 
*Roach,  Francis,  Captain,  ship  Master,  Mass.  Navy 
Roach,  John,  Captain,  ship  Ranger,  Continental  service 
Roach,  Nicholas,  Surgeon,  Essex  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Roche,  Edward,  Lieutenant,  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment 
Roche,  Thomas,  Captain,  Sloop  PoUy,  Mass.  Naval  Service 


APPENDIX 


437 


Roche,  William,  Lieutenant,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
Roane,  Christopher,  Captain,  Virginia  Artillery 
Rowan,  James,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Artillery 
Rowan,  John,  Captain,  Salem  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Rowan,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Rowan,  Robert,  Captain,  1st  Regiment,  N.  C.  Lino 
^Rogers,  Patrick,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regim.ent,  N.  C.  Line 
Roney,  James,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  County,  Pa,  Militia 
Roney,  John,  Captain,  Virginia  Continental  Line 
Russell,  Cornelius,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Conn.  Line 
**^Rutherford,  Griffith,  Brigadier-General,  N.  C.  Militia 
*Rutledge,  Edward,  Captain,  S.  C.  Artillery 
Rutledge,  Thomas,  Major,  Duplin  County,  N.  C.,  Militia 
Rutledge,  William,  Lieutenant,  4th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
*Ryan,  James,  Captain,  1st  Regiment,  S.  C.  Militia 
Ryan,  John,  Lieutenant,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Ryan,  Michael,  Captain,  5th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Ryan,  Michael,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  New  York  Line 
Ryan,  Michael,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Fairfax  County,  Va., 
Militia 

Ryan,  Michael,  Lieutenant,  14th  Regiment,  New  York  Militia 
*Ryan,  Michael,  Brigade  Major,  Wheelock’s  Mass.  Regiment 
*Ryan,  Michael,  Inspector-General,  Penna.  Militia 
Ryan,  Matthew,  Lieutenant,  Wheelock’s  Mass.  Regiment 
*Ryan,  Philip,  Captain,  Philadelphia  City  Militia 
Ryan,  Robert,  Major,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade 
Ryan,  William,  Lieutenant,  Nixon’s  Mass.  Regiment 
Ryan,  William,  Captain,  Henry  County,  Va.,  Militia 
Rhyne,  John,  Lieutenant,  14th  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Militia 

Shaw,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  6th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 

*Shaw,  , Commodore,  Continental  Navy 

*Shaw,  Michael,  Lieutenant,  Philadelphia  City  Artillery 
Shaw,  Patrick,  Lieutenant,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
*Shahan,  Darby,  Lieutenant,  Washington  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Shay,  Daniel,  Captain,  5th  Regiment,  Mass.  Line 
*Shea,  John,  Colonel,  3d  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 


438 


APPENDIX 


Shee^  Robert,  Captailn,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

Shee,  William,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

Sexton,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  Monmouth  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 
Shields,  David,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Shields,  George,  Ensign,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Shields,  John,  Captain,  Virginia  State  Line 
Shields,  John,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Westmoreland  County, 
Penna.,  Militia 

Shields,  Joseph,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Shields,  John,  Captain,  1st  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Shields,  R.,  Lieutenant,  8th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
^Shields,  Peter,  Lieutenant,  10th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Shannon,  John,  Lieutenant,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Shannon,  Robert,  Captain,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
*Smith,  James,  Colonel,  Pennsylvania  Militia 
*Smith,  Patrick,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Dorset,  N.  Y.,  Militia 
Strahan,  William,  Lieutenant,  Lamb’s  N.  Y.  Artillery 
Sullivan,  Daniel,  Captain,  6th  Regiment,  Lincoln  County, 
Maine 

Sullivan,  Eben,  Captain,  30th  Regiment,  Lincoln  County, 
Maine 

Sullivan,  Ebenezer,  Captain,  15th  Continental  Infantry 
Sullivan,  Jacob,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Albany  County, 
N.  Y.,  Militia 

Sullivan,  James,  Quartermaster,  Lancaster  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Sullivan,  James,  Commissary,  Massachusetts  troops 
Sullivan,  James,  Captain,  13th  Regiment,  Virginia  Line 
Sullivan,  John,  Major-General,  Continental  Army 
Sullivan,  John,  Lieutenant,  Moylan’s  4th  Dragoons 
Sullivan,  Patrick,  Quartermaster,  York  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Sullivan,  Samuel,  Captain,  Pulaski  Legion 

Sullivan,  , Captain,  Privateer  Willing  Maid 

Stack,  Edward,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

*Stack,  Edward,  Ensign,  Bon  Homme  Richard,  Continental 
Navy 


APPENDIX 


439 


*Stewart,  John,  Colonel,  Corps  of  Light  Infantry 
*Stewart,  Walter,  Colonel,  Penna.  State  Regiment  of  Foot 
Strange,  Patrick,  Sub-Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon 
French-Irish  Brigade 

Sweany,  , Captain,  Commander-in-Chief’s  Guard 

Sweeney,  Isaac,  Captain,  11th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Sweeney,  James,  Lieutenant,  Penna.  Artillery 
Sweeney,  Robert,  Captain,  Washington  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Sweeney,  , Lieutenant,  Hartley’s  Pa,  Additional  Regi- 

ment 

Swigny,  Edmond,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

Swigny,  Paul,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

Taggart,  Charles,  Captain,  Bedford  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Taggart,  James,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  N.  H.  Line 
Taggart,  John,  Lieutenant,  Wyman’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
Taggart,  William,  Quartermaster,  Long’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
Taggart,  William,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  S.  C.  Line 
Taggart,  William,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  N.  H.  Line 
Talbot,  Jeremiah,  Major,  6th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
^Thompson,  William,  Colonel,  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment  and 
Brigadier-General,  Continental  Army 
Tobin,  James,  Sub-Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Walsh,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

Tobin,  Thomas,  Lieutenant,  Hunterdon  County,  N.  J., 
Militia 

*Thornton,  Matthew,  Colonel,  New  Hampshire  Militia 
TaafFe,  Christopher,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

TaafFe,  Lawrence,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French-Irish 
Brigade 

Toole,  Henry,  Captain,  2d  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Toole,  James,  Lieutenant,  Maryland  Battalion  Flying  Camp 
Toomy,  John,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 
Torrence,  Joseph,  Lieutenant,  7th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Torrence,  Robert,  Lieutenant,  Warner’s  Continental  Regi- 
ment 


440 


APPENDIX 


Tracy,  Andrew  H.,  Lieutenant,  Stevens’  N.  Y.  Artillery 
Tracy,  James,  Captain,  Yankee  Hero,  Mass.  Navy 
Tracy,  John,  Aide-de-Camp  to  General  Glover 
*Tracy,  John,  Captain,  Privateer,  Mass.  Navy 
*Tracy,  Michael,  Captain,  Privateer,  Mass.  Navy 
*Tracy,  Nicholas,  Captain,  Privateer,  Mass.  Navy 
*Tracy,  Patrick,  Builder  of  Privateers,  Mass.  Navy 
Tracy,  Nathaniel,  Captain,  Privateer,  Mass.  Navy 
Turney,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  Northumberland  County,  Pa., 
Militia 

Walsh,  Chevalier  Charles,  Captain,  Regiment  de  Walsh, 
French-Irish  Brigade 

*Walsh,  David,  Privateer  Captain,  Penna.  Navy 
Walsh,  James,  Superintendent  of  Arms,  Penna.  troops 
* Walsh,  James,  Lieutenant,  Pennsylvania  Militia 
Walsh,  John,  Captain,  Dolphin,  Penna.  Navy 
Walsh,  John,  Captain,  8th  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line 
Walsh,  Enoch,  Lieutenant,  Pulaski  Legion 
Walsh,  Joseph,  Lieutenant,  Patterson’s  Mass.  Regiment 
*Ward,  Edward,  Major,  Pennsylvania  Line 
*Ward,  James,  Captain,  Clark’s  Illinois  Regiment 
Welch,  John,  Lieutenant,  3d  Regiment,  New  York  Line 
Welsh,  Edward,  Captain,  5th  Regiment,  S.  C.  Line 
Welsh,  John,  Lieutenant,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Militia 
Welsh,  Michael,  Lieutenant,  Regiment  de  Dillon,  French- 
Irish  Brigade 

Welsh,  John,  Lieutenant,  1st  Regiment,  R.  I.  Line 
Welsh,  Joseph,  Lieutenant,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Welsh,  Joseph,  Lieutenant,  15th  Continental  Infantry 
Welsh,  Nathaniel,  Lieutenant,  2d  Regiment,  Virginia  State 
Line 

*Welsh,  Patrick,  Major,  South  Carolina  Dragoons 
Welsh,  Peter,  Quartermaster,  Wessenfels’  Regiment  of  N.  Y. 
Levies 

Welsh,  Peter,  Lieutenant,  5th  Regiment,  Mass.  Line 
Welsh,  Richard,  Lieutenant,  9th  Regiment,  Mass.  Line 
Welsh,  Joseph,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Trask’s  N.  H.  Regiment 
Whalen,  James,  Lieutenant,  Somerset  County,  N.  J.,  Militia 


APPENDIX 


441 


Whelan,  John,  Captain,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia 
Wayne,  Anthony,  Brigadier-General,  Continental  Army 
* Wright,  Patrick,  Captain,  Virginia  Continental  Line 
•Wright,  John,  Quarttrmaster,  N.  J.  troops 


APPENDIX 


Non-Commissioned  Officers  and  Enlisted  Men,  NamHO 
Burke,  Connolly,  Connor,  Doherty,  Kelly,  Murphy, 
McCarthy,  O’Brien,  O’Neill,  Reilly,  Ryan,  and  Sullivan, 
in  the  American  Army  and  Navy  of  the  Revolution. 

Burke,  Alexander,  Pennsylvania  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Burke,  Alexander,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Burke,  Charles,  Georgia  Continental  Line,  (regiment  unknown). 

Burke,  Charles,  Eighth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Burke,  Cornelius,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Burke,  David,  North  Carolina  Continental  Line. 

Burke,  David,  Thompson’s  South  Carolina  Rangers. 

Burke,  David,  Georgia  Continental  Line,  (regiment  unknown). 

Burke,  Edward,  Georgia  Continental  Line,  (regiment  unknown). 

Burke,  Edward,  Ship  Columbvs,  Continental  Navy, 

Burke,  Edward,  Fifth  Regiment,  Suffolk  County,  Mass, 

Burke,  Edward,  Crane’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Burke,  Edward,  Colonel  Little’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Burke,  Edward,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Burke,  Edward,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Burke,  Edward,  North  Carolina  Continental  Line. 

Burke,  Edmund,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Burke,  Francis,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Burke,  Garret,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line, 

Burke,  Henry,  Miles’  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment. 

Burke,  James,  Hartley’s  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Burke,  James,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Burke,  James,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Burke,  James,  Miles’  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment. 

Burke,  James,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.,  Militia, 

Burke,  James,  Penna.  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Burke,  James,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Burke,  James,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Burke,  James,  Virginia  Navy. 

Burke,  Joseph,  Colonel  Hale’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Burke,  Joseph,  Colonel  Topham’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

Burke,  Joseph,  Colonel  Cilley’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Burke,  Joseph,  Colonel  Brooks’  Mass.  Regiment. 

443 


444 


APPENDIX 


Burke,  Jacob,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line, 

Burke,  John,  Miles’  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment. 

Burke,  John,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Burke,  JoI)n,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Burke,  John,  First  Regiment,  Provincial  Troops,  S.  C. 

Burke,  John,  Third  Battalion,  Maryland  Line. 

Burke,  John,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Burke,  John,  Patterson’s  Massachusetts  Battalion. 

Burlte,  John,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Bsrke,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Burke,  John,  Virginia  Navy. 

Burke,  John,  Colonel  Daniel  Morgan’s  Rifle  Corps. 

Burke,  John,  Vermont  troops,  (regiment  unknown). 

Burke,  John,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Burke,  John,  Penna.  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Burke,  John,  Tenth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Burke,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Burke,  Levy,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Burke,  Michael,  Sixth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Burke,  Michael,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Burke,  Michael,  Salem,  Massachusetts,  Company. 

Burke,  Michael,  Colonel  Nixon’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Burke,  Michael,  Miles’  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment. 

Burke,  Matthew,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Burke,  Philip,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Burke,  Peter,  Colonel  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Burke,  Patrick,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Burke,  Patrick,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Burke,  Patrick,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Burke,  Patrick,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Burke,  Robert,  Colonel  John  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Burke,  Richard,  Colonel  Henley’s  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 
Burke,  Samuel,  Colonel  Baldwin’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Burke,  Sylvanus,  Colonel  Vose’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Burke,  Sylvanus,  Seventh  Mass.  Regiment  of  the  Line. 

Burke,  Simeon,  Vermont  troops,  (regiment  unknown). 

Burke,  Thomas,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

Burke,  Thomas,  Tenth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Burke,  Thomas,  Maryland  Line,  (regiment  unknown). 

Burke,  Thomas,  Queen  Anne’s  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Burke,  Thomas,  Frederick  County,  Maryland,  troops. 

Burke,  Thomas,  Fourth  Marjdand  Battalion. 

Burke,  Thomas,  Captain  John  Evans’  Mass.  Company. 

Burke,  Thomas,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Burke,  Thomas,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Burke,  Thomas,  Seconu  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 


APPENDIX 


445 


Burke,  Thomas,  Tenth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Burke,  Tobias,  Colonel  Church’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

Burke,  Timothy,  Colonel  Smith’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

Burke,  Theophilus,  Georgia  troops,  (regiment  unknown). 

Burke,  Tilley,  Colonel  Fellows’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burke,  William,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Burke,  William,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Burke,  William,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Burke,  Walter,  Colonel  Hartley’s  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Burke,  William,  Colonel  Craft’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burke,  William,  Schooner  Warren,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Burke,  William,  Ship  Skyrocket,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Burke,  Walter,  Frederick  County,  Maryland,  troops. 

Burke,  William,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Burke,  William,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Burke,  William,  Sixth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Burke,  Walter,  New  Eleventh  Regiment,  Penna,  Line. 

Burke,  William,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Burk,  Anthony,  Colonel  Freeman’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Burk,  Anthony,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Burk,  Andrew,  Colonel  Greene’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

Burk,  David,  Colonel  Smith’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

Burk,  Daniel,  Massachusetts  troops,  (regiment  unknown). 

Burk,  Edward,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  MUitia. 

Burk,  Edward,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Burk,  Elihu,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Burk,  Francis,  Colonel  Chapin’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  George,  Colonel  Willett’s  Regiment  of  New  York  Levies. 
Burk,  Garret,  Sixth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Burk,  Henry,  Colonel  Willett’s  Regiment  of  New  York  Levies. 
Burk,  Hubert,  First  Battalion,  Second  Establishment,  N.  J.  Line. 
Burk,  Henry,  Second  Regiment,  N.  J.  Continental  Line. 

Burk,  Henry,  Colonel  Smith’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  James,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Burk,  James,  Frederick  County,  Maryland,  troops. 

Burk,  James,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Burk,  Jacob,  Fifth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Burk,  Jeremiah,  Colonel  Marshall’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  Jeremiah,  Colonel  Shepard’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  Jesse,  Fourteenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  John,  Colonel  Angell’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

Burk,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Burk,  John,  Colonel  Brewer’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  John,  Captain  James  Lemont’s  Mass.  Seacoast  Company. 
Burk,  John,  Fourth  Worcester  County,  Mass.,  Company. 

Burk,  John,  Brigantine  Freedom,  Massachusetts  Na^y. 


446 


APPENDIX 


Burk,  John,  Framingham,  Mass.,  Company. 

Burk,  John,  Colonel  Porter’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  John,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  John,  Colonel  Vose’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  John,  Colonel  Learned’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  John,  Sloop  Despatch,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Burk,  John,  Colonel  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  John,  Rockingham  County,  Virginia,  troops. 

Burk,  John,  Colonel  Rawlings’  Maryland  Regiment. 

Burk,  John,  German  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Burk,  John,  Captain  Thomas  Beall’s  Maryland  Corps. 

Burk,  John,  Philadelpliia  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Burk,  .John,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Burk,  John,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Burk,  Jonah,  Colonel  Williams’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  Joseph,  Colonel  Alden’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  Joseph,  Ship  Tartar,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Burk,  Josiah,  Colonel  Brooks’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  Joseph,  Colonel  Little’s  INIassachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  Justus,  Colonel  Bradford’s  IMassachusetts  Regiment. 
Burk,  Justin,  Colonel  Chapin’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  Moses,  Colonel  Wesson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  Michael,  Berkeley  County,  Virginia,  troops. 

Burk,  Michael,  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment. 

Burk,  Nicholas,  Virginia  State  Line. 

Burk,  Patrick,  Colonel  Metcalf’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Burk,  Patrick,  Crane’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Burk,  Patrick,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Burk,  Patrick,  Colonel  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Burk,  Patrick,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Burk,  Patrick,  Colonel  Haven’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  Patrick,  Delaware  Line,  (regiment  unknown). 

Burk,  Peter,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Burk,  Richard,  Invalid  Regiment,  (Pennsylvania  troops). 
Burk,  Richard,  Colonel  Howe’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  Richard,  Colonel  Henley’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Burk,  Richard,  Colonel  Jackson’s  Mass.achusetts  Regiment. 
Burk,  Richard,  Webster,  ]\Iass.,  Company  of  Minute  Men. 
Burk,  Richard,  Colonel  Fellows’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Burk,  Richard,  Chesterfield,  IMassachusetts,  Company. 

Burk,  Richard,  Colonel  Whitcomb’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Burk,  Richard,  Colonel  Weils’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Burk,  Richard,  Colonel  Dickinson  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Burk,  Richard,  Colonel  Woodbridge’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Burk,  Richard,  Middletown,  Mass.,  Company. 

Burk,  Stephen,  Washington  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 


APPENDIX 


447 


Burk,  Samuel,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Burk,  Sylvanus,  Colonel  Alden’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  Thomas,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Burk,  Thomas,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Burk,  Thomas,  Fourth  Regiment,  Virginia  State  Line. 

Burk,  William,  Colonel  Daniel  Morgan’s  Rifle  Corps. 

Burk,  William,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Burk,  William,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Burk,  William,  Colonel  Patterson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  William,  Colonel  Vose’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  William,  Crane’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Burk,  William,  Colonel  Prescott’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  William,  Colonel  Reed’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burk,  William,  Colonel  Scainmon’s  Massachusetts  Regiment, 

Burk,  William,  Colonel  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Burck,  James,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  IJne. 

Burck,  John,  Tenth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Burck,  Michael,  Thirteenth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Burck,  Michael,  Pennsylvania  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Burck,  Richard,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Bourke,  Edmund,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line, 

Bourke,  George,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

Bourke,  Herbert,  Spencer’s  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Line. 

Bourke,  Henry,  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment. 

Bourke,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Bourke,  John,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Bourke,  John,  Tenth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Bourke,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Bourke,  John,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Bourke,  John,  Twelfth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Bourke,  John,  Colonel  Patterson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Bourke,  John,  Colonel  Lee’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Bourke,  Michael,  Sixth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Bourke,  Michael,  Colonel  Eddy’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Bourke,  Patrick,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Bourke,  Peter,  New  York  Line,  (regiment  unknown). 

Bourke,  Thomas,  Tenth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  I.ine. 

Bourke,  Tobias,  Colonel  Daniel  Morgan’s  Rifle  Corps. 

Bourke,  William,  Invalid  Regiment,  (Pennsylvania  troops). 

Bourke,  William,  Captain  Litbgow’s  Company  of  Mass.  Coast  Artillery. 
Bourke,  William,  McFarland’s  Invalid  Corps. 

Bourke,  William,  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Bourke,  Walter,  Brigantine  Tyrannicide,  Mass.  Navy. 

Canely,  Patrick,  New  York  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Coneley,  John,  Eighth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 


448 


APPENDIX 


Conely,  Dennis,  Col.  Livingston’s  Battalion,  New  York  Line. 
Conely,  John,  Col.  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Conely,  Patrick,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Conely,  Thomas,  Col.  Putnam’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Conely,  Thomas,  1st.  Regiment,  Provincial  troops  of  S.  C. 

Conely,  William,  Medfield,  Mass.  Militia. 

Coulee,  William,  Newburg,  Mass.  Company. 

Conlee,  William,  Col.  Sergeant’s  Massachusetts  RegimenL 
Conley,  Charles,  6th.  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Conley,  H.,  Prince  George  County,  Md.  troops. 

Conley,  Jacob,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade. 

Conley,  Neal,  N.  J.  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Conley,  Timothy,  Va.  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Conley,  William,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Conley,  John,  Capt.  Abijah  Rowlee’s  Mass.  Company. 

Conley,  John,  Sheldon’s  Connecticut  Light  Dragoons. 

Conley,  John,  Capt.  Lewis’  Rhode  Island  Continental  Company. 
Conley,  Thomas,  Cal.  Wessons’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Conley,  William,  Col.  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Conley,  William,  Col.  Cogswell’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Conly,  John,  Capt.  Hauchett’s  Connecticut  Company. 

Conly,  John,  2nd.  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Conly,  William,  Capt.  Lincoln’s  Co.  of  Matrosses,  Mass.  Artillery. 
Connally,  Edward,  Col.  Holman’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Connally,  Francis,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connally,  James,  New  Jersey,  Line  (regiment  unknown), 
Connally,  James,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connally,  James,  Col.  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Connally,  John,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connally,  John,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connally,  John,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connally,  John,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Connally,  John,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Connally,  John,  Maryland  Artillery. 

Connally,  John,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connally,  Lawrence,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connally,  Michael,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connally,  Michael,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connally,  Patrick,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade. 

Connally,  Patrick,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connally,  Patrick,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connally,  Patrick,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connally,  Philip,  Rawlings’  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connally,  Thomas,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Connally,  Thomas,  Dighton,  Mass.  Volunteers. 

Connally,  William,  Rawlings’  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 


APPENDIX 


449 


Connally,  William,  Va.  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Conneley,  Jeremiah,  Privateer  Cato,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Conneley,  James,  Ship  General  Mifflin,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Conneley,  John,  Col.  Putnam’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Conneley,  John,  Col.  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Conneley,  Michael,  Fellows’  Berkshire,  Mass.  Brigade. 

Conneley,  Patrick,  Lincoln  Galley,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Conneley,  Patrick,  Col.  Webb’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Conneley,  Patrick,  Gridley’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Connelley,  John,  Col.  McIntosh’s  Boston,  Mass.  Regiment. 

Connelly,  Bryan,  Bergen  County,  N.  J.  Militia, 

Connelly,  Charles,  Col.  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Connelly,  Daniel,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connelly,  Edward,  Frederick  County,  Md.  troops, 

Connelly,  George,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Corinelly,  George,  Col.  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Connelly,  Henry,  Third  Maryland  Battalion. 

Connelly,  Henry,  Fifth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connelly,  Hugh,  3rd.  Regiment,  Tryon  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Connelly,  Hugh,  Cumberland  County,  Penna,  Militia. 

Connelly,  Hugh,  Col.  Hazen’s  Continental  Regiment, 

Connelly,  Jacob,  Col.  Graham’s  New  York  Levies. 

Connelly,  James,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connelly,  James,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connelly,  James,  Second  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connelly,  John,  Ninth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connelly,  John,  Invalid  Regiment  (Penna.), 

Connelly,  John  3rd.  Batt.  1st.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

Connelly,  John,  1st.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Connelly,  John,  Middlesex  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Connelly,  John,  Monmouth  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Connelly,  John,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade. 

Connelly,  John,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connelly,  John,  Prince  George  County,  Md.  troops. 

Connelly,  John,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Connelly,  John,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Connelly,  John,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connelly,  John,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connelly,  John,  Additional  Corps,  N.  Y.  Line — “Green  Mountain  Boys.” 
Connelly,  John,  Fifth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connelly,  John,  Col.  Wessenfels’  New  York  Levies. 

Connelly,  John,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connelly,  John,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Connelly,  John,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connelly,  John,  Sixth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connelly,  John,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 


450 


APPENDIX 


Connelly,  John,  Seventh  Regiment  Penna.  Line. 

Connelly,  John,  3rd.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Connelly,  John,  Col.  Bond’s  Massachusetts  Ptegiment. 

Connelly,  John,  Col.  Putnam’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Connelly,  John,  Col.  Francis’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Connelly,  John,  Vermont  troops. 

Connelly,  John,  Capt.  William  Brown’s  Maryland  Artillery. 
Connelly,  Joseph,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connelly,  Lawrence,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connelly,  Lawrence,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connelly,  Lawrence,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connelly,  Jlichael,  Col.  Williams’  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 
Connelly,  Michael,  Col.  Simonds’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Connelly,  Neil,  Middlesex  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Cbnne!l3%  “Patt,”  First  Regiment,  ]Mar3dand  Line. 

Connelly,  Patrick,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connelly,  Patrick,  Seventh,  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connelly,  Patrick,  Third  Regiment,  Ulster  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Connell3',  Patrick,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Connelly,  Patrick,  Philadeljihia  City  Militia. 

Connelly,  Patrick,  Cumberland  C'ount3%  Penna.  Militia. 

Connelly,  Patrick,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connelly,  Patrick,  Col.  Fellows’  Massachusetts  IMilitia. 

Connelly,  Patrick,  Col.  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Connelly,  Patrick,  Massachusetts  Nary. 

Connelly,  Patrick,  klontgomery  County,  Md.  troops. 

Connell3^  Patrick,  Col.  Proctor’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Conne!l3’’,  Robert,  Fourth  Regiment,  Dutchess  County  N.  Y.  Militisu 
Connelh^  Robert,  Philadelphia  Count3'  Militia. 

Connelly,  Robert,  Fourth  Penns3dvania  Battalion. 

Connelh',  Roger,  Caroline  County,  Md.  troops. 

Connelly,  Simon,  Invalid  Regiment  (Penna). 

Connelly,  Thomas,  Lancaster  Count3%  Penna.  Militia. 

Connelly,  Thomas,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connelly,  Thomas,  Proctor’s  Penns3dvania  Artillery. 

Connelly,  Thomas,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connell3%  Thomas,  Col.  Walker’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Connelly,  William,  Seventh  Regiment,  Mar3-land  Line. 

Connell3%  William,  Mar3dand  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Connelly,  ’tVilliam,  Lancaster  Count3',  Penna.  Militia. 

Connelly,  William,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Connelly,  William,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connell3%  William,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connelly,  William,  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Connelly,  William,  First  Regiment,  ■^’^irginia  Line. 

Connerly,  Dennis,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 


APPENDIX 


451 


Connerly,  Patrick,  Dorchester  County,  Md.  Militia. 

Connerly,  William,  Col.  Poor’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Colnely,  Robert,  Col.  Wyman’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Coonley,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Kanallie,  John,  Hazen’s  Additional  Corps,  N.  Y.  Line. 

Kanallie,  Patrick,  Hazen’s  Additional  Corps,  N.  Y.  Line. 

McConely,  Nicholas,  Philadelphia  County  Militia. 

McConeley,  Philip,  Third  Regiment,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
McConnally,  James,  Second  Regiment,  Ulster  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
McConnally,  Patrick,  Hunterdon  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

McConnely,  Daniel,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

McConnely,  Edward,  Col.  Hall’s  Delav/are  Regiment. 

McConnely,  Hugh,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McC’onnoly,  Hugh,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

McConnoly,  Patrick,  4th.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
McConnolley,  Hugh,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Connolly,  James,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connolly,  Andrew,  Fourth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connolly,  Darby,  Randolph  County,  W.  Va.  Militia. 

Connolly,  Edward,  German  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connolly,  Edward,  Col.  Alden’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Connolly,  George,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connolly,  George,  Col.  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Connolly,  Henry,  Maryland  State  Regiment. 

Connolly,  Israel,  Second  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Connolly,  James,  Sheldon’s  Connecticut  Light  Dragoons. 

Connolly,  James,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  I.ine. 

Connolly,  John,  Maryland  Militia. 

Connolly,  John,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Connolly,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Marjdand  Line. 

Connolly,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connolly,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Westchester  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Connolly,  John,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connolly,  John,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connolly,  John,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connolly,  John,  York  County,  Penna,  Militia. 

Connolly,  John,  Thompson’s  Penna,  Rifle  Battalion. 

Connolly,  John,  Fourth  Penna.  Battalion. 

Connolly,  John,  Sixth  Penna.  Battalion. 

Connolly,  John,  Sloop  Providence,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Connolly,  John,  Morgan’s  Rifle  Corps. 

Connolly,  John,  First  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Connolly,  John,  First  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Connolly,  John,  North  Carolina  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Connolly,  Lawrence,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connolly,  Lawrence,  Fourth  Penna.  Battalion. 


452 


APPENDIX 


Connolly,  Michael,  Anne  Arundel  County,  Md.  Militia. 

Connolly,  Michael,  Baltimore  County,  Md.  Militia. 

Connolly,  Michael,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Connolly,  Michael,  Fifth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connolly,  Maurice,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Connolly,  Patrick,  Buclcs  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connolly,  Patrick,  New  Eleventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connolly,  Patrick,  Col.  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Connolly,  Patrick,  Col.  Neill's  Delaware  Regiment. 

Connolly,  Patrick,  Col.  Malcom’s  New  York  Levies. 

Connolly,  Patrick,  Brigantine  Tyranncide,  Massachusetts  Navy. 
Connolly,  Philip,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connolly,  Philip,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Connolly,  Roger,  Maryland  Militia. 

Connolly,  Patrick,  Capt.  Bradley’s  Company  of  Connecticut  Guards. 
Connolly,  Thomas,  Brigantine  Franklin,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Connolly,  Thomas,  Col.  Wesson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Connolly,  Thomas,  First  Regiment,  N.  J.  Continental  Line. 

Connolly,  Thomas,  3rd.  Batt.  1st.  Establishment  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Connolly,  Timothy,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connolly,  Timothy,  Capt.  Wm.  Brown’s  Maryland  Artillery. 

Connolly,  William,  Col.  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Connolly,  William,  Newburj%  Massachusetts  Company. 

Connolly,  William,  Capt.  Wm.  Brown’s  Maryland  Artillery. 

Connoly,  Jacob,  Col.  Graham’s  New  York  Regiment. 

Connoly,  James,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  I.ine. 

Connoly,  John,  Col.  Francis’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Connoly,  John,  West  Virginia  tro'ops. 

Connoly,  Michael,  Sixth  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Connoly,  Michael,  Delaware  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Connoly,  William,  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Connoly,  William,  Middlesex  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Connoly,  William,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connoly,  William,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connor,  Alexander,  Fourth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Connor,  Aaron,  Colonel  Wesson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Connor,  Ambrose,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Connor,  Ambrose,  Ninth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Connor,  Ambrose,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connor,  Benjamin,  New  Jersey  State  troops. 

Connor,  Benjamin,  Colonel  Tash’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Connor,  Bryan,  Eighth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Connor,  Connor,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Connor,  Cornelius,  Invalid  Regiment  (Pennsylvania). 

Connor,  Cornelius,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connor,  Charles,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 


APPENDIX 


453 


Connor,  Charles,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Connor,  Charles,  Sixth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Connor,  Charles,  Capt.  Stephenson’s  Company,  W.  Va.  Riflemen. 
Connor,  Charles,  First  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Connor,  Daniel,  Colonel  Bailey’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Connor,  Daniel,  Colonel  Pawling’s  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Levies. 

Connor,  Daniel,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connor,  Daniel,  Third  Regiment,  Dutchess  Co.,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Connor,  Daniel,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Connor,  Daniel,  Maryland  Militia. 

Connor,  Daniel,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connor,  Daniel,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Connor,  David,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Connor,  David,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Connor,  Dennis,  Invalid  Regiment  (Pennsylvania). 

Connor,  Dennis,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connor,  Edward,  Sixth  Regiment,  Dutchess  Co.,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Connor,  Edward,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connor,  Edward,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connor,  Edward,  First  Batt.  First  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Connor,  Edward,  Hunterdon  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Connor,  Edward,  Colonel  Nixon’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Connor,  Eliphalet,  Colonel  Wingate’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Connor,  Felix,  Pennsylvania  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Connor,  Francis,  Colonel  Tuppef’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Connor,  George,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connor,  George,  Middlesex  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Connor,  Henry,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Connor,  Henry,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connor,  Henry,  Colonel  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Connor,  Hugh,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connor,  Isaac,  Essex  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Connor,  Jacob,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Connor,  Jacob,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connor,  James,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connor,  James,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connor,  James,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connor,  James,  Col.  Harper’s  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Levies. 

Connor,  James,  Cbl.  Pawling’s  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Levies. 

Connor,  James,  Second  Regiment,  Dutchess  Co.,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Connor,  James,  Tryon  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Connor,  James  (1st.),  Maryland  Flying  Camp  Militia. 

Connor,  James  (2nd.),  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Lane. 

Connor,  James,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connor,  James,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connor,  James,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 


454  APPENDIX 

Connor,  James,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connor,  James,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connor,  James,  Fifth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connor,  James,  Fourth  Penna.  Battalion. 

Connor,  James,  Benton’s  South  Carolina  Rangers.  ♦ 

Connor,  James,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Connor,  Jacob,  Seventh  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Connor,  Jeremiah,  Colonel  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Connor,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Dutchess  Co.,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Connor,  John,  Sixth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connor,  John,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Connor,  John,  Col.  Doolittle’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Connor,  John,  Frederick  County,  Va.  troops. 

Connor,  John,  Jr.,  Third  Regiment,  Ulster  Co.,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Connor,  John,  Col.  Arnold’s  Detachment,  Massachusetts  troops. 
Connor,  John,  Sixth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Connor,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York -Line. 

Connor,  John,  Col.  Bartlett’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Connor,  John,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Connor,  John,  Continental  ship  Cabot. 

Connor,  John,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Connor,  John,  ^Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Connor,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connor,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connor,  John,  Miles’  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment. 

Connor,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Ulster  Co.,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Connor,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Ulster  Co.,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Connor,  John,  Twelfth  Regiment,  Albany  Co.,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Connor,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connor,  John,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Connor,  John,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connor,  John,  Westmoreland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connor,  John,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connor,  John,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connor,  John,  Eighth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connor,  John,  Ninth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connor,  John,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Connor,  John,  Sr.,  First  Partisan  Legion,  Pennsylvania. 

Connor,  .Tohn,  Jr.,  First  Partisan  Legion,  Pennsylvania. 

Connor,  John,  Lamb’s  New  York  Artillery. 

Connor,  Joseph,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connor,  Joseph,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connor,  Josepli,  Col.  Smith’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Connor,  Joseph,  Col.  Baldwin’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Connor,  Joseph,  Major  William  Rogers’  Rhode  Island  Company. 
Connor,  Joseph,  Col.  Evans’  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 


APPENDIX 


455 


Connor,  Lewis,  Thompson’s  South  Carolina  Rangers. 

Connor,  Littleton,  Col.  Hutchinson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Connor,  Michael,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Connor,  Michael,  Dorchester  County,  Maryland  Militia. 

Connor,  Michael,  Brig  Hazard,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Connor,  Matthew,  Fifth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connor,  Matthew,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connor,  Matthew,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connor,  Matthew,  Morris  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Connor,  Matthew,  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Connor,  Martin,  Fourth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connor,  Moses,  Colonel  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Connor,  Maurice,  Col.  Marshall’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Connor,  Patrick,  Capt.  McDowell’s  Co.,  7th  Reg’t.  Penna.  Line. 
Connor,  Patrick,  Capt.  Miller’s  Co.,  7th.  Reg’t.  Penna.  Line. 
Connor,  Patrick,  Capt.  Lusk’s  Co.,  7th.  Reg’t.  Penna.  Line. 
Connor,  Patrick,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Connor,  Patrick,  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Connor,  Patrick,  Fourth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connor,  Patrick,  Third  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connor,  Patrick,  Hartley’s  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connor,  Patrick,  Salem  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Connor,  Patrick,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connor,  Patrick,  Sixth  Reg’t.,  Dutchess  Co.,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Connor,  Patrick,  Continental  frigate,  Boston. 

Connor,  Philip,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connor,  Philip,  Thompson’s  Batt.,  Penna.  Riflemen. 

Connor,  Philip,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Connor,  Philip,  Virginia  State  Line. 

Connor,  Samuel,  Invahd  Regiment  (Pennsylvania). 

Connor,  Samuel,  Colonel  Tash’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Connor,  Samuel,  Second  Regiment,  N.  H.  Continental  Line. 
Connor,  Simon,  Second  Regiment,  Albany  Co.,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Connor,  Simon,  Capt.  Atkinson’s  New  Hampshire  Company. 
Connor,  Thomas,  Fifth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connor,  Thomas,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connor,  Thomas,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connor,  Thomas,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connor,  Thomas,  Berks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connor,  Thomas,  Monmouth  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Connor,  Thomas,  Thompson’s  South  Carolina  Rangers. 

Connor,  Thomas,  Charleston,  S.  C.  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Connor,  Thomas,  Col.  Marshall’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Connor,  Thomas,  Brig  Deane,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Connor,  Timothy,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Connor,  Timothy,  Invalid  Regiment  (Pennsylvania). 


456 


APPENDIX 


Connor,  Timothy,  Queen  Anne’s  County,  Md.  troops. 

Connor,  Timothy,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connor,  Timothy,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connor,  Timothy,  Second  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Line. 

Connor,  Timothy,  Salem  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Connor,  Timothy,  Sloop  Fox,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Connor,  Timothy,  First  Maryland  Battalion. 

Connor,  Timothy,  Thompson’s  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment. 

Connor,  William,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connor,  William,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connor,  William,  Twelfth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Connor,  William,  Col.  Pawling’s  Regiment,  N.  Y.  Levies. 

Connor,  William,  Col.  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Connor,  William,  Col.  Little’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Connor,  William,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Connor,  William,  Col.  Allen’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Connor,  William,  Seventh  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Connor,  William,  Eighth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Conner,  Barney,  First  Partisan  Legion,  Penna. 

Conner,  Cornelius,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Conner,  Cornelius,  Westmoreland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Conner,  Cornelius,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Conner,  Cornelius,  West  Virginia  troops. 

Conner,  Charles,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Conner,  Charles,  Seventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Conner,  Charles,  Col.  McCobb’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Conner,  Daniel,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Conner,  Daniel,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Conner,  Daniel,  Col.  Fellows’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Conner,  Daniel,  Caroline  County,  Md.  troops. 

Conner,  Daniel,  Col.  Knowlton’s  Connecticut  troops. 

Conner,  David,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Conner,  David,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Conner,  Darby,  Colonel  Neill’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Conner,  Dennis,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Conner,  Edward,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Conner,  Edward,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Conner,  Edward,  Fourth  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Conner,  Edward,  Col.  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Conner,  Edward,  Col.  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Conner,  Edward,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Conner,  Edward,  Arnold’s  Detachment,  Mass,  troops. 

Conner,  Edmund,  Ship  Skyrocket,  Mass.  Navy. 

Conner,  E.,  Vermont  troops. 

Conner,  Francis,  Major  Heath’s  Massachusetts  Guards. 

Conner,  George,  Second  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 


APPENDIX 


457 


Conner,  George,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion, 

Conner,  Hugh,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Conner,  Hugh,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Conner,  James,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Conner,  James,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Conner,  James,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Conner,  James,  Col.  Mansfield’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Conner,  James,  Ship  General  Putnam,  Mass.  Navy. 

Conner,  James,  Col.  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Conner,  James,  Third  Reg’t.  Dutchess  Co.,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Conner,  James,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Conner,  John,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Conner,  John,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Conner,  John,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Conner,  John,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Conner,  John,  Sr.,  Fifth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Conner,  John,  Jr.,  Fifth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Conner,  John,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Conner,  John,  Eighth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Conner,  John,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Conner,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Conner,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Conner,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Conner,  John,  Col.  Fellows’  Mass.  Regiment 
Conner,  John,  Col.  Shepard’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Conner,  John,  Gen’l.  Patterson’s  Mass.  Battalion. 

Conner,  John,  Col.  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Conner,  John,  Col.  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Conner,  John,  West  Virginia  troops. 

Conner,  John,  First  Regiment,  Virginia  Line. 

Conner,  John,  Virginia  State  Line. 

Conner,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Conn.  Line. 

Conner,  John,  St.  Clair’s  Penna.  Battalion. 

Conner,  John,  Col.  Doolittle’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Conner,  Joseph,  Capt.  Hancock’s  Newbury,  Mass.  Company. 
Conner,  Joseph,  Sheldon’s  Conn.  Light  Dragoons. 

Conner,  Joseph,  Col.  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Reg’t. 

Conner,  Lewis,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Conner,  Mark,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Conner,  Matthew,  2nd.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Conner,  Matthew,  First  Regiment,  Conn.  Line. 

Conner,  Michael,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Conner,  Michael,  Ship  General  Putnam,  Mass.  Navy. 

Conner,  Owen,  Col.  Patterson’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Conner,  Owen,  Col.  Preston’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Conner,  Patrick,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 


458 


APPENDIX 


Conner,  Patrick,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Conner,  Peter,  Fifth  Penna.  Battalion. 

Conner,  Richard,  Morgan’s  Virginia  Riflemen. 

Conner,  Robert,  Ship  Defence,  Maryland  Navy. 

Conner,  Samuel,  Col.  Scammel’s  N.  H.  Regiment. 

Conner,  Simon,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Conner,  Terrance,  Company  No.  2,  Morgan’s  Riflemen. 

Conner,  Terrence,  Co.  No.  9,  Morgan’s  Riflemen. 

Conner,  Thomas,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Conner,  Thomas,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Conner,  Thomas,  First  Regiment,  Marj  land  Line. 

Conner,  Thomas,  Elliott’s  Rhode  Island  Artillery. 

Conner,  Timothy,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Conner,  Timothy,  Kent  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Conner,  Timothy,  2nd.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Conner,  Timothy,  4th.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  .1.  State  Line. 
Conner,  Timothy,  Arnold’s  Detachment,  Mass,  troops. 

Conner,  Timothy,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Conner,  William,  Col.  Malcolm’s  Reg’t.  New  York  Levies. 

Conner,  William,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Conner,  William,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Conner,  William,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Conner,  William,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line 
Conner,  William,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Conner,  William,  Lieut.  Col.  Baldwin’s  Mass.  Guards. 

Cohner,  William,  Col.  Little’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Conner,  William,  Col.  Brewer’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Conner,  William,  Ship  General  Pvtnam,  Mass.  Navy. 

Conner,  William,  Col.  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Conner,  William,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Conner,  William,  Worcester  Count}%  Md.  troops. 

Conners,  Edmund,  Col.  Sergeant’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Conners,  John,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Chnnors,  Benjamin,  Galley  Hyder  Ally,  Mass.  Navy. 

Connors,  Benjamin,  Tenth  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line. 

Connors,  James,  Col.  Mansfield’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Connors,  John,  Col.  Nixon’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Connors,  John,  Tenth  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line. 

Connors,  John,  Tenth  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line. 

Connors,  Joseph,  Col.  Greene’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Connors,  Nathaniel,  Third  Regiment,  S.  C.  Line. 

Connors,  William,  Tenth  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line. 

Connors,  William,  Tenth  Regiment,  N.  C.  Line. 

Connyrs,  Dennis,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Connyrs,  James,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Conyers,  Dennis,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 


APPENDIX 


459 


Conyers,  John,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Conyers,  John,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade. 

Conyers,  William,  George  Continental  Brigade. 

McConner,  James,  Col.  Prescott’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

McConner,  James,  Col.  Jackson’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

McConnor,  James,  Second  Mass.  Regiment. 

McConner,  Joseph,  Hingham,  Mass.  Company. 

McConnor,  James,  Hollis,  N.  PI.  Company  of  Minute  Men. 
O’Conner,  Bryan,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

O’Connor,  Cornelius,  Invalid  Regiment  (Pennsylvania). 
O’Connor,  Dennis,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

O’Connor,  Edward,  New  York  troops  (regiment  unknown). 
O’Connor,  Eliphalet,  Col.  Senter’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
O Connor,  John,  Seventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

O’Connor,  John,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

O’Connor,  John,  Tenth  Massaehusetts  Regiment. 

O’Connor,  John,  Eighth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Connor,  John,  Delaware  troops  (regiment  unknown). 
O’Connor,  John,  Philadelphia  City  Artillery. 

O’Connor.  Michael,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
O’Connor,  Morgan,  Seventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

O’Connor,  Timothy,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

O’Connor,  William,  Col.  Hazen’s  Continental  Regiment. 

Doherty,  Andrew,  Pennsylvania  State  Reg’t.  of  Foot. 

Doherty,  Archibald,  Pennsylvania  State  Reg’t.  of  Foot. 
Doherty,  Anthony,  Pennsylvania  State  Reg’t.  of  Foot. 
Doherty,  Anthony,  Atlee’s  Penna.  Musketry  Battalion. 
Doherty,  Barnabas,  Pennsylvania  State  Reg’t.  of  Foot. 
Doherty,  Barneby,  Third  Penna.  Battalion. 

Doherty,  Benjamin,  Col.  Neill’s  Delaware  Regiment. 
Doherty,  George,  Sixth  Reg’t.,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Doherty,  James,  Second  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Doherty,  John,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Doherty,  John,  Ninth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 
Doherty,  Michael,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade. 

Doherty,  Michael,  Sr.,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 
Doherty,  Michael,  Jr.,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 
Doherty,  Michael,  Col.  Greene’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 
Doherty,  Patrick,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 
Doherty,  Richard,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 
Doherty,  Thomas,  Fourth  Regiment,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.  Militia, 
Doherty,  Thomas,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Doharty,  Charles,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 
Doharty,  John,  Essex  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 


460 


APPENDIX 


Doharty,  Peter,  South  Carolina  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Doharty,  Arthur,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Doharty,  Barney,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Doharty,  Francis,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Doharty,  Jesse,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Dougherty,  Archibald,  Fifth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  Anthony,  First  Regiment,  N.  J.,  Continental  Line. 
Dougherty,  Anthony,  Spencer’s  Regiment,  N.  J.,  Continental  Line. 
Dougherty,  Anthony,  Berks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Anthony,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Anthony,  1st  Batt.  2nd  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Dougherty,  Barnaby,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Dougherty,  Barney,  Miles’  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment. 

Dougherty,  Barney,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Bernard,  Third  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  Bernard,  Fifth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  Charles,  Col.  Brewer’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Dougherty,  Charles,  Col.  Whitcomb’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Dougherty,  Charles,  Col.  Wigglesworth’s  INIass.  Regiment. 

Dougherty,  Charles,  Vermont  troops. 

Dougherty,  Charles,  1st.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Dougherty,  Charles,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Charles,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Dougherty,  Charles,  Col.  Learned’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Dougherty,  Cornelius,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  Cornelius,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Cornelius,  Thompson’s  Penna.  Rifle  Battalion. 

Dougherty,  Cornelius,  10th  Regiment,  Albany  Co.,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Dougherty,  Cornelius,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Dougherty,  Cornelius,  West  Virginia  troops. 

Dougherty,  Daniel,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Dougherty,  Daniel,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Daniel,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  Daniel,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Dempsey,  Second  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 
Dougherty,  Dennis,  Frigate  Deane,  Mass.  Navy. 

Dougherty,  Dennis,  Seventh  Regiment,  Marjdand  Line. 

Dougherty,  Dennis,  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Dougherty,  Dennis,  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.  Militia,  Gilchrist’s  Company. 
Dougherty,  Dennis,  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.  Malitia,  Rutherford’s  Company. 
Dougherty,  Dennis,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Dennis,  Sloop  Defence,  Maryland  Navy. 

Dougherty,  Dudley,  Westmoreland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Edward,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Edward,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Edward,  Hazen’s  Continental  Regiment  (Penna.). 


APPENDIX 


461 


Dougherty,  Edward,  Hazen’s  Continental  Regiment  (N.  H.). 
Dougherty,  Edward,  Gloucester  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Edmund,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Frederick,  Cumberland,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  George,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  George,  Third  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  George,  Ninth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  George,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  George,  Second  Penna.  Battalion. 

Dougherty,  George,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Dougherty,  George,  Thompson’s  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment. 

Dougherty,  Henry,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Dougherty,  Henry,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Henry,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia, 
Dougherty,  Henry,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Henry,  1st.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Dougherty,  Henry,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Hugh,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Dougherty,  Hugh,  Westmoreland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Hugh,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Hugh,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Hugh,  Miles’  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment. 

Dougherty,  James,  Third  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  James,  Ninth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  James,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 
Dougherty,  James,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Doughert}",  James,  Connecticut  Artillery  Artificers. 

Dougherty,  James,  Sr.,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  James,  Jr.,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  James,  Fifth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  James,  Eighth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  James,  Twelfth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  James,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Dougherty,  James,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  James,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Dougherty,  James,  Cumberland  Countj%  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  James,  Lancaster,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  James,  Robinson’s  Penna.  Rangers. 

Dougherty,  James,  Hartley’s  Penna.  Regiment. 

Dougherty,  James,  Thompson’s  Penna.  Rifle  Battalion. 

Dougherty,  James,  3rd.  Batt.  1st.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

Dougherty,  James,  2nd.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

Dougherty,  James,  Charleston,  S.  C.  Volunteer  Horse. 

Dougherty,  James,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  James,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  James,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 


462 


APPENDIX 


Dougherty,  James,  Middlesex  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  James,  First  Penna.  Battalion. 

Dougherty,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Dougherty,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Dougherty,  John,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Dougherty,  John,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Dougherty,  John,  1st.  Batt.  2nd  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Dougherty,  John,  First  Regiment,  N.  J.  Continental  Line. 
Dougherty,  John,  Lee’s  Legion,  N.  J.  Line. 

Dougherty,  John,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  John,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  John,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Douglierty,  John,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  John,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  John,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia, 
Dougherty,  John,  Phila.  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  John,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  John,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  John,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  John,  Miles’  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment. 

Dougherty,  John,  Thompson’s  Penna.  Rifle  Battalion. 

Dougherty,  John,  Sixth  Penna.  Battalion. 

Dougherty,  John,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Dougherty,  John,  Somerset  Company,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  John,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Dougherty,  John,  Col.  Brewer’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Dougherty,  John,  Col.  Whitcomb’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Dougherty,  John,  Crane’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Dougherty,  John,  Col.  Putnam’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Dougherty,  John,  Ritchie  County,  W.  Va.  troops. 

Dougherty,  John,  New  Castle  County,  Del.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  John,  First  Regiment,  Virginia  Cont.  Line. 
Dougherty,  Mark,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Dougherty,  Mathias,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  Matthew,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Mathew,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Matthew,  Thompson’s  Penna.  Rifle  Battalion. 
Dougherty,  Michael,  Harford  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Dougherty,  Michael,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Dougherty,  Michael,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Dougherty,  Michael,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Dougherty,  Michael,  Capt.  Harris’  Company,  Md.  Flying  Camp. 
Dougherty,  Michael,  Courtenay’s  Penna.  Artillery. 

Dougherty,  Michael,  Col.  Brewer’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Dougherty,  Michael,  Col.  Whitcomb’s  Mass.  Regiment. 


APPENDIX 


463 


Dougherty,  Michael,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Dougherty,  Michael,  Colonel  Neill’s  Delaware  Reg’t. 

Dougherty,  Michael,  Delaware  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Michael,  Providence,  R.  I.  Company. 

Dougherty,  Michael,  Col.  Marshall’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Dougherty,  Mordecai,  Eighth  Reg’t.,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  Moses,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Nathaniel,  Col.  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Dougherty,  Neil,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Patrick,  Charleston,  S.  C.  Volunteer  Horse. 

Dougherty,  Patrick,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Patrick,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Patrick,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Dougherty,  Peter,  1st.  Reg’t.,  N.  J.  Continental  Line. 

Dougherty,  Peter,  1st.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Dougherty,  Peter,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Peter,  Cumberland,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Philip,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Robert,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Roger,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 
Dougherty,  Roger,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Dougherty,  Samuel,  Capt.  Cooper’s  Barre,  Mass.  Company. 
Dougherty,  Thomas,  Col.  Craft’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 
Dougherty,  Thomas,  Col.  Brewer’s  Masachusetts  Regiment. 
Dougherty,  Thomas,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  Thomas,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 
Dougherty,  Thomas,  Capt.  Ward’s  Westerly,  R.  I.  Company. 
Dougherty,  William,  Second  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Dougherty,  William,  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Dougherty,  William,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  William,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  William,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 
Dougherty,  William,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 
Dougherty,  William,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 
Dougherty,  William,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Dougherty,  William,  Fifth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Dougherty,  William,  Robinson’s  Penna.  Rangers. 

Dougherty,  William,  Col.  Brewer’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Dougherty,  William,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Dougherty,  William,  Fifth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Dougherty,  William,  4th.  Reg’t.,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  MUitla. 
Daugharly,  John,  Col.  Brewer’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Daugharty,  John,  Stevens’  Mass.  Artillery. 

Daugharty,  Patrick,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 
Daugharty,  Michael,  Col.  Marshall’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Daugherty,  Edmund,  Capt.  Robert  Harris’  Co.,  Md.  Flying  Camp. 


464 


APPENDIX 


Daugherty,  Patrick,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Daugherty,  William,  ]\laryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Daugherty,  William,  Third  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Daugherty,  Benjamin,  Col.  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 
Daugherty,  James,  Col.  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Daugherty,  John,  Frederick  County,  Md.  troops. 

Daugherty,  Patrick,  New  Castle  County,  Del.  Militia. 

Docherty,  Cornelius,  3rd.  Reg’t.,  Ulster  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Docherty,  George,  Sixth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Docherty,  George,  St.  Clair’s  Penna.  Battalion. 

Docherty,  James,  Sixth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Docherty,  John,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Docherty,  John,  Charleston,  S.  C.  Volunteer  Horse. 

Docherty,  John,  New  11th  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Docherty,  Joseph,  Arnold’s  Detachment,  Mass,  troops. 

Docherty,  Michael,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Docherty,  William,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Doucherty,  William,  Sixth  Penna.  Battalion. 

Docherty,  John,  1st.  Reg’t.,  N.  J.  Continental  Line. 

Dogharty,  Charles,  Bergen  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Dogharty,  James,  Third  Regiment,  S.  C.  Line. 

Dogharty,  Neil,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Dogharty,  John,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Doherda,  John,  Hunterdon  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Doherda,  William,  4th.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Doherdy,  John,  4th.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Dorety,  Jesse,  Dorset  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Dority,  Francis,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Dority,  Charles,  Col.  Cilley’s  New  Hampshire  Reg’t. 

Dorrity,  William,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Dorit^’’,  William,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Doghorthy,  Mark,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Droharty,  William,  Col.  Bradford’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Dorathy,  Charles,  Col.  Bedell’s  New  Hampshire  Reg’t. 

Dorothy,  Michael,  Col.  Elliott’s  Rhode  Island  Artillery. 

Doughaty,  John,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelley,  Andrew,  New  Eleventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 
Kelley,  Andrew,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Kelley,  Andrew,  Colonel  Little’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Andrew,  Colonel  Wheelock’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Abraham,  Additional  Corps  of  New  York  Levies. 

Kelley,  Abraham,  Vermont  troops — “Green  Mountain  Boys.” 
Kelley,  Abraham,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  MUitia. 

Kelley,  Abner,  Harwich,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Kelley,  Abner,  Frigate  Boston,  Massachusetts  Navy. 


APPENDIX 


465 


Kelley,  Aaron,  Captain  Langdon’s  Company  of  Boothbay,  Maine. 
Kelley,  Aaron,  Lieut.  John  Jones’  Volunteer  Scouts. 

Kelley,  Alexander,  Colonel  Bullard’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Alexander,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Alexander,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Alexander,  Colonel  Reed’s  New  Hampshire  Militia. 

Kelley,  Anthony,  Colonel  Merrill’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Alexander,  Vermont  troops. 

Kelley,  Bartholomew,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Benjamin,  Sixth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Kelley,  Beriah,  Seventh  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Kelley,  Charles,  Seventh  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Kelley,  Charles,  Knowlton’s  Connecticut  Rangers. 

Kelley,  Charles,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Cornelius,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Kelley,  Conrad,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelley,  Christopher,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Christopher,  Colonel  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Kelley,  Daniel,  Captain  Ormsbee’s  Warren,  R.  I.  Company. 

Kelley,  Daniel,  Eighth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Daniel,  Cumberland  County,  Penna,  Militia. 

Kelley,  Daniel,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Daniel,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Daniel,  Fifth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Kelley,  Daniel,  Captain  Jonathan  Drown’s  Massachusetts  Company. 
Kelley,  David,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Kelley,  David,  Colonel  Sprout’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  David,  Colonel  Brewer’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  David,  Colonel  Wheelock’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  David,  Third  Regiment,  Worcester  County,  Mass. 

Kelley,  David,  Tenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  David,  Capt.  Joshua  Gray’s  Massachusetts  Company. 

Kelley,  David,  Captain  Smith  Emerson’s  New  Hampshire  Company. 
Kelley,  David,  Colonel  Hazen’s  Continental  Regiment. 

Kelley,  David,  Third  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  MUitia. 
Kelley,  Dennis,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line, 

Kelley,  Dennis,  Fifth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Kelley,  Dennis,  First  Maryland  Battalion. 

Kelley,  Dennis,  Thompson’s  Pennsylvania  Riflemen. 

Kelley,  Dennis,  Sloop  Winthrop,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Kelley,  Dennis,  New  Castle  County,  Delaware  Militia. 

Kelley,  Dennis,  Colonel  Arnold’s  Detachment  of  Massachusetts  troops. 
Kelley,  Edward,  Colonel  Smith’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Edward,  Third  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Edward,  Captain  Thomas  Whipple’s  Company  of  Mass.  Guards. 
Kelley,  Edward,  Captain  David  Copp’s  New  Hampshire  Company. 


466 


APPENDIX 


Kelley,  Edward,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown), 
Kelley,  Edward,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Edward,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Edward,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Kelley,  Edward,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Edward,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Edward,  Eighth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelley,  Edward,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Kelley,  Edward,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelley,  Elias,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Elijah,  Essex  County,  Massachusetts  troops. 

Kelley,  Eleazar,  Colonel  Vose’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Elias,  Vermont  troops. 

Kelley,  E.,  Colonel  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Francis,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelley,  George,  Second  Regiment,  Tryon  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Kelley,  George,  Colonel  Howe’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  George,  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts  troops. 

Kelley,  Giles,  Colonel  Cilley’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Henry,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Kelley,  Henry,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  INIilitia. 

Kelley,  Isaac,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Kelley,  Isaac,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelley,  Jeremiah,  Sixth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Kelley,  Jacob,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Kelley,  James.  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  James,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  James,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  James,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militieu 
Kelley,  James,  First  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Kelley,  James,  Atlee’s  Pennsylvania  Musketry  Battalion. 

Kelley,  James,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelley,  James,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknowm). 

Kelley,  James,  Second  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  James,  Colonel  Patterson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  James,  Colonel  Gridley’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Kelley,  James,  Connecticut  Artillery  Artificers. 

Kelley,  James,  Second  Philadelphia  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Kelley,  James,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

Kelley,  James,  Second  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

Kelley,  James,  Fifth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelley,  Jonathan,  Sixth  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Kelley,  Jonathan,  Colonel  Cilley’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Kelley,  Jonathan,  First  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

Kelley,  Johnston,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Joshua,  Fifth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 


APPENDIX 


467 


Kelley,  John,  Additional  Corps  of  the  New  York  Line. 

Kelley,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Kelley,  John,  Seventh  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Kelley,  John,  Sixth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Kelley,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Ulster  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Kelley,  John,  Captain  William  Reiley’s  Maryland  troops. 

Kelley,  John,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade. 

Kelley,  John,  Sixth  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Kelley,  John,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  John,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  John,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  John,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  John,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  John,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  John,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  John,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  John,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  John,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  John,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  John,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  John,  Thompson’s  Pennsylvania  Riflemen. 

Kelley,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelley,  John,  Moylan’s  F'ourth  Pennsylvania  Dragoons. 

Kelley,  John,  Colonel  Patterson’s  Masaschusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  John,  Colonel  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  John,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Kelley,  John,  Colonel  Scammon’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  John,  Colonel  Phinney’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  John,  Colonel  Glover’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  John,  Colonel  Woodbridge’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  John,  General  Ward’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  John,  Tenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  John,  Colonel  Dudley’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  John,  Colonel  Whitcomb’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  John,  Colonel  Danielson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  John,  Colonel  Rice’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  John,  Colonel  Vose’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  John,  Colonel  Wesson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  John,  Ship  Putnam,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Kelley,  John,  Colonel  Arnold’s  Detachment  of  Massachusetts  troops. 
Kelley,  John,  Shirley,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Kelley,  John,  Vermont  troops. 

Kelley,  John,  Henry  County,  Virginia  Militia. 

Kelley,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Kelley,  John,  Ship  Cromwell,  Connecticut  Navy. 

Kelley,  John,  Virginia  State  Line. 


468 


APPENDIX 


Kelley,  Joseph,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Joseph,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Joseph,  Jr.,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Joseph,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Joseph,  Third  Regiment,  Lincoln  County,  Maine. 

Kelley,  Joseph,  Captain  Ormsbee’s  Company,  Warren,  R.  I.  Militia. 
Kelley,  Joshua,  Twenty-sixth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Joshua,  Sixth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Kelley,  Lawrence,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Lawrence,  Third  Battalion,  Wadsworth’s  Connecticut  Brigade. 
Kelley,  Levi,  Colonel  Freeman’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Longley,  Colonel  Johnson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Luke,  Colonel  Mitchell’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Mathias,  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Matthew,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Matthew,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Matthew,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Kelley,  Matthew,  Colonel  Henley’s  Massachusetts  Regiment, 

Kelley,  Matthew,  Colonel  Sherburne’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Matthew,  Colonel  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Matthew,  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Michael,  Fourth  Regiment,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Kelley,  Michael,  First  Regiment,  Pennsjdvania  Line. 

Kelley,  Michael,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelley,  Michael,  Sixth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelley,  Michael,  Colonel  Greene’s  Rhode  Island  Foot  Regiment. 
Kelley,  Michael,  Colonel  Moone3'’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment, 

Kelley,  Mitchell,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelley,  Mordecai,  Washington  Countj%  Penna,  Militia. 

Kelley,  Morris,  Colonel  Bigelow’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Moses,  Colonel  Porter’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Moses,  Colonel  Brewer’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Moses,  Third  Battalion,  Wadsworth’s  Connecticut  Brigade. 
Kelley,  Nathan,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Nathaniel,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Nathaniel,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Nathaniel,  Washington  Countj',  Penna.  Militia, 

Kelley,  Nathaniel,  Colonel  Mooney’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment 
Kelley,  Patrick,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelley,  Patrick,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelley,  Patrick,  Colonel  Pawling’s  Regiment  of  New  York  Levies. 
Kelley,  Patrick,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Patrick,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Patrick,  German  Regiment  of  Pennsjdvania. 

Kelley,  Patrick,  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment 
Kelley,  Patrick,  Pennsylvania  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 


APPENDIX 


469 


Kelley,  Patrick,  Saint  Mary’s  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Kelley,  Patrick,  Colonel  Patterson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Patrick,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Patrick,  Colonel  Hatch’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Patrick,  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts  troops. 

Kelley,  Patrick,  Colonel  Arnold’s  Detachment  of  Massachusetts  troops 
Kelley,  Peter,  Fourth  Regiment,  Orange  Countj'^,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Peter,  Colonel  Putnam’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Peter,  Colonel  Mitchell’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Peter,  Colonel  Phinney’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Reuben,  Third  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Kelley,  Richard,  Captain  Jacob  Webster’s  New  Hampshire  Company. 
Kelley,  Robert,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Robert,  Colonel  Holman’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Robert,  Colonel  Dike’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Robert,  New  York  Naval  Service. 

Kelley,  Robert,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelley,  Robert,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelley,  Samuel,  Delaware  Militia. 

Kelley,  Samuel,  Colonel  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Samuel,  Vermont  troops. 

Kelley,  Samuel,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Samuel,  Third  Regiment,  South  Carolina  Line. 

Kelley,  Samuel,  Colonel  Mooney’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Seymour,  Hampshire  Countj%  Mass,  troops. 

Kelley,  Silvanus,  Fourth  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  troops. 
Kelley,  Stephen,  Craft’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Kelley,  Stephen,  Colonel  Daggit’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Thomas,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknowm). 
Kelley,  Thomas,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelley,  Thomas,  Second  Regiment,  Tryon  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Thomas,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Thomas,  Washington  Countj^  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Thomas,  Jr.,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  Thomas,  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Thomas,  Second  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Kelley,  Thomas,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelley,  Thomas,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelley,  Thomas,  Lanesborough,  Massachusetts,  Company. 

Kelley,  Thomas,  Colonel  Gerrish’s  Massachusetts  Guards. 

Kelley,  Thomas,  Tender,  General  Hospital. 

Kelley,  Timothy,  Colonel  Eno’s  Connecticut  Militia  Regiment. 

Kelley,  Timothy,  Colonel  Hazen’s  Continental  Regiment. 

Kelley,  “Verny,”  Yarmouth,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Kelley,  William,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Kelley,  William,  Second  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 


470 


APPENDIX 


Kelley,  William,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Kelley,  William,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  William,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  William,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelley,  WilUam,  Sixth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

KeUey,  William,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelley,  William,  Ninth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelley,  William,  Pennsylvania  Artillery  Artificers. 

Kelley,  William,  Third  Regiment,  Lincoln  Coimty,  Maine, 

Kelley,  William,  Colonel  Gerrish’s  Massachusetts  Guards. 

Kelley,  William,  Twenty-fifth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  William,  Colonel  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  William,  Colonel  Sprout’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  William,  Colonel  Vose’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  William,  Colonel  Senter’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Kelley,  William,  Colonel  Ward’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  William,  Brigantine  Freedom,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Kelley,  William,  Sloop  Providence,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Kelley,  William,  Frigate  Boston,  Continental  Navy. 

Kelley,  William,  Captain  Morgan’s  Company,  Hampshire  and  Worcester 
Counties,  Massachusetts  troops. 

Kelley,  William,  Colonel  McCobb’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelley,  WiUiam,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Kelley,  William,  Captain  Hugh  Stephenson’s  West  Virginia  Riflemen. 
Kelley,  William,  Vermont  troops. 

Kelley,  William,  Dutchess  County,  New  York  Militia. 

Kelley,  William,  Colonel  Long’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Kelley,  William,  Barrington,  Rhode  Island  Militia  Guards. 

Kelly,  Andrew,  Virginia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Kelly,  Andrew,  Colonel  Thayer’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Andrew,  Colonel  Francis’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Andrew,  Colonel  Reed’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Andrew,  Crane’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Kelly,  Anthony,  Stevens’  New  York  Artillery. 

Kelly,  Aaron,  Schooner  General  Putnam,  Massachusetts  Navy, 

Kelly,  Abijah,  Colonel  Johnson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Abner,  Colonel  Cushing’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Abner,  Colonel  Wells’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Abner,  Colonel  Samuel  Carr’s  Springfield,  Mass.  Company. 

Kelly,  Andrew,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Abel,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Abram,  Fourth  Regiment,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Abram,  Middlesex  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Kelly,  Abram,  Captain  Boykin's  South  Carolina  Rangers. 

Kelly,  Alexander,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  Barney,  Atlee’s  Pennsylvania  Musketry  Battalion. 


APPENDIX 


471 


KeUy,  Barney,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  Barney,  Captain  Bradt’s  New  York  Rangers. 

Kelly,  Barnabas,  Henry  County,  Virginia  Militia, 

Kelly,  Barnabas,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  Barnaby,  Frederick  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Kelly,  Bartholomew,  4th.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Kelly,  Benjamin,  Seventh  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Kelly,  Benjamin,  Virginia  State  Line. 

Kelly,  Benjamin,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Kelly,  Benjamin,  Sixth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  Benjamin,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Charles,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  Charles,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Kelly,  Charles,  Sixth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Kelly,  Charles,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Kelly,  Charles,  Richmond,  Rhode  Island  Company. 

Kelly,  “Carpenter,”  Bergen  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Kelly,  “Carpenter,”  Second  Regiment,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Kelly,  Christopher,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Daniel,  Second  Regiment,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Militieu 
Kelly,  Daniel,  3rd.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Kelly,  Daniel,  3rd.  Batt.  1st.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

Kelly,  Daniel,  Sixteenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  David,  Colonel  Tyler’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  David,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  David,  Colonel  Reed’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Kelly,  David,  Colonel  Poor’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Kelly,  David,  Rhode  Island  Continental  Line. 

Kelly,  David,  Hazen’s  Continental  Regiment. 

Kelly,  David,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  David,  First  Regiment  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  David,  Seventeenth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Kelly,  David,  Somerset  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Kelly,  David,  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Kelly,  David,  Pennsylvania  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Kelly,  David,  Colonel  Wyman’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Kelly,  David,  Colonel  Spencer’s  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Line. 

Kelly,  Dennis,  Sixth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  Dennis,  Invalid  Regiment  (Pennsylvania). 

Kelly,  Dennis,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Dennis,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Dennis,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Dennis,  Livingston’s  Battalion,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  Dennis,  Second  Regiment,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Kelly,  Dennis,  Colonel  Wessenfels’  New  York  Levies. 

Kelly,  Dennis,  Colonel  Neill’s  Delaware  Regiment. 


472 


APPENDIX 


Kelly,  Dennis,  Jr.,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Associators. 

Kelly,  Duncan,  Barrington,  Rhode  Island  Company. 

Kelly,  Edward,  Colonel  Webster’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Kelly,  Edward,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  I.ine. 

Kelly,  Edward,  Westmoreland  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Kelly,  Edward,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Edward,  Rawlings’  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Edward,  Kent  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Kelly,  Edward,  Colonel  Harper’s  Regiment,  New  York  Levies, 
Kelly,  Edward,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment, 
Kelly,  Edward,  Sixth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Kelly,  Edmund,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  Edmund,  Colonel  Henley’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Kelly,  Elijah,  Colonel  Bradford’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Kelly,  Ephraim,  Colonel  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Kelly,  Francis,  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Kelly,  George,  Tliird  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  George,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

Kelly,  George,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Kelly,  George,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  George,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  George,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  George,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  George,  Morris  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Kelly,  George,  Danvers,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Kelly,  George,  Colonel  Spaulding’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Kelly,  George,  Colonel  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Kelly,  Gordon,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Kelly,  Henry,  Colonel  Willett’s  Regiment,  New  York  Levies. 
Kelly,  Henry,  Colonel  Harper’s  Regiment,  New  York  Levies. 
Kelly,  Henry,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Henry,  Lieut.  Colonel  Park’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Kelly,  Hugh,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  Hugh,  Dorchester  County,  Maryland  Militia. 

Kelly,  Hugh,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  Hugh,  Colonel  Vose’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Hugh,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Hugh,  North  Carolina  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Kelly,  Hugh,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Hugh,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Hugh,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Isaac,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Isaac,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly  Jacob,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Kelly,  Jacob,  1st.  Batt.  1st.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line, 
Kelly,  Jared,  New  Jersey  Line  (regiment  unknown). 


APPENDIX 


470 


Kelly,  James,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Kelly,  James,  Preston  County,  West  Virginia  troops. 

Kelly,  James,  Third  Regiment,  Ulster  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Kelly,  James,  Seventh  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Kelly,  James,  Dutchess  County,  New  York  Militia. 

Kelly,  James,  Rockland  County,  New  York  Associators. 

Kelly,  James,  Sixth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Kelly,  James,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Kelly,  James,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  James,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  James,  Pennsylvania  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Kelly,  James,  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment. 

Kelly,  James,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

Kelly,  James,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  James,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  James,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  James,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  James,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  James,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  James,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Kelly,  James,  Harford  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Kelly,  James,  Captain  Samuel  Smith’s  Company,  Maryland  Militia. 
Kelly,  James,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  James,  Colonel  DeHaas’  Pennsylvania  Riflemen. 

Kelly,  James,  Rawlings’  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  James,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  James,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  James,  Prince  George  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Kelly,  James,  Kent  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Kelly,  James,  First  Maryland  Battalion. 

Kelly,  James,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Kelly,  James,  Ship  Viyer,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Kelly,  James,  Gridley’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Kelly,  James,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  James,  Colonel  Spaulding’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  James,  Colonel  Glover’s,  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  James,  Methuen,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Kelly,  James,  Colonel  Ashley’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  James,  Smith’s  Company,  Massachusetts  Coast  Artillery. 
Kelly,  James,  Colonel  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Kelly,  James,  Second  South  Carolina  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Kelly,  Jeremiah,  Essex  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Kelly,  Jesse,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Kelly,  John,  First  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Kelly,  John,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Kelly,  John,  Moore’s  Corps  of  Pennsylvania  Infantry. 


474 


APPENDIX 


Kelly,  John,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  John,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  John,  Ninth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  John,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  John,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  John,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

Kelly,  John,  Independent  Artillery  Regiment  (Penna.). 

Kelly,  John,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Kelly,  John,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  John,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  John,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  John,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Kelly,  John,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  John,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  John,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  John,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Kelly,  John,  Colonel  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Kelly,  John,  Vermont  troops. 

Kelly,  John,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  John,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  John,  Kent  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Kelly,  John,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  John,  Lamb’s  New  York  Artillery. 

Kelly,  John,  Somerset  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Kelly,  John,  Salem  County,  New  Jersey,  Militia. 

Kelly,  John,  Morris  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Kelly,  John,  Preston  County,  West  Virginia  troops. 

Kelly,  John,  Frederick  County,  W.  Va.  troops. 

Kelly,  John,  Company  No.  4,  Morgan’s  Riflemen. 

Kelly,  John,  Company  No.  8,  Morgan’s  Riflemen. 

Kelly,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Kelly,  John,  Fifth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Kelly,  John,  Seventh  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Kelly,  John,  Colonel  Graham’s  New  York  Regiment. 

Kelly,  John,  Colonel  Schuyler’s  New  York  Regiment. 

Kelly,  John,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Kelly,  Jonathan,  Colonel  Wyman’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Kelly,  Joshua,  Ipswich,  Massachusetts,  Company. 

Kelly,  Joseph,  Second  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  Joseph,  Jr.,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Joseph,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  Joseph,  Third  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Joseph,  North  Carolina  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Kelly,  Kern,  Sixth  Penna.  Battalion. 


APPENDIX 


475 


Kelly,  Killian,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  KiUen,  Sixth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  Lawrence,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia, 
Kelly,  Levi,  Killingworth,  Connecticut  Company. 

Kelly,  Luke,  Capt  Morton’s  Company,  Mass.  Coast  Artillery. 
Kelly,  Mathias,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Kelly,  Matthew,  Second  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  Matthew,  Seventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  Matthew,  Pennsylvania  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 
Kelly,  Matthew,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Matthew,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Kelly,  Matthew,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Matthew,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Matthew,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Matthew,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 

Kelly,  Matthew,  Colonel  Henley’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Kelly,  Matthew,  Colonel  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Kelly,  Matthew,  Continental  Frigate  Boston. 

KeUy,  Matthew,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Kelly,  Maurice,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  Michael,  Fifth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  Michael,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Michael,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Michael,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Michael,  Colonel  Greene’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 
Kelly,  Moses,  Third  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  Moses,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Moses,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Moses,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Moses,  Vermont  troops. 

Kelly,  Morris,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  Nathaniel,  Colonel  Bartlett’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Kelly,  Nehemiah,  Colonel  Drake’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Kelly,  Oliver,  Neill’s  New  Jersey  Artillery. 

Kelly,  Oliver,  North  Carolina  Artillery. 

Kelly,  Oliver,  Barrington,  Rhode  Island  Company. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  Gloucester  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  First  Regiment,  Provincial  troops  of  S.  C. 
Kelly,  Patrick,  Capt.  Dibbell’s  Company,  Mass.  Minute  Men. 
Kelly,  Patrick,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
KeUy,  Patrick,  Colonel  Van  Schaick’s  First  N.  Y.  Battalion. 
Kelly,  Patrick,  Colonel  Vose’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  Eighth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 


476 


APPENDIX 


Kelly,  Patrick,  Pennsylvania  Artillery  Artificers. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  Westmoreland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  German  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  Third  Maryland  Battalion. 

Kelly,  Patriek,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  4th.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Kelly,  Patrick,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  Second  Regiment,  N.  J.  Continental  Line. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  1st.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Kelly,  Peter,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  Peter,  Third  Regiment,  Tryon  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Kelly,  Peter,  Colonel  Putnam’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Peter,  North  Carolina  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Kelly,  Philip,  Moylan’s  Fourth  Dragoons. 

Kelly,  Philip,  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Philip,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  Philip,  North  Carolina  Line  (regiment  rmknown). 

Kelly,  Richard,  Fourth  Penna.  Battalion. 

Kelly,  Richard,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  Richard,  Amesbury,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Kelly,  Richard,  Colonel  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Richard,  Colonel  Wingate’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Kelly,  Richard,  Jr.,  Colonel  Wingate’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Kelly,  Rodger,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Kelly,  Robert,  Hazen’s  Penna.  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Robert,  Eighth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Kelly,  Robert,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  !^Klitia. 

Kelly,  Robert,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Robert,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  Robert,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  Robert,  Third  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia, 
Kelly,  Samuel,  Eighth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Kelly,  Samuel,  Colonel  Wingate’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Kelly,  Samuel,  Colonel  Ward’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Samuel,  Somerset  County,  N.  J.  Militia, 

Kelly,  Shubel,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  ISIinute  Men. 

Kelly,  Shubael,  Colonel  Gray’s  jSIassachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Silvinus,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Kelly,  Stephen,  Suffolk  County,  N.  Y.  Minute  Men. 

Kelly,  Stephen,  Amesburj-,  Massachusetts  Company. 


APPENDIX 


477 


Kelly,  Stephen,  Colonel  Walker’s  Massachusetts  Regiment, 

Kelly,  Stephen,  Kanawha  County,  W.  Va.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Stephen,  Rhode  Island  Militia. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Thompson’s  Penna.  Rifle  Battalion. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Second  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Third  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Fourth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Fifth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Eighth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Colonel  DeHaas’  Penna.  Riflemen. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Second  Regiment,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  MiUtia. 
Kelly,  Thomas,  Suifolk  County,  N.  Y.  Minute  Men. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Rockland  County,  N.  Y.  Associators. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Sixth  Regiment,  Lincoln  County,  Maine. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Plymouth,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Colonel  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Delaware  Militia. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Second  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Kelly,  Thomas,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Kelly,  Thadey,  Virginia  State  Line. 

Kelly,  Timothy,  Atlee’s  Penna.  Musketry  Battalion. 

Kelly,  Timothy,  Hazen’s  Pennsylvania  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Timothy,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  Timothy,  Fifth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  Timothy,  Second  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Kelly,  Timothy,  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Kelly,  Timothy,  Berks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Timothy,  Colonel  Bullard’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Timothy,  Colonel  Gerrish’s  Massachusetts  Guards. 

Kelly,  Timothy,  Colonel  Wade’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  Timothy,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Kelly,  Timothy,  Capt.  Benjamin  West’s  Rhode  Island  Company. 
Kelly,  Uriah,  Gloucester  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Kelly,  Walter,  Virginia  Line. 

Kelly,  William,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  William,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Kelly,  William,  Fourth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 


478 


APPENDIX 


Kelly,  William,  Seventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line 
Kelly,  William,  Proctor’s  Penna.  Artillery. 

Kelly,  William,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  William,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  William,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  William,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Kelly,  William,  Moore’s  Company  of  Penna.  Infantry. 

KeUy,  William,  Sixth  Penna.  Battalion. 

Kelly,  William,  First  Maryland  Battalion. 

Kelly,  William,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  William,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Kelly,  William,  Second  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Kelly,  William,  Fifth  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia, 
Kelly,  William,  Gloucester  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Kelly,  William,  Colonel  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

KeUy,  William,  Second  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

Kelly,  William,  Colonel  Bigelow’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  William,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Kelly,  William,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

KeUy,  William,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Kelly,  William,  Norfolk  County,  Virginia  troops. 

Kelly,  William,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Kelly,  William,  Stevens’  New  York  Artillery. 

Kelly,  William,  Colonel  Evans’  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Kelly,  William,  Colonel  Peabody’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Kelly,  William,  Colonel  Mooney’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Kelly,  William,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Kelly,  W’illiam,  P'irst  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Kelly,  William,  Rhode  Island  Naval  forces. 

Kelly,  William,  Crane’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Kelly,  W’illiam,  Tenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  WllUam,  Colonel  Vose’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  William,  Colonel  Tyler’s  IMassachusetts  Regiment. 

Kelly,  William,  Colonel  Spaulding’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
KeUee,  Jeremiah,  Sixth  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Kellee,  Joseph,  Prince  George  County,  Md.  troops. 

Kaley,  Robert,  Fifth  Regiment,  Worcester  County,  lilass. 

Kalley,  John,  Colonel  Sparhawk’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kalley,  Robert,  Colonel  Dike’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Kayle,  James,  Capt.  Stephenson’s  Company,  W''.  Va.  Riflemen. 
Kayle,  William,  Capt.  Stephenson’s  Company,  W.  Va.  Riflemen. 
Killee,  James,  Colonel  Sherburne’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Killey,  Daniel,  Eighth  Regiment,  Albany  County  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Killey,  David,  Colonel  Pawling’s  New  York  Levies. 

Killey,  David,  Capt.  Ezra  W’ood’s  Massachusetts  Company. 
Killey,  David,  Colonel  Freeman’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 


APPENDIX 


479 


Killey,  David,  Crane’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Killey,  David,  Colonel  Wigglesw^orth’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Killey,  David,  Colonel  Gerrish’s  Massachusetts  Guards. 

Killey,  David,  Colonel  Smith’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Killey,  Dennis,  Colonel  Pawling’s  New  York  Levies. 

Killej',  James,  Baltimore  County,  Md.  troops. 

Killey,  Jeremiah,  Sixth  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Killey,  John,  Colonel  Miller’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

Killey,  John,  Gloucester  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

Killey,  John,  N.  J.  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Killey,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Killey,  Jonathan,  Capt.  John  Russell’s  Massachusetts  Company. 
Killey,  Luke,  Ship  Rhodes,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Killey,  Matthew,  Ship  Rhodes,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Killey,  Michael,  Newport,  Rhode  Island  Company. 

Killey,  Morris,  Colonel  Reed’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Killey,  Patrick,  First  Regiment,  N.  J.  Continental  Line. 

Killey,  Philip,  Colonel  Wigglesworth’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Killey,  Stephen,  Colonel  Fry’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

Killey,  Samuel,  Springfield,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Killey,  Thomas,  Colonel  Alden’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Killey,  William,  Sloop  Machias  Liberty,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

KiUey,  William,  Capt.  Samuel  Smith’s  Company,  Lincoln  Co.,  Me. 
McKelly,  William,  Second  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
O’Kelly,  Edward,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

O’Kelly,  Ephraim,  4th.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
O’Kelly,  John,  Warren,  Rhode  Island  Militia  Company. 

O’Kelly,  Patrick,  Eighth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

O’Kelley,  Patrick,  South  Carolina  Militia. 


McCarthy, 

McCarthy, 

McCarthy, 

McCarthy, 

McCarthy, 

McCarthy, 

McCarthy, 

McCarthy, 

McCarthy, 

McCarthy, 

McCarthy, 

McCarthy, 

McCarthy, 

McCarthy, 

McCarthy, 

McCarthy, 


Bartholomew,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 
Bartholomew,  Colonel  Brooks’  Regiment  of  Mass.  Guards. 
Charles,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Charles,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Artillery. 

Daniel,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Daniel,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Daniel,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Daniel,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Daniel,  Continental  frigate  Confederacy. 

Daniel,  Grayson’s  Maryland  Continental  Regiment. 

Daniel,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Masachusetts  Regiment. 

Daniel,  Colonel  McIntosh’s  Suffolk  County,  Mass.  Regiment 
Daniel,  Dutchess  County,  New  York  troops. 

Daniel,  Jr.,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Daniel,  Frigate  Ilayue,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Dennis,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 


480 


APPENDIX 


McCarthy,  Dennis,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McCarthy,  Dennis,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McCarthy,  Dennis,  Colonel  Gansevoort’s  New  York  Regiment. 
McCarthy,  Ewen,  First  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

McCarthy,  Felix,  Berks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarthy,  Francis,  Ship  Mars,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

McCarthy,  Florence,  Fourth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

McCarthy,  Florence,  North  Carolina  troops,  (regiment  unknown). 
McCarthy,  George,  Colonel  Warner’s  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 
McCarthy,  Jeremiah,  Frigate  Boston,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

McCarthy,  James,  Crane’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

McCarthy,  James,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

McCarthy,  James,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
McCarthy,  James,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

McCarthy,  John,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarthy,  John,  Colonel  Elliott’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

McCarthy,  John,  Colonel  Ruggles’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

McCarthy,  John,  Colonel  Ruggles’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

McCarthy,  John,  Thirteenth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
McCarthy,  John,  Philadelphia  City  Volunteers. 

McCarthy,  John,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

McCarthy,  John,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

McCarthy,  John,  Invalid  Guards  (Pennsylvania). 

McCarthy,  John,  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

McCarthy,  John,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

McCartln%  John,  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

McCarthy,  Justin,  Atlee’s  Pennsylvania  Musketry  Battalion. 
McCarthy,  Miles,  North  Carolina  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
McCarthy,  Mathias,  First  Regiment,  Provincial  troops  of  S.  C. 
McCarthy,  Moses,  Thirteenth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
McCarthy,  Michael,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

McCarthy,  Owen,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

McCarthy,  Owen,  Independent  Pennsylvania  Artillery  Regiment. 
McCarthy,  Owen,  Knox’s  Artillery  Corps. 

McCarthy,  Peter,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

McCarthy,  Peter,  Rawlings’  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

McCarthy,  Richard,  Virginia  State  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
McCarthy,  Roger,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
McCarthy,  Stephen,  North  Carolina  I.ine  (regiment  unknown). 
JlcCarthy,  Thomas,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarthy,  Timothy,  Frederick  County,  Maryland  troops. 

McCarthy,  Timothy,  Atlee’s  Pennsylvania  Musketry  Battalion. 
McCarthy,  Thomas,  Philadelphia  Cit}',  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarthy,  Timothy,  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
McCarthy,  Timothy,  Ship  Protector,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

McCarthy,  William,  Fairfield,  Connecticut  Volunteers. 


APPENDIX 


481 


McCarthy,  William,  North  Carolina  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

McCarty,  Alexander,  Third  Regiment,  South  Carolina  Line. 

McCarty,  Andrew,  Hunterdon  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

McCarty,  Andrew,  Frigate  Hague,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

McCarty,  Andrew,  Captain  Stephenson’s  Company  of  West  Va.  Riflemen. 
McCarty,  Benjamin,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Charles,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Charles,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Charles,  Virginia  State  Line. 

McCarty,  Charles,  Richmond  County,  Virginia  Militia. 

McCarty,  Charles,  Third  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

McCarty,  Charles,  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

McCarty,  Charles,  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

McCarty,  Charles,  Scammell’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

McCarty,  Charles,  Colonel  Malcom’s  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McCarty,  Cornelius,  Second  Regiment,  South  Carolina  Line. 

McCarty,  Cornelius,  Prince  William  Parish,  S.  C.  Volunteer  Company. 
McCarty,  Daniel,  Second  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

McCarty,  Daniel,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
McCarty,  Daniel,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Mihtia. 

McCarty,  Daniel,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia 
McCarty,  Daniel,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Daniel,  Thompson’s  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Battalion. 

McCarty,  Daniel,  Moylan’s  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Dragoons. 

McCarty,  Daniel,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

McCarty,  Daniel,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

McCarty,  Daniel,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

McCarty,  Daniel,  Second  Regiment,  Virginia  State  Line. 

McCarty,  Daniel,  Second  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

McCarty,  Daniel,  Kingston,  New  Hampshire,  Company. 

McCarty,  Daniel,  Second  Regiment  Lincoln  County,  Mass. 

McCarty,  Daniel,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McCarty,  Daniel,  Second  Regiment,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

McCarty,  Daniel,  Captain  Robert  Mullan’s  Philadelphia  Marines. 

McCarty,  Dennis,  Third  Regiment,  South  Carolina  Line. 

McCarty,  Dennis,  Charleston,  S.  C.  Company  of  Rangers. 

McCarty,  Dennis,  Thompson’s  South  Carolina  Rangers. 

McCarty,  Dennis,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Dennis,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

McCarty,  Dennis,  Moylan’s  Fourth  Penna.  Dragoons. 

McCarty,  Dennis,  Third  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

McCarty,  Dennis,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

McCarty,  Dennis,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McCarty,  Dennis,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McCarty,  Dennis,  4th.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
McCarty,  Dennis,  Sussex  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 


482 


APPENDIX 


McCarty,  Dennis,  Third  Regiment,  South  Carolina  Line. 

McCarty,  Dennis,  Heatly’s  South  Carolina  Rangers. 

McCarty,  Dennis,  Colonel  Whitney’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
McCarty,  Dugal,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

McCarty,  Dunkon,  First  Regiment,  Tryon  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
McCarty,  Eben,  Savannah,  Ga.  Volunteers. 

McCarty,  Edward,  Kanawha  County,  W.  Va.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Elias,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

McCarty,  Felix,  Tenth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

McCarty,  Florence,  Fifth  Regiment,  Mar}dand  Line. 

McCarty,  Florence,  Ship  Defence,  Maryland  Navy. 

McCarty,  Francis,  Sloop  Defence,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

McCarty,  George,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

McCarty,  George,  Bigelow’s  Connecticut  Artillery. 

McCarty,  George,  Third  Battalion,  North  Carolina  Line. 

McCarty,  George,  Colonel  Warren’s  Connecticut  Regiment. 

McCarty,  Henry,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Hugh,  Colonel  Malcom’s  New  York  Regiment. 

McCarty,  Hugh,  3rd.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
McCarty,  Hugh,  First  Battalion,  Hunterdon  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 
McCarty,  Hugh,  Second  Battalion,  Hunterdon  County,  N.  J.  MilitUu 
McCarty,  Hugh,  Colonel  Graham’s  New  York  Regiment. 

McCarty,  Isaac,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Isaac,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Isaac,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McCarty,  Jere,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

McCarty,  Jeremiah,  First  Regiment,  Provincial  troops  of  S.  C. 
McCarty,  Jeremiah,  Fifth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

McCarty,  Jeremiah,  Eighth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

McCarty,  James,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  James,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  James,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McCarty,  James,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

McCarty,  James,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

McCarty,  James,  Harford  County,  Md.  troops. 

McCarty,  James,  Fourth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

McCarty,  Jesse,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

McCarty,  Jessy,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

McCarty,  Jonathan,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  John,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
McCarty,  John,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
McCarty,  John,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  John,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  John,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  John,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  John,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 


APPENDIX 


483 


McCarty,  John,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McCarty,  John,  Fifth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McCarty,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
McCarty,  John,  Ninth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
McCarty,  John,  Frederick  County,  Va.  troops. 

McCarty,  John,  Colonel  Peabody’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
McCarty,  John,  Colonel  Mooney’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
McCarty,  John,  Colonel  Reed’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

McCarty,  John,  Kingston,  New  Hampshire  Company. 

McCarty,  John,  Capt.  Kimball’s  Lunenburg,  Mass.  Company. 
McCarty,  John,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Associators. 

McCarty,  John,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

McCarty,  John,  Colonel  Shepard’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

McCarty,  John,  Beverly,  Massachusetts  Company. 

McCarty,  John,  Ship  Mars,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

McCarty,  John,  First  Regiment,  Tryon  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
McCarty,  John,  Bradford’s  Philadelphia  Foot  Regiment. 

McCarty,  John,  Philadelphia  Cit}'’  Militia. 

McCarty  Joseph,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Justin,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Justin,  Ship  General  Mifflin,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

McCarty,  Michael,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

McCarty,  Michael,  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

McCarty,  Michael,  Ninth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

McCarty,  Moses,  Thirteenth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
McCarty,  Neil,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Nicklos,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Owen,  Lamb’s  Artillery. 

McCarty,  Owen,  Scott’s  Detachment,  Lincoln  County,  Mass. 

McCarty,  Patrick,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Peter,  Berks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Peter,  Chester  County,  Penna.  MiUtia. 

McCarty,  Peter,  Virginia  State  Line. 

McCarty,  Phelix,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McCarty,  Phelix,  Tenth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

McCarty,  Philip,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Richard,  Second  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

McCarty,  Thomas,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Thomas,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Thomas,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  Thomas,  Fifth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McCarty,  Thomas,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

McCarty,  Thomas,  Colonel  Malcom’s  New  York  Levies. 

McCarty,  Thomas,  Second  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

McCarty  Thomas,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

McCarty,  Thomas,  Elizabeth,  N.  J.  Militia  Company. 


484 


APPENDIX 


McCarty,  Timothy,  Seventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

McCarty,  Timothy,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

McCarty,  Timothy,  Colonel  Price’s  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 
McCarty,  Timothy,  Ship  Hazard,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

McCarty,  Timothy,  Virginia  State  Line. 

McCarty,  William,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  William,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCarty,  William,  Penna.  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

McCarty,  William,  Ninth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

McCarty,  William,  Moylan’s  Fourth  Penna.  Dragoons. 

McCarty,  William,  Second  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia, 
McCarty,  William,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

McCarty,  William,  Salem  County,  N.  J.  Militia. 

McCarty,  William,  Col.  'Wigglesworth’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
McCarty,  William,  Sullivan’s  Brigade,  Rhode  Island  troops. 

McCart,  James,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McCart,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McCart,  John,  Morgan’s  Virginia  Riflemen. 

McCarte,  Daniel,  Second  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

McCarte,  Jere,  New  Milford,  Connecticut  Company. 

McCarte,  John,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Virginia  Line. 

McCarte,  John,  Fifteenth  Regiment,  Virginia  Line. 

McCarte,  John,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

McCarte,  Paul,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCartee,  Jeremiah,  Fourth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

McCartee,  Thomas,  Hartford,  Connecticut  Volunteers. 

McCartee,  Dennis,  Colonel  Eddy’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
McCartee,  Felix,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McCartee,  James,  Virginia  State  Line. 

McCartey,  Daniel,  Second  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

McCartey,  Dunkon,  Suffolk  County,  N.  Y.  Minute  Men. 

McCartey,  Cornelius,  South  Carolina  Militia. 

McCartey,  George,  Second  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

McCartey,  Hugh,  Vermont  troops. 

McCartey,  James,  Second  Regiment,  PljTnouth  County,  Mass. 
McCartey,  James,  Second  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

McCartey,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

McCartey,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

McCartey,  John,  Suffolk  County,  N.  Y.  Minute  Men. 

McCartej',  John,  Philadelphia  City  ^lilitia. 

McCartey,  John,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCartey,  John,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

McCartey,  John,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

McCartey,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
McCartey,  Owen,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

McCartey,  Philip,  Northumberland  County,  Penna,  Militia. 


appe:nuix 


485 


McCartie,  Jeremiah,  Seventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

McCartie,  Sharrod,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade. 

McCartie,  “Titan,”  Berks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McArthey,  William,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

McCardy,  Edward,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCharty,  James,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McClarty,  John,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCartey,  Jeremiah,  Rawlings’  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Macartie,  Daniel,  Colonel  Hale’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Maccarty,  William  Colonel  Bigelow’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Mecarty,  William,  Atlee’s  Penna.  Musketry  Battalion. 

McKarty,  James,  Ship  General  Mifflin,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

McKart,  John,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McKerty,  Hugh,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McKarty,  Tim.,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

McCartney,  Andrew,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCartney,  Andrew,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCartney,  David,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCartney,  Edward,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

McCartney,  Henry,  Stephenson’s  Company,  W.  Va.  Riflemen. 

McCartney,  James,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCartney,  James,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCartney,  John,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCartney,  John,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCartney,  John,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCartney,  Joseph,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McCartney,  Peter,  West  Virginia  troops. 

McCartney,  Timothy,  New  Castle  County,  Delaware  Militia. 

Carty,  Charles,  Colonel  Neill’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Carty,  Darby,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Carty,  Daniel,  Maryland  Flying  Camp. 

Carty,  Daniel,  Second  Regiment,  N.  J.  Continental  Line. 

Carty,  Daniel,  2nd.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

Carty,  Dennis,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Carty,  Francis,  First  Regiment,  N.  J.  Continental  Line. 

Carty,  James,  Maryland  Flying  Camp. 

Carty,  John,  2nd.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

Carty,  John,  Second  Regiment,  N.  J.  Continental  Line. 

Carty,  Lawrence,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Carty,  Matthew,  Third  Maryland  Battalion. 

Carty,  Timothy,  Maryland  Flying  Camp, 

Carty,  William,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment,  Lieut.  Col.  Pope’s  Co. 
Carty,  William,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment,  Capt.  Jaquett’s  Co. 
Carty,  William,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Cartey,  Benjamin,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Cartey,  Daniel,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 


486 


APPENDIX 


Cartey,  Dennis,  Capt.  Thomas  Beall’s  Maryland  Corps. 

Cartey,  Henry,  Second  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militin- 
Cartey,  James,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Cartey,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Cartey,  John,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Cartey,  John,  Colonel  Willett’s  New  York  Levies. 

Cartey,  Martin,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Cartey,  Matthew,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Cartey,  Silas,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Cartey,  Solomon,  Colonel  Harper’s  New  York  Levies. 

Cartey,  Thomas,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Cartey,  Timothy,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Cartey,  William,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Cartey,  William,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Carte,  Dennis,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Carte,  James,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Carte,  Thomas,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Carte,  William,  Colonel  Pawlings’  New  York  Levies. 

Carthy,  Daniel,  Sixth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Carthey,  Isaac,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Carthey,  William,  Frederick  County,  Md.  troops. 

Cartee,  William,  Vermont  troops. 

Murphy,  Alexander,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia- 

Murphy,  Anthony,  Capt.  Richard  Smith’s  Company,  Maryland  Flying  Camp 

Murphy,  Anthony,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  Anthony,  Suffolk  County,  Virginia  Militia. 

Murphy,  Andrew,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Andrew,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Andrew,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Andrew,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Archibald,  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment. 

Murphy,  Archibald,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Archibald,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Murphy,  Archibald,  Pennsylvania  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Murphy,  Archibald,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Archibald,  Henry  Countj%  Virginia  Militia. 

Murphy,  Archibald,  Caswell  County,  North  Carolina  troops. 

Murphy,  Arthur,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia- 
Murphy,  Arthur,  Pennsylvania  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Murphy,  Arthur,  First  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Murphy,  Arthur,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Barney,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia- 
Murphy,  Barney,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Barney,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Barney,  Ninth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 


APPENDIX 


487 


Murphy,  Bryan,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Murphy,  Charles,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphy,  Charles,  Orange  County,  Virginia,  troops. 

Murphy,  Charles,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  Charles,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  Charles,  Tenth  Regiment,  Virginia  Line. 

Murphy,  Cornelius,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia, 

Murphy,  Cornelius,  Third  Maryland  Battalion. 

Murphy,  Cornelius,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Cornelius,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Murphy,  Cornelius,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  Cornelius,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militiju 
Murphy,  Christian,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Lina 
Murphy,  Christian,  Third  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Christopher,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  Delaware  Militia. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  3rd.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  line. 
Murphy,  Daniel,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  Third  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  Colonel  Bradford’s  Philadelphia  Foot  Regiment. 
Murphy,  Daniel,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  Colonel  Putnam’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Murphy,  Daniel,  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts  troops. 

Murphy,  Daniel,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Murphy,  David,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  David,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  David,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Dennis,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Dennis,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Dennis,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Dennis,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Murphy,  Dennis,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Dennis,  New  Eleventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 
Murphy,  Dennis,  Patton’s  Additional  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 


488 


APPENDIX 


Murphy,  Dennis,  Captain  Cooper’s  Company  of  Philadelphia  Volunteers. 
Murphy,  Dennis,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Murphy,  Dennis,  Colonel  Malcom’s  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Murphy,  Edward,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Edward,  Atlee’s  Pennsylvania  Musketry  Battalion. 

Murphy,  Edward,  Fifth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Murphy,  Edward,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Murphy,  Edward,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Murphy,  Edward,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  Edward,  Fifth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Murphy,  Edward,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Murphy,  Edward,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade  (regiment  unknown). 
Murphy,  Edward,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade  (regiment  unknown). 
Murphy,  Edward,  Barnstable,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Murphy,  Edward,  Third  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Murphy,  Edward,  Seventh  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Murphy,  Edward,  Second  Regiment,  South  Carolina  Foot. 

Murphy,  Elijah,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Murphy,  Francis,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  George,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  George,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  George,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  George,  Tenth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  George,  Pennsylvania  Artillery  Artificers. 

Murphy,  Henry,  Suffolk  County,  N.  Y.  Regiment  of  Minute  Men. 
Murphy,  Henry,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Henry,  New  York  troops  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphy,  Hugh,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  Hugh,  Chester  County,  Penna.  IMilitia. 

Murphy,  Hugh,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Isaac,  Captain  Pollock’s  troop  of  Delaware  Horse. 

Murphy,  Israel,  Third  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphy,  James,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  James,  Thompson’s  South  Carolina  Rangers. 

Murphy,  James,  First  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Murphy,  James,  Moore’s  Corps  of  Pennsylvania  Infantry. 

Murphy,  James,  German  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  James,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

Murphy,  James,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  James,  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Murphy,  James,  4th.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Murphy,  James,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unkno^m). 

Murphy,  James,  Lancaster  County  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  James,  Captain  RawUngs’  Company  of  Maryland  MUitia. 
Murphy,  James,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  James,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 


APPENDIX 


489 


Murphy,  James,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  James,  German  Regiment,  Maryland  Line, 

Murphy,  James,  Dorset  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Murphy,  James,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  James,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Murphy,  James,  Stevens’  New  York  Artillery, 
lilurphy,  James,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  James,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  James,  Third  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  James,  Shrawder's  Pennsylvania  Rangers. 

Murphy,  James,  Sturbridge,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Murphy,  James,  Fourth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphy,  James,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Murphy,  James,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Murphy,  James,  Colonel  Patterson’s  Battalion,  Delaware  Flying  Camp. 
Murphy,  James,  Colonel  Livingston’s  Battalion,  New  York  Line. 

Murphy,  James,  Colonel  Malcom’s  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Murphj^  James,  Second  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Murphy,  James,  Sheldon’s  Connecticut  Light  Dragoons. 

Murphy,  James,  Wolcott’s  Connecticut  Brigade. 

Murphy,  James,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Murphy,  James,  Crane’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Murphy,  Jacob,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Jones,  Washington  Count}’-,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Jones,  Colonel  Bedell’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Murphy,  John,  Pennsylvania  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Murphy,  John,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  John,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Murphy,  John,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Murphy,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  John,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  John,  Dorset  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Murphy,  John,  6th  Independent  Co%,  Dorchester  Co.,  Md.  Militia. 

Murphy,  John,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphy,  John,  3rd.  Batt.  1st.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

Murphy,  John,  3rd.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

Murphy,  John,  Lamb’s  New  York  Artillery. 

Murphy,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Murphy,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  John,  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment. 

Murphy,  John,  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment. 

Murphy,  John,  Thompson’s  Battalion  of  Pennsylvania  Riflemen. 

Murphy,  John,  Fifth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Murphy,  John,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  John,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 


490 


APPENDIX 


Murphy,  John,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  MiUtia. 

Murphy,  John,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  John,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  John,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  John,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  John,  Washington  County,  Penna.  MUitia, 

Murphy,  John,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  John,  Jr.,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  John,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  John,  Capt.  Samuel  Sloane’s  Co.  of  Mass.  Minute  Men. 
Murphy,  John,  Hingham,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Murphy,  John,  Ship  Hazard,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Murphy,  John,  Ship  Thom,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Murphy,  John,  First  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 

Murphy,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 

Murphy,  John,  Brigantine  Speedwell,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Murphy,  John,  Continental  frigate  Deane. 

Murphy,  John,  Continental  frigate  Hague. 

Murphy,  John,  Henry  County,  Virginia,  Militia. 

Murphy,  John,  Second  New  York  Artillery. 

Murphy,  John,  Colonel  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Murphy,  John,  Colonel  Wingate’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Murphy,  John,  Colonel  Scammel’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Murphy,  John,  Rhode  Island  Naval  forces. 

Murphy,  John,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Murphy,  Joseph,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Joseph,  Colonel  Neill’s  Delaware  Regiment, 

Murphy,  Joseph,  Eighth  Regiment  Connecticut  Line. 

Murphy,  Labach,  Second  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

Murphy,  Leander,  Morgan’s  Rifle  Corps. 

Murphy,  Lambert,  Brigantine  Tyrannicide,  Massachusetts  Navy. 
Murphy,  Lawrence,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Lawrence,  Invalid  Regiment  (Penna.). 

Murphy,  Lawrence,  Morgan’s  Virginia  Riflemen. 

Murphy,  Levi,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Levy,  Ninth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Martin,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Murphy,  Martin,  Capt.  William  McMullin’s  Co.  of  Phila.  City  Guards. 
Murphy,  Martin,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphy,  Martin,  Rhode  Island  Militia. 

Murphy,  Martin,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Murphy,  Malachi,  South  Carolina  Artillery  Artificers. 

Murphy,  Matthew,  Charleston,  S.  C.  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Murphy,  Maurice,  Colonel  Hicks’  South  Carolina  Regiment. 

Murphy,  Maurice,  St.  David’s  Parish,  South  Carolina  Volunteers. 
Murphy,  Michael,  Sixth  Pennsj'lvania  Battalion. 


APPENDIX 


491 


Murphy,  Michael,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  Michael,  Rawlings’  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  Michael,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  Michael,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Michael,  First  Regiment,  Virginia  Line. 

Murphy,  Michael,  Capt.  Moses  Maxwell’s  Company,  Mass.  Coast  Artillery. 
Murphy,  Michael,  Continental  frigate  Deane. 

Murphy,  Michael,  Continental  frigate  Boston. 

Murphy,  Michael,  Morgan’s  Virginia  Riflemen. 

Murphy,  Miles,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  Miles,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphy,  “Mill,”  Georgia  Continental  Brigade  (regiment  unknown). 
Murphy,  Morgan,  Ship  Defence,  Maryland  Navy. 

Murphy,  Mylon,  Tenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphy,  Owen,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Murphy,  Owen,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Owen,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  North  Carolina  Line  (regiment  xmknown). 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Fifth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Westmoreland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  North  Carolina  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Colonel  Hale’s  Battalion  of  New  Hampshire  troops. 
Murphy,  Patrick,  Second  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Continental  Line. 
Murphy,  Patrick,  Stockley’s  Pennsylvania  Rangers. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Colonel  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Frigate  Boston,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Colonel  Prime’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Company. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Ship  Mars,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Massachusetts  troops  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Colonel  Benedict  Arnold’s  Canadian  Detachment. 
Murphy,  Patrick,  Capt.  Hugh  Stephenson’s  Company,  West  Va.  Riflemen. 
Murphy,  Patrick,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Murphy,  Patrick,  Third  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Murphy,  Patrick  M.,  Colonel  Henley’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphy,  Peter,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Peter,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 


492 


APPENDIX 


Murphy,  Peter,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Peter,  Fifth  Regiment,  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts. 

Murphy,  Peter,  Colonel  Patterson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphy,  Peter,  First  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphy,  Peter,  Colonel  Livingston’s  Battalion,  New  York  Line. 

Murphy,  Philip,  Pennsylvania  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphy,  Philip,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Philip,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Philip,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Pierce,  Thirtieth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphy,  Pierce,  Continental  frigate  Raleigh. 

Murphy,  Richard,  Queen  Anne’s  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Murphy,  Richard,  Eighth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphy,  Richard,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Murphy,  Richard,  Continental  frigate  Hague. 

Murphy,  Robert,  Colonel  Pawling’s  Regiment  of  New  York  Levies. 
Murphy,  Robert,  Second  Regiment,  Lincoln  County,  Maine. 

Murphy,  Robert,  Colonel  Wiggleswortb’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Murphy,  Robert,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Murphy,  Robert,  Second  Regiment,  Westchester  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Murphy,  Robert,  Fourth  Regiment,  Westchester  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Murphy,  Robert,  Thirteenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphy,  Samuel,  Ship  Defence,  Maryland  Na^’y. 

Murphy,  Samuel,  Eighth  Battalion,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Seumas,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia 

Murphy,  Solomon,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Murphy,  Stephen,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Murphy,  Sylvester,  Colonel  Cobb’s  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Fifth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Colonel  Poor’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Second  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Third  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Capt.  Robert  Mullan’s  Company,  Philadelphia  Marines. 
Murphy,  Thomas,  Colonel  Delaney’s  Philadelphia  Battalion  of  Foot. 
Murphy,  Thomas,  Huntingdon  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Baltimore  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Captain  William  Reilev’s  Maryland  troops. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Third  Maryland  Battalion. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Colonel  Wessenfels’  Regiment,  New  York  Levies. 


APPENDIX 


493 


Murphy,  Thomas,  Colonel  Malcom’s  Regiment,  New  York  Levies. 
Murphy,  Thomas,  Colonel  Pawling’s  Regiment,  New  York  Levies. 
Murphy,  Thomas,  Suifolk  County,  N.  Y.  Regiment  of  Minute  Men. 
Murphy,  Thomas,  New  York  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Ship  Pilgrim,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Colonel  North’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Crane’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Continental  frigate  Deane. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Continental  frigate  Hague. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Continental  frigate  Raleigh. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  First  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  Second  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Murphy,  Thomas,  East  Haddam,  Connecticut  Volunteers. 

Murphy,  Timothy,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Timothy,  Third  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Timothy,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  Timothy,  Thompson’s  Battalion  of  Pennsylvania  Riflemen. 
Murphy,  Timothy,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  Timothy,  Hampshire,  Massachusetts  Militia. 

Murphy,  Timothy,  Crane’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Murphy,  Timothy,  Colonel  Daniel  Morgan’s  Rifle  Corps. 

Murphy,  Timothy,  Colonel  Harper’s  Regiment  of  New  York  Levies. 
Murphy,  Timothy,  Fifteenth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  MUitia. 
Murphy,  William,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

Murphy,  William,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

Murphy,  William,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  William,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphy,  William,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphy,  William,  Dorchester  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Murphy,  William,  Harford  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Murphy,  William,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphy,  William,  4th.  Batt.  1st.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Murphy,  William,  4th.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Murphy,  William,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Murphy,  William,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  William,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Murphy,  William,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Murphy,  William,  Colonel  Alden’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphy,  William,  Crane’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Murphy,  William,  Fitchburg,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Murphy,  William,  Colonel  Fellows’  Massachusetts  Militia. 

Murphy,  William,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Murphy,  William,  Berkeley  County,  Virginia  troops. 

Murphy,  William,  Fifth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Murphy,  William,  Colonel  Poor’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Murphy,  William,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 


494 


APPENDIX 


Murphy,  William,  Taunton,  Massachusetts,  Company. 

Murphy,  William,  Jr.,  Colonel  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment, 

Murphey,  Andrew,  Delaware  troops  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphey,  Barnabas,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia, 

Murphey,  Cornelius,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Murphey,  Cornelius,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphey,  Daniel,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia, 

Murphey,  Daniel,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Murphey,  Daniel,  Ninth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphey,  Daniel,  New  Castle  County,  Delaware  Militia. 

Murphey,  Darby,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphey,  David,  Shrawder’s  Pennsylvania  Rangers. 

Murphey,  Edward,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphey,  Edward,  Colonel  Bradford’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphey,  Edward,  Capt.  Jesse  Rowe’s  Company,  Knox’s  Artillery  Corps. 
Murphey,  Hezekiah,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphey,  James,  Fourth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphey,  James,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Murphey,  James,  Colonel  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Murphey,  James,  Colonel  Neill’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Murphey,  James,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphey,  James,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Murphey,  James,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphey,  Joab,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphey,  John,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphey,  John,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphey,  John,  Westmoreland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphey,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphey,  John,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphey,  John,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphej%  John,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Murphey,  John,  Colonel  Simonds’  Berkshire  County,  Mass.  Regiment. 
Murphey,  John,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphey,  John,  Continental  frigate  Deane. 

Murphey,  Joseph,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphey,  Joseph,  Colonel  Neill’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Murphey,  Lemuel,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Murphey,  Martin,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Murphey,  Martin,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphey,  Matthew,  St.  David’s  Parish,  South  Carolina,  Volunteers. 
Murphey,  Michael,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Murphey,  Miland,  Danvers,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Murphey,  Owen,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Murphey,  Patrick,  Kent  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Murphey,  Patrick,  Colonel  Wingate’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Murphey,  Peter,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia, 


APPENDIX 


495 


Murphey,  Peter,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Murphey,  Philip,  Thompson’s  South  Carolina  Rangers. 

Murphey,  Richard,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Murphey,  Thomas,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphey,  Thomas,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphey,  Thomas,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphey,  Thomas,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Murphey,  Timothy,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphey,  Timothy,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murphey,  William,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murphey,  William  Colonel  Thayer’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphey,  William,  Colonel  Brooks’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphey,  William  T.,  Colonel  Heislet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Murpphey,  John,  Colonel  Scammell’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Murphe,  John,  Pennsylvania  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Murphe,  John  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts  troops. 

Murphe,  Patrick,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphee,  Richard,  Eighth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphew,  James,  Moore’s  Corps  of  Pennsylvania  Infantry. 

Murfee,  Edward,  Colonel  Lippitt’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

Murfee,  James,  Colonel  Davis’  Worcester  County,  Mass.  Regiment. 
Murfee,  John,  Montgomery,  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murfee,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Murfee,  John,  Colonel  Simond’s  Berkshire  County,  Mass.  Regiment. 
Murfee,  Michael,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Murfee,  Richard,  Seventh  Regiment,  Worcester  County,  Mass. 

Murfee,  Thomas,  C'apt.  Florence  Crowley’s  Company  of  Mass.  Artillery. 
Murfee,  Thomas,  First  Regiment,  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts. 
Murfee,  William,  Detachment  of  Massachusetts  Guards. 

Murfey,  Daniel,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murfey,  Andrew,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murfey,  Cornelius,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murfey,  Daniel,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murfey,  Edmund,  Second  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Murfey,  Edward,  Fifth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Murfey,  Edward,  Colonel  Bradford’s  Massachusetts  RegimenL 
Murfey,  Edward,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Murfey,  Edward,  Colonel  Angell’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

Murfey,  George,  Colonel  Poor’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Murfey,  George,  Colonel  Prime’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murfey,  Israel,  Colonel  Phinney’s  Massachusetts  Regiment, 

Murfey,  John,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Murfey,  John,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murfey,  John,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murfey,  Robert,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murfey,  Thomas,  Colonel  Graham’s  Regiment,  New  York  Levies. 


496 


APPENDIX 


Murffy,  Thomas,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murfy,  C.,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts  troops. 

Murfy,  Daniel,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murfy,  James,  York  Count}',  Penna.  Militia. 

Murfy,  John,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murfy,  Patrick,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murfy,  Peter,  Ship  Pilgrim,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Murfy,  Peter,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Murfy,  Pierce,  Capt.  Tobias  Lord’s  Massachusetts  Coast  Artillery. 

Murfy,  Wiliam,  Nineteenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Murphie,  Henderson,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murphue,  Arthur,  First  Regiment,  Provincial  troops  of  South  Carolina. 
Murpey,  Henry,  Suifolk  County,  N.  Y.  Regiment  of  Minute  Men!, 
Murpey,  Thomas,  Fourteenth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Morphey,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Militia, 
Morphey,  William,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Murfit,  Henry,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murfit,  John,  Atlee’s  Pennsylvania  Musketry  Battalion. 

Murfit,  William,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Murfit,  William,  Atlee’s  Pennsylvania  Musketry  Battalion. 

Murfit,  William,  Jr.,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Murfrey,  John,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Murfrey,  John,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Virginia  State  Line. 

Murfrey,  Samuel,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Virginia  State  Line. 

Murfree,  Patrick,  North  Carolina  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Murfree,  Lemuel,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Virginia  State  Line. 

McMurfey,  James,  Colonel  Cogswell’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
McMurfey,  Patrick,  Colonel  Evans’  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
McMurfey,  Peter,  Colonel  McCobb’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

McMurfy,  George,  First  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

McMurfy,  William  Colonel  Cogswell’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
McMurphy,  Alexander,  Delaware  troops  (regiment  unknown). 
McMurphy,  Daniel,  Lieut.  Col.  Webster’s  New  Hampshire  Militia, 
McMurphy,  Daniel,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
McMurphy,  George,  Colonel  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
McMurphy,  George,  Colonel  Cilley’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
McAIurphy,  James,  Colonel  Gerrish’s  Regiment  of  Massachusetts  Guards. 
McMurphy,  John,  Philadelphia  City,  Penn.  Militia. 

McMurphy,  John,  Colonel  Cilley’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

McMurphy,  John,  Colonel  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

McMurphy,  John,  Colonel  Tliornton’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
McMurphy,  John,  North  Carolina  Line,  (regiment  unknown). 

IMcMurphy,  Peter,  Captain  Caleb  Turner’s  Massachusetts  Company. 
McMurphy,  Peter,  Colonel  Prime’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

McMurphy,  Robert,  Delaware  troops,  (regiment  unknown). 

McMurphy,  Robert,  Colonel  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 


APPENDIX 


497 


McMurphy,  William,  Colonel  Gerrish’s  Regiment  of  Massachusetts  Guards. 
McMurphy,  William,  Colonel  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

McMurphy,  William,  Colonel  Bedell’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

O’Brian,  Charles,  Tenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brian,  Cornelius,  Fourth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brian,  Cornelius,  Seventh  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
O’Brian,  Daniel,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Brian,  Daniel,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Brian,  Daniel,  St.  Clair’s  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

O’Brian,  Dennis,  Commander-in-Chief’s  Guard. 

O’Brian,  Dennis,  Colonel  Hazen’s  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Brian,  Dennis,  Thirty-sixth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brian,  Dennis,  Schooner  Diligent,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

O’Brian,  Dennis,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Brian,  Gideon,  Sixth  Regiment,  Lincoln  County,  Maine. 

O’Brian,  James,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Brian,  James,  Captain  Jabez  West’s  Company,  Lincoln  County,  Me.  troops. 
O’Brian,  James,  Baltimore  County,  Maryland  troops. 

O’Brian,  James,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

O’Brian,  Jeremy,  Tenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brian,  John,  Philadelphia  City  Militia,  Fourth  Battalion. 

O’Brian,  John,  Philadelphia  City  Militia,  Fifth  Battalion. 

O’Brian,  John,  Invalid  Regiment,  Pennsylvania. 

O’Brian,  John,  First  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

O’Brian,  John,  Colonel  Sherburne’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brian,  John,  Colonel  Lee’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brian,  John,  Sloop  Machias  Liberty,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

O’Brian,  John,  Colonel  McCobb’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brian,  John,  Schooner  Diligent,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

O’Brian,  John,  Captain  Farley’s  Massachusetts  Company. 

O’Brian,  Joseph,  Sixth  Regiment,  Lincoln  County,  Me.  troops. 

O’Brian,  Joseph,  Colonel  Holman’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brian,  Joseph,  Colonel  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brian,  John,  Lieutenant  Andrew  Gilman’s  Massachusetts  Company. 
O’Brian,  John,  Brigantine  Tyrannicide,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

O’Brian,  John,  Major  Thomas’  Massachusetts  Artillery  Company. 

O’Brian,  John,  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  troops. 

O’Brian,  John,  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts  troops. 

O’Brian,  John,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Brian,  John,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Brian,  John,  Vermont  troops,  (regiment  unknown). 

O’Brian,  John,  Sixth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

O’Brian,  John,  First  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

O’Brian,  Lewis,  Third  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

O’Brian,  Ludovick,  Third  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia, 


498 


APPENDIX 


O’Brian,  Martin,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Brian,  Martin,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’ Brian,  Martin,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Brian,  Matthew,  First  Regiment,  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts. 

O’Brian,  Matthew,  Crane’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

O’Brian,  Matthew,  Captain  Micah  Hamblin’s  Massachusetts  Company. 
O’Brian,  Matthew,  Colonel  Freeman’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brian,  Michael,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Brian,  Michael,  Captain  William  Brown’s  Battery  of  Maryland  Artillery. 
O’Brian,  Morgan,  First  Regiment,  Westchester  County,  N.  Y.  Militia, 
O’Brian,  Murty,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Brian,  Patrick,  Colonel  Sparhawk’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brian,  Patrick,  Ship  Cohimbus,  Continental  Navy. 

O’Brian,  Paul,  Sixth  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

O’Brian,  Philip,  Captain  William  Brown’s  Battery  of  Maryland  Artillery. 
O’Brian,  Richard,  Colonel  Heath’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brian,  Sylvester,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Brian,  Thomas,  Colonel  Wynkoop’s  Regiment,  New  York  Militia. 
O’Brian,  Thomas,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

O’Brian,  Thomas,  Sixth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brian,  Thomas,  Fifth  Company,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 
O’Brian,  Thomas,  Sixth  Company,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 
O’Brian,  Thomas,  Weymouth,  Massachusetts  Company. 

O’Brian,  Thomas,  Eighth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

O’Brian,  William,  Second  Regiment,  Penns3dvania  Line. 

O’Brian,  William,  Sixth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Brian,  William,  Schooner  Hibernia,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

O’Brian,  William,  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts  troops. 

O’Brian,  William,  Philadelphia  Citj',  Penna.  Militia,  Fourth  Battalion. 
O’Brien,  Andrew,  Commander-in-ChieCs  Guard. 

O’Brien,  Daniel,  Second  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

O’Brien,  Daniel,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsjdvania  Line. 

O’Brien,  Dennis,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Brien,  Dennis,  Hazen’s  Regiment,  Pennsjdvania  Line. 

O’Brien,  Francis,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Brien,  Francis,  Invalid  Regiment,  Pennsylvania. 

O’Brien,  Hugh,  Colonel  McIntosh’s  INIassachusetts  RegimenL 
O’Brien,  James,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Brien,  James,  Harford  County,  Maryland  troops. 

O’Brien,  James,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Brien,  “Jerry”  Colonel  Marshall’s  Massachusetts  RegimenL 
O’Brien,  Jeremiah,  Massachusetts  Rangers. 

O’Brien,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Militia, 

O’Brien,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Ulster  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

O’Brien,  John,  Colonel  Wynkoop’s  Regiment,  New  York  Militia. 

O’Brien,  John,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 


APPENDIX 


499 


O’Brien,  John,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

O’Brien,  John,  Sixth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Brien,  John,  Colonel  Livingston’s  Battalion,  New  York  Line. 

O’Brien,  John,  Colonel  Cilley’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

O’Brien,  John,  First  Partisan  Legion,  Pennsylvania. 

O’Brien,  John,  Jr.,  C.olonel  Wynkoop’s  Regiment,  New  York  Militia. 
O’Brien,  John  Morris,  Colonel  Greene’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

O’Brien,  Joseph,  Colonel  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brien,  Joseph,  Continental  frigate  Boston. 

O’Brien,  Michael,  New  York  troops  (regiment  unknown). 

O’Brien,  Patrick,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Brien,  Patrick,  Ship  Alfred,  Continental  Navy. 

O’Brien,  Peter,  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

O’Brien,  William,  Continental  frigate  Boston. 

O’Brien,  "William,  Sixth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brien,  William,  Tenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brien,  William,  Colonel  Miller’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

O’Bryan,  Andrew,  Provost  Guard,  Pennsylvania. 

O’Bryan,  Charles,  Colonel  Wentworth’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
O’Bryan,  Daniel,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Bryan,  Daniel,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Bryan,  Daniel,  Capt.  Titus  Salter’s  Company,  New  Hampshire  Artillery. 
O’Bryan,  Daniel,  Colonel  Wingate’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

O’Bryan,  Darby,  North  Carolina  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

O’Bryan,  Dennis,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Bryan,  Dennis,  Hazen’s  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Bryan,  Dennis  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

O’Bryan,  Dennis,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Bryan,  Dennis,  Massachusetts  troops  (regiment  unknown). 

O’Bryan,  Dennis,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

O’Brien,  Duncan,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

O’Brien,  Francis,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Bryan,  George,  Major  Eben  Stevens’  Battery  of  Mass.  Artillery. 
O’Bryan,  Gregory,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

O’Bryan,  Gregory,  Colonel  Webb’s  Connecticut  Regiment. 

O’Bryan,  James,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

O’Bryan,  James,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

O’Bryan,  James,  German  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

O’Bryan,  James,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Bryan,  James,  Morgan’s  Rifle  Corps. 

O’Bryan,  John,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Bryan,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 

O’Bryan,  John,  Second  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 

O’Bryan,  John,  First  Partisan  Legion,  Pennsylvania. 

O’Bryan,  John,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

O’Bryan,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 


500  APPENDIX 

O’Bryan,  John,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Bryan,  John,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Bryan,  John,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Bryan,  John,  Colonel  Patterson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Bryan,  John,  Colonel  Vose’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O'Bryan,  John,  German  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

O’Bryan,  John,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

O’Bryan,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Westchester  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
O’Bryan,  John,  1st.  Batt.  Second.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
O’Bryan,  John,  Capt.  Willing’s  Company  of  Philadelphia  Marines. 
O’Bryan,  John,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

O’Bryan  Joseph,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

O’Bryan,  Joseph,  Charles  County,  Marjdand  troops. 

O’Bryan,  Martin,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Bryan,  Martin,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Bryan,  Martin,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Bryan,  Martin,  Colonel  Chambers’  Pennsylvania  Foot  Regiment. 
O’Bryan,  Matthew,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

O’Bryan,  Michael,  Maryland  Artillery. 

O’Bryan,  Patrick,  1st.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
O’Bryan,  Patrick,  Massachusetts  troops  (regiment  unknown). 
O’Bryan,  Patrick,  Rutland,  Massachusetts  Company, 

O’Bryan,  Patrick,  Colonel  Sparhawk’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
O’Bryan,  Patrick,  Second  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 
O’Bryan,  Paul,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Bryan,  Paul,  Invalid  Regiment,  Pennsylvania. 

O’Bryan,  Philip,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Bryan,  Philip,  Sixth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Bryan,  Richard,  Pennsylvania  Artillery  Artificers. 

O'Bryan,  Richard,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

O’Bryan,  Roger,  New  Eleventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 
O’Bryan,  Sylvester,  Atlee’s  Pennsylvania  Musketry  Battalion. 
O’Bryan,  Thomas,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Bryan,  Thomas,  Fifth  Regiment,  Marj’land  Line. 

O’Bryan,  Thomas,  Colonel  Vose’s  Massachusetts  Regiment 
O’Bryan,  Timothy,  Pennsjdvania  Na\y. 

O’Bryan,  Timothy,  Fifth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Bryan,  “Tim,”  Colonel  Patterson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment 
O’Bryan,  “Tide,”  North  Carolina  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
O’Bryan,  William,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Bryan,  William,  New  Eleventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 
O’Bryan,  William,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Bryan,  William,  Pennsylvania  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

O’Bryan,  William,  Philadelphia  City  Militia,  Sixth  Battalion. 
O’Bryan,  William,  Warren,  Rhode  Island,  Town  Guards. 

O’Bryen,  John,  Colonel  Lee’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 


APPENDIX 


SOI 


(yBrion,  Daniel,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Brion,  Gregory,  Capt,  Caleb  Turner’s  Massachusetts  Company. 
O’Brion,  James,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Brion,  Morgan,  Philadelphia  City  Troop  of  Light  Horse. 

O’Brion,  Paul,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Bryon,  Edward,  Colonel  Whitcomb’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
O’Bryon,  Thomas  M.,  Mar3dand  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

O’Bryon,  William,  Tenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brine,  Charles,  Colonel  Marshall’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brine,  Cornelius,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Brine,  Dennis,  Ninth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brine,  Dennis,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brine,  Gregory,  Second  New  York  Artillery. 

O’Brine,  James,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Brine,  James,  Colonel  Henley’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brine,  John,  Capt.  Tisdale’s  Spring-field,  Mass.  Company. 

O’Brine,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Plymouth  County,  Mass. 

O’Brine,  John,  Colonel  Vose’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brine,  Richard,  First  Regiment,  Suffolk  County,  Mass. 

O’Brine,  Richard,  Colonel  Wigglesworth’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
O’Brine,  William,  Colonel  Drury’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Brine,  William,  Sixth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Bryne,  John,  Vermont  troops  (regiment  unknown). 

O’Brient,  William,  Colonel  Angell’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

O’Briant,  Cornelius,  Colonel  Willett’s  Regiment  of  New  York  Levies. 
O’Briant,  Gideon,  Colonel  Foster’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Briant,  Gregory,  Sloop  Machias  Liberty,  Massachusetts  Navy. 
O’Briant,  James,  Colonel  Henley’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Briant,  James,  Colonel  Sherburne’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
O’Briant,  Jeremiah,  Colonel  Foster’s  Massachusetts  Reginaent. 
O’Briant,  John,  Ship  Lion,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

O’Briant,  John,  First  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

O’Briant,  John,  Sixth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

O’Briant,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 
O’Briant,  John,  Colonel  Thornton’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
O’Briant,  John,  Springfield,  Massachusetts  Company. 

O’Briant,  John,  Second  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Briant,  John,  Sloop  Defence,  Maryland  Navy. 

O’Briant,  Joseph,  Colonel  Foster’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Briant,  Joseph,  Colonel  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Briant,  William,  Continental  frigate  Deane. 

O’Briant,  William,  Sloop  Machias  Liberty,  Massachusetts  Navy. 
O’Bryant,  Peter,  Brigantine  Defence,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

O’brient,  Dennis,  Ninth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’brient,  James,  Capt.  Jabez  West’s  Massachusetts  Company. 

O’brient,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 


502 


APPENDIX 


Cybrient,  Patrick,  Colonel  Whitney’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Obriant,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Obrian,  John,  Eighth  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Militia. 

Obrien,  John,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Obrien,  John,  Westchester  County,  New  York  Militia. 

Obrien,  Morgan,  Colonel  Pawling’s  Regiment  of  New  York  Levies. 

Obryon,  John,  Colonel  Hazen’s  Continental  Regiment  (New  Hampshire). 
Obryan,  James,  Sixth  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Obryan,  John,  First  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

Obryan,  Thomas,  Colonel  Vose’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Nail,  Barry,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Nail,  Daniel,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Nail,  Edward,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Nail,  Felix,  Cecil  County,  Maryland  troops. 

O’Nail,  James,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Nail,  John,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsjdvania  Line. 

O’Nail,  Michael,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Mihtia. 

O’Nail,  William,  Hazen’s  Continental  Regiment  (New  Hampshire). 

O’Neal,  Bernard,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Mihtia. 

O’Neal,  Benjamin,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carohna  Line. 

O’Neal,  Bryan,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  Bryan,  Westmoreland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  Charles,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  Charles,  Third  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

O’Neal,  Christian,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  Christopher,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  Christopher,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

O’Neal,  Conrad,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 

O’Neal,  Constantine,  Westmoreland  Count}^  Penna.  Mihtia. 

O’Neal,  Constantine,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Mihtia. 

O’Neal,  Daniel,  3rd  Batt.  First  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

O’Neal,  Daniel,  2nd.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

O’Neal,  Daniel,  Third  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  Daniel,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

O’Neal,  Daniel,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Mihtia. 

O’Neal,  Daniel,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Mihtia. 

O’Neal,  Daniel,  Sixth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  Dixon,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade. 

O’Neal,  Douglas,  Second  South  Carohna  Regiment  of  Foot. 

O’Neal,  Edward,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O'Neal,  Edward,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  Edward,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Mihtia. 

O’Neal,  Felix,  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

O’Neal,  Fehx,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  Fehx,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 


APPENDIX 


503 


O’Neal,  Ferdinand,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

O’Neal,  Farrel,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

O’Neal,  Hamilton,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

O’Neal,  Henry,  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

O’Neal,  Henry,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  Henry,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  Henry,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  Henry,  Westmoreland  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

O’Neal,  Henry,  Colonel  Neill’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

O’Neal,  Hugh,  Colonel  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

O’Neal,  Hugh,  Pennsylvania  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

O’Neal,  James,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  James,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  James,  Third  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  James,  Sixth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  James,  New  Eleventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  James,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  James,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  James,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  James,  Benton’s  South  Carolina  Regiment, 

O’Neal,  James,  Second  Regiment,  South  Carolina  Line. 

O’Neal,  James,  Seventh  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  James,  Frigate  Boston,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

O’Neal,  James,  Colonel  Hunter’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Neal,  James,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

O’Neal,  James,  Colonel  Van  Schaick’s  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Neal,  James,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

O’Neal,  John,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

O’Neal,  John,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  I.ine. 

O’Neal,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Neal,  John,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

O’Neal,  John,  Colonel  Elmore’s  Connecticut  Line. 

O’Neal,  John,  Capt.  Ransom’s  Company,  Wyoming  Valley,  Penna.  troops. 
O’Neal,  John,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

O’Neal,  John,  Invalid  Regiment  (Rhode  Island). 

O’Neal,  John,  Seventh  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Neal,  John,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  John,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  John,  Ninth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  John,  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  Militia. 

O’Neal,  John,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  John,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  John,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  John,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  John,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 


504 


APPENDIX 


O'Neal,  John,  Thirteenth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  John,  Harford  County,  Maryland  troops. 

O’Neal,  John,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
G'Neal,  John,  1st.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
O’Neal,  John,  First  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 
O’Neal,  John,  Third  Regiment,  South  Carolina  Line. 

O’Neal,  John,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

O’Neal,  Michael,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  Nehemiah,  Colonel  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

O’Neal,  N.,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
O’Neal,  Nicholas,  Third  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  Nicholas,  New  Eleventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 
O’Neal,  Patrick,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  Patrick,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

O’Neal,  Peter,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O'Neal,  Peter,  Colonel  Livingston’s  Battalion,  New  York  Line. 
O’Neal,  Richard,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  Richard,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  Richard,  First  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

O’Neal,  Richard,  Atlee’s  Pennsylvania  Musketry  Battalion. 
O’Neal,  Samuel,  Colonel  CiUey’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
O’Neal,  Seymour,  Second  South  Carolina  Regiment  of  Foot. 
O’Neal,  Thomas,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  Timothy,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neal,  Timothy,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  Timothy,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

O’Neal,  William,  Chester  Count}'^,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neal,  William,  Fourth  Pennsj'lvania  Battalion. 

O’Neal,  William,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

O’Neal,  William,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

O’Neale,  Charles,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

O’Neale,  George,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neale,  John,  Charles  County,  Maryland  troops. 

O’Neale,  John,  Charles  County,  Maryland  troops. 

O’Neale,  Richard,  Pennsylvania  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

O’Neale,  William,  Colonel  Neill’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

O’Niel,  James,  West  Virginia  troops. 

O’Nele,  John,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Neil,  Arthur,  Sussex  County,  New  Jersey,  IVIilitia. 

O’Neil,  Arthur,  4th.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
O’Neil,  Barney,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

O'Neil,  Charles,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Neil,  Charles,  Fourth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia, 
O’Neil,  Charles,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neil,  Darden,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

O’Neil,  Henry,  4th.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 


APPENDIX 


505 


O’Neil,  Henry,  Ninth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neil,  Henry,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neil,  Henry,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neil,  Henry,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neil,  Hugh,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

O’Neil,  James,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Neil,  James,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

O’Neil,  James,  Colonel  Neill’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

O’Neil,  James,  Colonel  Malcom’s  Regiment  of  New  York  Levies. 

O’Neil,  John,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Neil,  John,  Second  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 

O’Neil,  John,  Seventh  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

O’Neil,  John,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neil,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neil,  John,  Seventh  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Neil,  John,  Fifth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Neil,  John,  Capt.  Simon  Spaulding’s  Co.,  Wyoming  Valley,  Penna.  troops. 
O’Neil,  John,  Colonel  Moore’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

O’Neil,  Michael,  Colonel  Malcom’s  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Neil,  Neal,  1st.  Batt.  1st  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

O’Neil,  Neil,  4th.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

O’Neil,  Neal,  Colonel  Wheelock’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Neil,  Peter,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

O’Neil,  Richard,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neil,  Thomas,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

O’Neil,  Thomas,  Brigantine  Tyrannicide,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

O’Neil,  , Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

O’NeUl,  Arthur,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neill,  Archibald,  North  Carolina  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

O’Neill,  Bryan,  Pennsylvania  Militia  (regiment  unknown). 

O’Neill,  Charles,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

O’Neill,  Charles,  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment. 

O’Neill,  Christopher,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

O’Neill,  Christopher,  Pennsylvania  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

O’Neill,  Constantine,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neill,  Ferdinand,  Capt.  Lee’s  Battalion,  South  Carolina  Light  Dragoons. 
O’Neill,  Henry,  Second  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

O’Neill,  Henry,  Pennsylvania  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

O’Neill,  James,  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

O’Neill,  James,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neill,  James,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

O’Neill,  John,  Tenth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neill,  John,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

O’Neill,  John,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

O’Neill,  John,  Maryland  Select  Militia. 

O’Neill,  John,  Colonel  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 


506 


APPENDIX 


O’Neill,  Michael,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

O’Neill,  Peter,  Pennsylvania  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
O’Neill,  Timothy,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 
O’Neile,  John,  Pennsylvania  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Kneal,  Patrick,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Nail,  Charles,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Nail,  John,  New  York  Artillery  Artificers. 

Naile,  John.  Eighth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Neill,  Robert,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Neill,  Thomas,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNail,  Robert,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeal,  Andrew,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeal,  Charles,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McNeal,  Charles,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McNeal,  Daniel,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

McNeal,  Daniel,  Sixth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

McNeal,  Daniel,  Eighth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

McNeal,  Daniel,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeal,  Dominick,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeal,  Henry,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McNeal,  Henry,  Dutchess  County,  New  York  Militia. 

McNeal,  James,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

McNeal,  James,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeal,  James,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeal,  John,  Hazen’s  Continental  Regiment  (Pennsylvania). 
McNeal,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McNeal,  John,  Fifth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McNeal,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

McNeal,  John,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

McNeal,  John,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeal,  John,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McNeal,  John,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McNeal,  John,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeal,  Loughlin,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

McNeal,  Laughlin,  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment. 

McNeal,  Patrick,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeal,  Patrick,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

McNeil,  Paul,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

McNeil,  Robert,  Proctor’s  Pennsjdvania  Artillery. 

McNeal,  Robert,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeal,  Thomas,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeal,  Thomas,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McNeal,  William,  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment. 

McNeal,  William,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeal,  William,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeill,  Charles,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 


APPENDIX 


507 


McNeill,  Charles,  Continental  frigate  Boston. 

McNeill,  Daniel,  Capt.  Peter  Clark’s  New  Hampshire  Company. 
McNeill,  Daniel,  Pennsylvania  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

McNeill,  Daniel,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
McNeill,  Hector,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeill,  Henry,  Dutchess  County,  New  York  Militia. 

McNeill,  Hector,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeill,  Hector,  Continental  frigate  Boston. 

McNeill,  James,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeill,  James,  Fifth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

McNeill,  John,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeill,  John,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeill,  John,  Sixth  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
McNeill,  John,  Charlotte  County,  New  York  Militia. 

McNeill,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

McNeill,  Michael,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
McNeill,  Robert,  Continental  frigate  Boston. 

McNeill,  Thomas,  First  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

McNeill,  Victor,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeill,  William,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

McNeill,  William,  Twelfth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Reilly,  Charles,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reilly,  Con.,  German  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reilly,  Christopher,  Tenth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line 
Reilly,  Christopher,  Moore’s  Corps  of  Pennsylvania  Infantry. 

Reilly,  James,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reilly,  James,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Reilly,  James,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Reilly,  James,  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment. 

Reilly,  James,  Moore’s  Corps  of  Pennsylvania  Infantry. 

Reilly,  James,  Seventh  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

ReiUy,  James,  West  Virginia  troops  (regiment  unknown). 

ReUly,  James,  New  York  troops  (regiment  unknown). 

Reilly,  James,  Colonel  Brooks’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Reilly,  John,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reilly,  John,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Reilly,  John,  Colonel  Turner’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Reilly,  John,  Continental  frigate  Hague. 

Reilly,  John,  Colonel  Burrall’s  Connecticut  Regiment. 

Reilly,  John,  Capt.  Willing’s  Company  of  Philadelphia  Marine!. 
Reilly,  John,  First  Regiment,  Virginia  Line. 

Reilly,  Joseph,  Fifth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Reilly,  Martin,  Colonel  Mitchell’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Reilly,  Michael,  Ninth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reilly,  Patrick,  Lamb’s  New  York  Artillery. 


508 


APPENDIX 


Reilly,  Patrick,  2nd.,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Reilly,  Patrick,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Reilly,  Patrick,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Reilly,  Philip,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Reilly,  Richard,  First  Regiment,  Provincial  Troops  of  S.  C. 
Reilly,  Robert,  Capt.  Fullwood’s  S.  C.  Volunteer  Militia. 
Reilly,  Robert,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reilly,  Thomas,  Sixth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reilly,  Thomas,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reilly,  Thomas,  Henley’s  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reilly,  Thomas,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reilly,  Thomas,  Thompson’s  Penna.  Rifle  Battalion. 

Reilly,  Thomas,  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Reilly,  Thomas,  Fifth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Reiley,  Charles,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 
Reiley,  Charles,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reiley,  Charles,  New  Castle  County,  Delaware  Militia. 

Reiley,  Christopher,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Lina 
Reiley,  Barney,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reiley,  Bernard,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reiley,  David,  Sixth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reiley,  Edward,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reiley,  Edward,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Reiley,  Francis,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reiley,  Francis,  Frigate  Boston,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Reiley,  George,  South  Carolina  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Reiley,  George,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reiley,  James,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Reiley,  James,  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts  troops. 

Reiley,  James,  Colonel  Shepard’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Reiley,  Job,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reiley,  John,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reiley,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reiley,  John,  Colonel  Smith’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Reiley,  John,  Colonel  Wigglesworth’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Reiley,  Martin,  Sixth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reiley,  Martin,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reiley,  Matthew,  New  Castle  County,  Delaware  Militia, 
Reiley,  Patrick,  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

Reiley,  Patrick,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reiley,  Patrick,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Reiley,  Patrick,  First  Maryland  Battalion. 

Reiley,  Peter,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reiley,  Philip,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Reiley,  Richard,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  MUitia. 

Reiley,  Richard,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 


APPENDIX 


509 


Reiley,  Thomas,  South  Carolina  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Reiley,  Thomas,  Third  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Reiley,  William,  Third  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reiley,  William,  Commander-in-Chief’s  Guard. 

Reily,  Barney,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Reily,  Bernard,  German  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Reily,  Charles,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Reily,  Edward,  Pennsylvania  Artillery  Artificers. 

Reily,  Edward,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reily,  Edward,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Reily,  George,  Frigate  Boston,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Reily,  Henry,  Colonel  Brooks’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Reily,  Hugh,  Colonel  Bridge’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Reily,  James,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Reily,  James,  Rawlings’  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Reily,  John,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reily,  John,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia  (1st.  Batt.). 
Reily,  John,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia  (4th.  Batt.) 
Reily,  John,  Pennsylvania  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Reily,  John,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Reily,  John,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Reily,  John,  Rowley,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Reily,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Reily,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Reily,  John,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Reily,  John,  Rawlings’  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Reily,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Reily,  Joseph,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reily,  Miles,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Reily,  Patrick,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

Reily,  Patrick,  Craig’s  Detachment  of  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 
Reily,  Patrick,  Pennsylvania  Artillery  Artificers. 

Reily,  Patrick,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Reily,  Patrick,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Reily,  Philip,  West  Virginia  troops. 

Reily,  Terence,  Second  Infantry  Company  of  Westerly,  R.  I, 
Reily,  Thomas,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reily,  Thomas,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reily,  Thomas,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Reily,  Thomas,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Reily,  Thomas,  Colonel  Thayer’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Reily,  William,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Reily,  William,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Reily,  William,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Reily,  William,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Riely,  Bernard,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 


510 


APPENDIX 


Riely,  Barnabas,  Pennsylvania  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Riely,  Charles,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Riely,  Edward,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Riely,  James,  Richmond,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Riely,  John,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Riely,  John,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Riely,  Jonathan,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Riely,  Patrick,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Riely,  Thomas,  Colonel  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Riely,  Thomas,  Colonel  Henley’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Riely,  William,  Sixth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Riely,  William,  Fourth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Rieley,  John,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Riley,  A.,  Wethersfield,  Connecticut  Volunteers. 

Riley,  A.,  Brig  Ranger,  Connecticut  Navy. 

Riley,  Charles,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Riley,  Charles,  Seventh  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Riley,  Charles,  Twenty-second  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 
Riley,  Daniel,  New  Jersey  State  troops. 

Riley,  Daniel,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Riley,  Dennis,  Pennsylvania  Artillery  Artificers. 

Riley,  David,  Colonel  Canfield’s  Connecticut  Militia  Regiment. 
Riley,  Edward,  Proctor’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 

Riley,  Edward,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Riley,  Edward,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Riley,  Francis,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Riley,  Hugh,  Colonel  Bridge’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Riley,  Jonathan,  Eighth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Riley,  James,  Pennsylvania  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Riley,  James,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Riley,  James,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Riley,  James,  Colonel  Harper’s  Regiment  of  New  York  Levies. 
Riley,  James,  First  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 
Riley,  James,  3rd.  Batt.  1st.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

Riley,  James,  3rd.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

Riley,  James,  Third  Regiment,  Marjdand  Line. 

Riley,  James,  Fifth  Regiment,  Middlesex  County,  Mass. 

Riley,  James,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Riley,  James,  Seventh  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Riley,  James,  Brigantine  Tyrannicide,  Massachusetts  Navy. 
Riley,  James,  Colonel  Jackson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Riley,  James,  1st.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line, 

Riley,  Jacob,  1st.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

Riley,  Jacob,  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Riley,  John,  Colonel  Webb’s  Connecticut  Regiment. 

Riley,  John,  Sloop  Hero,  Connecticut  Navy. 


APPENDIX 


511 


Riley,  John,  Philadelphia  City  Artillery. 

Riley,  John,  Colonel  Elliott’s  Rhode  Island  Artillery. 

Riley,  John,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Riley,  John,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Riley,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Riley,  John,  Kent  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Riley,  John,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Riley,  John,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Riley,  John,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Riley,  John,  Lee’s  Legion,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 

Riley,  John,  First  Regiment,  Provincial  Troops  of  S.  C. 

Riley,  John,  Capt.  Thomas  Beall’s  Corps  of  Maryland  troops. 
Riley,  John,  ’Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Riley,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Riley,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Riley,  John,  Colonel  Brewer’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Riley,  John,  Colonel  Smith’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Riley,  John,  First  Regiment,  Virginia  Line. 

Riley,  John,  Virginia  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Riley,  Jones,  Ship  Protector,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Riley,  Job,  Miles’  Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment. 

Riley,  Joseph,  Cumberland  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Riley,  Joseph,  New  Jersey,  Continental  Line. 

Riley,  Joseph,  Continental  frigate  Deane. 

Riley,  Lawrence,  Ann  Arundel  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Riley,  Michael,  Ship  Defence,  Maryland  Navy. 

Riley,  Michael,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Riley,  Michael,  Colonel  Daggett’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Riley,  Michael,  Attleborough,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Riley,  Michael,  Captain  Elisha  May’s  Massachusetts  Company. 
Riley,  Moses,  Eighth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Riley,  Nathaniel,  Ship  Oliver  Cromwell,  Connecticut  Navy. 

Riley,  Patrick,  Frederick,  Maryland  troops. 

Riley,  Patrick,  Montgomery  County,  Maryland  Militia. 

Riley,  Patrick,  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Riley,  Patrick,  Captain  James  Lee’s  Company,  Knox’s  Artillery. 
Riley,  Patrick,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Riley,  Patrick,  Captain  Newman’s  Boston,  Mass.  Company. 

Riley,  Patrick,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Riley,  Patrick,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Riley,  Peter,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Riley,  Peter,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Riley,  Peter,  New  Eleventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Riley,  Peter,  First  Regiment,  Tryon  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Riley,  Philip,  Colonel  Harper’s  New  York  Levies. 

Riley,  Richard,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 


512 


APPENDIX 


Riley,  Robert,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Riley,  Robert,  Captain  Ferguson’s  Volunteer  Company,  Penna.  troops. 
Riley,  Roger,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Riley,  Simeon,  Colonel  Cheever’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Riley,  Sylvester,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Riley,  Thomas,  Seventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Riley,  Thomas,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Riley,  Thomas,  Sixth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Riley,  Thomas,  Sixteenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Riley,  Timothy,  Ship  Defence,  Maryland  Navy. 

Riley,  Walter,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Riley,  William,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  imknown). 

Riley,  William,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade. 

Riley,  William,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Reyley,  Daniel,  Second  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Reyley,  Henry,  Colonel  Brooks’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Reyley,  Henry,  Wolcott’s  Connecticut  Brigade. 

Reyley,  Henry,  Capt.  Wm.  McMullins’  Phila.  City  Guards. 

Reyley,  James,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Reyley,  James,  Nca'  York  troops  (regiment  unknown). 

Reyley,  James,  Colonel  Craft’s  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Reyley,  James,  Colonel  Fellows’  Massachusetts  Brigade, 

Reyley,  James,  Fifth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Reyley,  James,  Second  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Reyley,  James,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reyley,  John,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reyley,  John,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reyley,  John,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Reyley,  John,  New  Castle  County,  Delaware  Militia. 

Reyley,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Reyley,  Julius,  Sheldon’s  Connecticut  Light  Horse. 

Reyley,  Michael,  Fourteenth  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Reyley,  Philip,  Boston,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Reyley,  Philip,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Reyley,  Sylvester,  Fifth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Reylie,  John,  Virginia  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Reylie,  Matthew,  Colonel  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Rily,  Luke,  Delaware  Militia. 

Rioley,  John,  Essex  County,  Massachusetts  troops. 

Rihley,  Jacob,  First  Regiment,  Ulster  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Righley,  Joseph,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Reiloy,  Patrick,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Railey,  Hugh,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Realley,  Dennis,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Reyle,  Denis,  Fourth  Regiment,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Reyligh,  James,  Fourth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 


APPENDIX 


513 


Royley,  James,  Second  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Rylee,  Philip,  Colonel  Warner’s  Connecticut  Regiment. 

Ryley,  George,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryley,  John,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryley,  John,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryley,  Joseph,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade. 

Ryley,  Michael,  Ninth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryley,  Patrick,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Ryley,  Philip,  Fifth  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Ryley,  Sylvester,  Fourth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Ryley,  Pat.,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Ryley,  Phillip,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Ryley,  Philip,  Jr.,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Ryley,  Philip,  1st.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

Ryley,  Thomas,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Ryley,  William,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Rylie,  John,  Colonel  Malcom’s  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Rylie,  Francis,  Brigantine  Hazard,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Rylie,  James,  Third  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Rylie,  Jacob,  Second  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Rylie,  Nicholas,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Rylie,  Philip,  Second  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Reyly,  John,  Berks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Reyly,  Miles,  Captain  Mills’  S.  C.  Volunteer  Militia. 

Ryly,  Joseph,  Colonel  Simonds’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Andrew,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Andrew,  Second  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  Andrev^,  Atlee’s  Penna.  Musketry  Battalion. 

Ryan,  Andrew,  Fifth  Penna.  Battalion. 

Ryan,  Andrew,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Anthony,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Ryan,  Alexander,  Continental  frigate  Deane. 

Ryan,  Albert,  New  York  troops  (regiment  unknown). 

Ryan,  Augustus,  Colonel  Foster’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Augustine,  Falmouth,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Ryan,  Barney,  Fifth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Bryan,  Fifth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Benjamin,  Colonel  Wyman’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Cornelius,  Fourth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Cornelius,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line  (Doherty’s  Co.). 
Ryan,  Cornelius,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line  (Hadley’s  Co.). 
Ryan,  Christopher,  Thirteenth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Ryan,  Christian,  Miles’  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Daniel,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Daniel,  Sixth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  ll^ilitia. 


514 


APPENDIX 


Ilyan,  Daniel,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Ryan,  Daniel,  Colonel  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Daniel,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Ryan,  Dennis,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Ryan,  Dennis,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Ryan,  Dennis,  Colonel  Brewer’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Dennis,  Colonel  Hazen’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Derry,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Duncan,  Colonel  Willett’s  New  York  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Darby,  Leicester  County,  Massachusetts  troops. 

Ryan,  Edward,  Sixth  Regiment,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Ryan,  Edward,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Edward,  Brig  Freedom,  Massachusetts  Na\y. 

Ryan,  Edward,  Colonel  Thomas  Poor’s  N.  H.  Regiment. 

R3'an,  Francis,  First  Regiment,  Cumberland  County,  Maine. 

Ryan,  George,  Prince  George  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Ryan,  George,  Virginia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Ryan,  George,  Lancaster  Countj%  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Gilbert,  Fifth  Regiment,  Mar5’land  Line. 

Ryan,  Francis,  Colonel  Eben  Francis’  Mass.  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Francis,  East  Sudbury,  Mass.  Company. 

Ryan,  Francis,  Dorchester,  INIass.  Company. 

R^'an,  Hercules,  Fourth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Ryan,  Hugh,  Frederick  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Ryan,  Hugh,  Sixth  Regiment,  Marj'Iand  Line. 

Ryan,  Isaac,  Chester  County,  Penna.  ililitia. 

Ryan,  Jacob,  Mar^dand  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Ryan,  James,  Colonel  Wentworth’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 
Ryan,  James,  Nineteenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Rj’an,  James,  Twenty-eighth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Rj'an,  James,  Colonel  Daniel  Morgan’s  Rifle  Corps. 

Ryan,  James,  Tliird  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Ryan,  James,  Parr’s  Companj^  of  New  Hampshire  Riflemen. 

Ryan,  James,  Colonel  Wyman’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Ryan,  James,  Colonel  Long’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Ryan,  James,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 
Ryan,  James,  Colonel  Hazen’s  Additional  Corps  of  the  N.  Y.  Line. 
Ryan,  James,  Colonel  Rawlings’  Regim.ent,  ]\Iarj*land  Line. 

R_van,  James,  Third  Regiment,  Marjdand  Line. 

Rj’an,  James,  Fifth  Regiment,  Marjfland  Line. 

Ryan,  James,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  James,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Rj’an,  James,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Jlilitia. 

Ryan,  James,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  James,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  James,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 


APPENDIX 


515 


Ryan,  James,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Ryan,  James,  First  Penna.  Battalion. 

Ryan,  James,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  James,  Sr.,  Second  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  James,  Jr.,  Second  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  James,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  “Jerry,”  Colonel  Patterson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Jeremiah,  Colonel  Waterbury’s  Connecticut  Militia. 

Ryan,  Jeremiah,  Colonel  Elmore’s  Connecticut  Regiment. 

Ryan,  John,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Ryan,  John,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Ryan,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  Tryon  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Ryan,  John,  Fourteenth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 
Ryan,  John,  Colonel  Pawling’s  Regiment  of  New  York  Levies. 
Ryan,  John,  Sixth  Penna.  Battalion. 

Ryan,  John,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  John,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  John,  Seventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  John,  Seventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Ryan,  John,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Ryan,  John,  Colonel  Daniel  Morgan’s  Rifle  Corps. 

Ryan,  John,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  John,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  John,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  John,  Northumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  John,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  John,  Westmoreland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  John,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  John,  Philadelphia  City  Militia,  Fourth  Battalion. 

Ryan,  John,  Philadelphia  City  Militia,  Sixth  Battalion. 

Ryan,  John,  Philadelphia  County  Militia. 

Ryan,  John,  Philadelphia  County  Militia. 

Ryan,  John,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Ryan,  John,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Ryan,  John,  First  Maryland  Battalion. 

Ryan,  John,  Prince  George  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Ryan,  John,  Baltimore  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Ryan,  John,  First  Regiment,  Provincial  Troops  of  South  Carolina. 
Ryan,  John,  Hunterdon  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Ryan,  John,  Hazen’s  Regiment,  Continental  Line  (N.  J.). 

Ryan,  John,  Hazen’s  Regiment,  Continental  Line  (N.  H.). 

Ryan,  John,  Stevens’  New  York  Artillery. 

Ryan,  John,  Luzerne  County,  Penna.  Volunteers. 

Ryan,  John,  4th.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  New  Jersey  Line. 
Ryan,  John,  Thompson’s  Battalion  of  Penna.  Riflemen. 


516 


APPENDIX 


Ryan,  John,  Robinson’s  Pennsylvania  Rangers. 

Ryan,  John,  Colonel  Mitchell’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  John,  Colonel  Bailey’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  John,  Colonel  Francis’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  John,  Colonel  Turner’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  John,  Colonel  Wesson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  John,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  John,  Malden,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Ryan,  John,  Fifth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  John,  Tenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  John,  Fourth  Regiment  of  Suffolk  County,  Mass. 

Ryan,  John,  Waltham,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Ryan,  John,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Ryan,  John,  Randolph  County,  Virginia  Militia. 

Ryan,  John,  First  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Ryan,  John,  Fifth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Ryan,  John,  Colonel  Malcom’s  Regiment,  New  York  Line, 

Ryan,  John,  Continental  frigate  Confederacy. 

Ryan,  John,  Colonel  Bradford’s  Battalion,  Philadelphia  Foot. 

Ryan,  John,  Colonel  Stark’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Ryan,  John,  Colonel  Bedell’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Ryan,  John,  Captain  Simeon  Thayer’s  Providence,  R.  I.  Company. 

Ryan,  Joseph,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia  (2nd.  Batt.'j. 

Ryan,  Joseph,  Washington  County,  Penna.  Militia  (Eckley’s  Frontier  Co.). 
Ryan,  Lewis,  Hamilton’s  New  York  Artillery. 

Ryan,  Matthew,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Ryan,  Matthew,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Ryan,  Matthew,  Colonel  Wheelock’s  Massachusetts  RegimenL 
Ryan,  Michael,  Fourth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Miles’  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Penna.  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Wayne’s  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Ryan,  Michael,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Ryan,  Michael,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Colonel  Wheelock’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Lancaster  Countj%  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Washington  Countj’,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Westmoreland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Second  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Fourth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Fifth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Tenth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 


APPENDIX 


517 


Ryan,  Michael,  Captain  Benjamin  Plummer’s  Mass.  Company. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Continental  frigate  Boston. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Continental  frigate  Confederacy. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Capt.  Thomas  Salter’s  New  Hampshire  Artillery  Company. 
Ryan,  Michael,  Colonel  Long’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Michael,  Captain  Simpson’s  Philadelphia  City  Guards. 

Ryan,  Miles,  Second  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  Miles,  Miles’  Penna.  Rifle  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Nathan,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Ryan,  Nathaniel,  Henry  County,  Virginia  Militia. 

Ryan,  Owen,  Philadelphia  City  Militia. 

Ryan,  Patrick,  Fourth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Ryan,  Patrick,  Fourth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  Patrick,  Seventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  Patrick,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Ryan,  Patrick,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Ryan,  Patrick,  Northampton  County,  Penna.  Pdilitia. 

Ryan,  Patrick,  2nd.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

Ryan,  Patrick,  4th.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

Ryan,  Patrick,  3rd.  Batt.  1st.  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 

Ryan,  Patrick,  First  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 

Ryan,  Patrick,  First  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 

Ryan,  Patrick,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  Patrick,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Patrick,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Patrick,  Colonel  Hartley’s  Pennsylvania  Regiment, 

Ryan,  Peter,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Philip,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Philip,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia, 

Ryan,  Philip,  Henry  County,  Virginia  Militia. 

Ryan,  Richard,  Georgia  Continental  Line. 

Ryan,  Richard,  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Ryan,  Richard,  Colonel  Vose’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Robert,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Ryan,  Robert,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line, 

Ryan,  Robert,  F'ifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Ryan,  Robert,  Westmoreland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Roger,  Brig  Hazard,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Ryan,  Samuel,  Capt.  Loring  Lincoln’s  Mass.  Company. 

R5’^an,  Samuel,  Colonel  Poor’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Samuel,  Colonel  Evans’  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Stephen,  Ship  Alfred,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  Seventeenth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  Colonel  Wesson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  Fifth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 


518 


APPENDIX 


Ryan,  Thomas,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  Hamilton’s  New  York  Artillery  Company. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  Fourth  Regiment,  Westchester  County,  N.  Y.  Militia 
Ryan,  Thomas,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  Fourth  Regiment,  Massachusetts  Line. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  Fifth  Regiment,  Massachusetts  Line. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  Tenth  Regiment,  Massachusetts  Line. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  Captain  Jennings’  Massachusetts  Company. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  Brookline,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  Baltimore  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Thomas,  Seventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  Timothy,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  Timothy,  4th.  Batt.  2nd.  Establishment,  N.  J.  Line. 

Ryan,  Timothy,  Fifth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Ryan,  Timothy,  First  Regiment,  Cumberland  County,  Maine. 

Ryan,  Timothy,  Hunterdon  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Ryan,  Timothy,  Captain  Abner  Lowell’s  Company  of  Mass.  Artillery. 
Ryan,  Timothy,  Colonel  Francis’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  William,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  William,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  William,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Ryan,  William,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryan,  William,  Sixth  Regiment,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Militia. 

Ryan,  William,  First  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryan,  William,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Ryan,  William,  Colonel  Wesson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  William,  Colonel  Nixon’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  William,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Ryan,  William,  Schooner  Warren,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Ryan,  William,  Essex  County,  Massachusetts  troops. 

Ryan,  William,  Colonel  Hutchinson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryan,  William,  Marblehead,  Massachusetts  Company. 

Ryan,  William,  Henry  County,  Virginia  Militia. 

Ryan,  William,  Washington  County,  Penn.  Militia  (Capt.  Cissna’s  Co.). 
Ryan,  William,  Washington  Co.,  Penna.  Militia  (Capt.  Cimningham’s  Co.). 
Ryan,  Walter,  Middlesex  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Ryant,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

Rian,  Jacob,  First  Regiment,  Provincial  Troops  of  South  Carolina. 

Rian,  James,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Rian,  John,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Rian,  John,  Fifth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Rian,  Michael,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 


APPENDIX 


519 


Rion,  James,  Essex  County,  Massachusetts  troops. 

Rion,  John,  Fourth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Rion,  Michael,  Tenth  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Rion,  Owen,  Ship  Rhodes,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Rine,  John,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Rine,  Michael,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Rine,  Michael,  Bedford  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Rine,  Michael,  St.,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Rine,  Michael,  Jr.,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Rine,  Patrick,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Rine,  Peter,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Rine,  Stephen,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Rhyne,  Richard,  Fourth  Regiment,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  Militia. 

Rhyne,  Timothy,  Seventh  Regiment,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  MUitia. 

Ryne,  Daniel,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Ryne,  Lawrence,  Eighth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.,  Militia. 

Ryne,  Michael,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Royn,  Samuel,  Colonel  Mitchell’s  Mass.  Regiment. 

Ruyan,  Cornelius,  Fifth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ruyan,  Francis,  Captain  Tobias  Lord’s  Massachusetts  Coast  Artillery. 
Ruyan,  Francis,  Colonel  Nixon’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ruyan,  John,  Colonel  Prime’s  Cumberland  County,  Me.,  Regiment. 

Ruyan,  Philip,  Ninth  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.,  Militia. 

Ryon,  Augustine,  Colonel  McCobb’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryon,  Augustus,  Captain  John  Lane’s  Massachusetts  Coast  Artillery. 
Ryon,  Cornelius,  First  Regiment,  Massachusetts  Guards. 

Ryon,  Cornelius,  Colonel  Stearns’  Massachusetts  Guards. 

Ryon,  Dennis,  Fourth  Regiment,  Worcester  County,  Mass. 

Ryon,  Dennis,  Fifth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryon,  Dennis,  Colonel  Patterson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryon,  Edward,  Colonel  Mitchell’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryon,  Francis,  Tenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryon,  George,  Maryland  State  Regiment. 

Ryon,  George,  Seventh  Regiment,  Penna.  Line. 

Ryon,  James,  Tenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryon,  James,  Colonel  Francis’  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryon,  James,  Montgomery  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Ryon,  James,  Second  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

Ryon,  James,  Eighth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Ryon,  Jeremiah,  Lamb’s  Artillery. 

Ryon,  John,  Colonel  Bailey’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryon,  John,  Vermont  troops  (regiment  unknown). 

Ryon,  John,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Ryon,  John,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Ryon,  John,  Washington  County  Penna.  Militia  (Capt.  Miller’s  Co.). 
Ryon,  John,  Washington  County,  Penna.,  Militia  (Capt.  Van  Meter’s  Co.). 


520 


APPENDIX 


Ryon,  John,  Colonel  Brown’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryon,  John,  Colonel  Parke’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryon,  Joseph,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Ryon,  Samuel,  Second  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

Ryon,  Samuel,  Seventh  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryon,  Thomas,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Ryon,  Timothy,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.,  Militia, 

Ryon,  Timothy,  Tenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryon  Timothy,  Washington  County,  Penna.,  Militia, 

Ryon,  William,  Third  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Ryon,  William,  Philadelphia  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Ryon,  William,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Ryon,  William,  Westmoreland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Rawn,  Patrick,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Wryon,  Patrick,  Frederick  County,  Maryland,  troops. 

McRian,  John,  Colonel  Hale’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

O’Rian,  John,  Captain  Briant  Morton’s  Mass.  Coast  Artillery. 

O’Rian,  John,  Colonel  Mitchell’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Rian,  Timothy,  Colonel  Brewer’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

O’Ryan,  James,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.,  Militia. 

O’Ryan,  John,  Captain  Noyes’  Massachusetts  Company. 

O’Ryan,  John,  Colonel  Bradford’s  Battalion,  Philadelphia  Foot. 

O’Ryan,  John,  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  troops. 

O’Riant,  Joseph,  Third  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

Sulavan,  Harry,  Bedford  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Sulavan,  Jeremiah,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Sulavan,  John,  Tenth  Regiment  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sulavan,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Cumberland  County,  Maine. 

Sulavan,  Patrick,  York  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Sullavan,  Benjamin,  Colonel  Prime’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sullavan,  Daniel,  Second  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

Sullevan,  Daniel,  Massachusetts  State  Regiment  of  Artillery. 

Sullevan,  John,  Invalid  Regiment. 

Sullevan,  John,  Colonel  Rowling’s  Regiment  of  New  York  Lines. 
Sullevan,  Martin,  Invalid  Regiment. 

Sullevan,  Timothy,  Colonel  Whitcomb’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sulleven,  John,  Captain  Tobias  Lord’s  Company  of  Mass.  Coast  Artillery. 
Sullivan,  Benjamin,  Falmouth,  Massachusetts,  Company. 

Sullivan,  “Bright,”  Ship  Defence,  Maryland  Navy. 

Sullivan,  Charles,  Second  Regiment,  Albany  County,  New  York,  Militia. 
Sullivan,  Cornelius,  Colonel  Elliott’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  Cornelius,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  Cornelius,  First  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Sullivan,  Cornelius,  Montgomery  County,  Penna.,  troops. 

Sullivan,  Craven,  Virginia  State  Line. 


APPENDIX 


521 


Sullivan,  Darby,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  Darby,  Seventh  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Sullivan,  David,  New  Castle  County,  Delaware,  Militia. 

Sullivan,  David,  Colonel  Graham’s  New  York  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  David,  Second  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Line. 

Sullivan,  David,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Sullivan,  David,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Sullivan,  David,  Chester  County  Penna.,  Militia. 

Sullivan,  David,  Fourth  Regiment  Albany  County,  N.  Y.,  Militia. 

Sullivan,  David,  New  Jersey  Militia  (regiment  unknown). 

Sullivan,  David,  Third  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  David,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Sixth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  First  Regiment,  Provincial  Troops  of  S.  C. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Colonel  Putnam’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Brigantine  Addition,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Luzerne  County,  Penna.,  troops. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Second  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Sixth  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  North  Carolina  Artillery. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Colonel  Olney’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Colonel  Wentworth’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  New  Eleventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Hunterdon  County,  New  Jersey,  Militia. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  First  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Third  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Sussex  County,  New  Jersey,  Militia. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Bucks  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Chester  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Chester  County  Penna.,  Militia. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  New  Levies,  Pennsylvania  troops. 

Sullivan,  Daniel,  First  Battalion,  Second  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Sullivan,  Daniel,  Third  Battalion,  Second  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Lint. 
Sullivan,  Dennis,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Sullivan,  Dennis,  Hartley’s  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Dennis,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Sullivan,  Dennis,  Second  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Sullivan,  Dennis,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Sullivan,  Dennis,  Captain  Thomas  Perry’s  New  Hampshire  Company. 
Sullivan,  Dennis,  Colonel  Wyman’s  New  Hampshire  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  Eben,  Colonel  Scammon’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 


522 


APPENDIX 


Sullivan,  Elijah,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Sullivan,  Elisha,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Sullivan,  Frederick,  Virginia  State  Line. 

Sullivan,  George,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Jacob,  Second  Regiment,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.,  Militia. 
Sullivan,  James,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Sullivan,  James,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Sullivan,  James,  Independent  Regiment  of  Penna.  Artillery. 
Sullivan,  James,  Fourth  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Sullivan,  James,  Thirteenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  James,  Newbury,  Massachusetts,  Company. 

Sullivan,  James,  West  Virginia  troops. 

Sullivan,  James,  Virginia  Continental  Line. 

Sullivan,  James,  Pennsylvania  Artillery  Artificers. 

Sullivan,  James,  Colonel  Smith’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  James,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Sullivan,  James,  Continental  frigate  Raleigh. 

Sullivan,  James,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Sullivan,  James,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Sullivan,  James,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  James,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

SuUivan,  James,  First  Maryland  Battalion. 

Sullivan,  James,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Sullivan,  James,  Sixth  Company,  Dorchester  County,  Md.,  Militia. 
Sullivan,  James,  Neil’s  Eastern  Artillery  Company  of  New  Jersey. 
Sullivan,  James,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.,  Militia. 

Sullivan,  James,  Lancaster  County,  Penn.,  Militia. 

Sullivan,  James,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  James,  Harford  County,  Maryland,  troops. 

Sullivan,  James  O.,  Brigantine  Freedom,  Massachusetts  Navy. 
Sullivan,  Jeremiah,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  Jeremiah,  Third  Maryland  Battalion. 

Sullivan,  Jeremiah,  Twentieth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  Jeremiah,  Frigate  Deane,  Continental  Navy. 

Sullivan,  Jeremiah,  Frigate  Hague,  Continental  Navy. 

Sullivan,  Jeremiah,  Twenty-fourth  Massachusetts  Regiment 
Sullivan,  Jeremiah,  Brigantine  Tyrannicide,  Massachusetts  Navy. 
Sullivan,  Jeremiah,  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts  troops. 

Sullivan,  John,  Eleventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  John,  Pennsylvania  Navy. 

Sullivan,  John,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Sullivan,  John,  Lamb’s  New  York  Artillery. 

Sullivan,  John,  Twentieth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  John,  Continental  frigate  Deane. 

SuUivan,  John,  Continental  frigate  Hague. 

Sullivan,  John,  Virginia  State  Line. 


APPENDIX 


528 


Sullivan,  John,  Colonel  Malcom’s  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Sullivan,  John,  Captain  Thomas  Perry’s  New  Hampshire  Company. 
Sullivan,  John,  Second  South  Carolina  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Sullivan,  John,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Sullivan,  John,  Invalid  Guards. 

Sullivan  John,  New  Eleventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  John,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  John,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  John,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  John,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line> 

Sullivan,  John,  Dorset  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Sullivan,  John,  Harford  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Sullivan,  John,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Sullivan,  John,  Bucks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Sullivan,  John,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Sullivan,  John,  Moylan’s  Fourth  Penna.  Dragoons. 

Sullivan,  John,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  John,  Tenth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Joshua,  Montgomery  County,  Penna.  troops. 

Sullivan,  Joshua,  Forman’s  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Line. 

Sullivan,  Joseph,  Spencer’s  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Line. 

Sullivan,  Lawrence,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  Lawrence,  Tenth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Lawrence,  Albemarle  County,  Virginia  troops. 

Sullivan,  Lawrence,  Second  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Sullivan,  Mark,  Second  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  Mark,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Sullivan,  Martin,  Tenth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Maurice,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Michael,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Michael,  Colonel  Wessenfels’  Regiment,  New  York  Levies. 
Sullivan,  Murly,  Fourth  Regment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Mortough,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Murty,  Seventh  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Nathaniel,  First  Maryland  Battalion  of  the  Line. 

Sullivan,  Nathaniel,  Harford  County,  Maryland  troops. 

SuUivan,  Oliver,  Colonel  Greaton’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  Owen,  Third  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Owen,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  Owen,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Owen,  Georgia  Continental  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Sullivan,  Owen,  Georgia  Continental  Brigade. 

Sullivan,  Patrick,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  Patrick,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  Patrick,  Second  Battalion,  Second  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Sullivan,  Patrick,  Second  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 


524 


APPENDIX 


Sullivan,  Patrick,  Bedford  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Sullivan,  Patrick,  Cumberland  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Sullivan,  Patrick,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Sullivan,  Patrick,  Tenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  Patrick,  Middlesex  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Sullivan,  Patrick,  First  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan  Patrick,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Patrick,  Thompson’s  Battalion  of  Pennsylvania  Riflemen. 
Sullivan,  Patrick,  Pennsylvania  Artillery  Artificers. 

Sullivan,  Patrick,  Pennsylvania  Line,  (regiment  unknown). 

Sullivan,  Patrick,  Colonel  Tapper’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  Perrigrine,  Captain  William  Reiley’s  Company,  Marjdand  troops. 
Sullivan,  Peter,  Philadelphia  City,  Penn.  Militia. 

Sullivan,  Peter,  Colonel  Gerrish’s  Regiment  of  Massachusetts  Guards. 
Sullivan,  Peter,  Ninth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Peter,  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Battalion. 

Sullivan,  Peter,  Virginia  Line,  (regiment  unknown). 

Sullivan,  Peter,  Colonel  Malcom’s  Regiment  of  New  York  Levies. 

Sullivan,  Peter,  “New  Levies,”  Pennsylvania. 

Sullivan,  Philip,  Captain  Bernard  Roman’s  Pennsylvania  Artillery. 
Sullivan,  Philip,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  Philip,  Montgomery  County,  Maryland  troops. 

Sullivan,  Philip,  First  Regiment,  Marjdand  Line. 

Sullivan,  Philip,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  Philip,  First  Maryland  Battalion. 

Sullivan,  Perry,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  Roger,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Roger,  Ninth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Roger,  Third  Regiment,  New  York  Line. 

Sullivan,  Samuel,  Pennsylvania  Na\’y. 

Sullivan,  Solomon,  Fourth  Maryland  Battalion. 

Sullivan,  Teige,  Tenth  Regiment,  North  Carolina  Line. 

Sullivan,  Thomas,  Third  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  Thomas,  Sixth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  Thomas,  Seventh  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  Thomas,  Atlee’s  Pennsylvania  Musketry  Battalion. 

Sullivan,  Thomas,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Thomas,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Thomas,  Fourth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Thomas,  Pennsylvania  State  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Sullivan,  Thomas,  Colonel  Gill’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  Thomas,  Pennsylvania  Line,  (regiment  unknown). 

Sullivan,  Thomas,  Continental  frigate  Confederacy. 

Sullivan,  Thomas,  Orange  County,  New  York  Militia. 

Sullivan,  Thomas,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia, 

Sullivan,  Thomas,  Dorchester,  Massachusetts  Company. 


APPENDIX 


525 


Sullivan,  Timothy,  First  Regiment,  New  Jersey  Continental  Line. 

Sullivan,  Timothy,  Third  Battalion,  First  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Sullivan,  Timothy,  Third  Battalion,  Second  Establishment,  N.  J.  State  Line. 
Sullivan,  Timothy,  First  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  Timothy,  Twenty-third  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  Timothy,  Colonel  Patterson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  Timotny,  Colonel  Vose’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  Timothy,  Ship  Rhodes,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Sullivan,  Timothy,  Ship  Thorn,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Sullivan,  Timothy,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Sullivan,  Timothy,  Lancaster  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Sullivan,  Timothy,  Fifth  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Timothy,  Colonel  Patton’s  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  Timothy,  Philadelphia  City,  Penna.  Militia. 

Sullivan,  William,  First  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  William,  Fifth  Regiment,  Maryland  Line. 

Sullivan,  William,  Maryland  Line,  (regiment  unknown). 

Sullivan,  William,  Hunterdon  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Sullivan,  William,  Sussex  County,  New  Jersey  Militia. 

Sullivan,  William,  York  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Sullivan,  William,  Second  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Line. 

Sullivan,  William,  Georgia  Continental  Line,  (regiment  unknown). 

Sullivan,  William,  Colonel  Pawling’s  Regiment  of  New  York  Levies. 
Sullivan,  William,  Third  Massachusetts  Artillery. 

Sullivan,  William,  Continental  frigate  Deane. 

Sullivan,  William,  Sloop  Winthrop,  Massachusetts  Navy. 

Sullivan,  William,  Colonel  Hall’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  William,  Colonel  Hazen’s  Continental  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  William,  Colonel  Greene’s  Rhode  Island  Regiment. 

Sulivan,  Daniel,  Sixth  Regiment,  Lincoln  County,  Maine. 

Sulivan,  Daniel,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Sulivan,  James,  Colonel  Smith’s  Massaehusetts  Regiment. 

Sulivan,  James,  Colonel  Wigglesworth’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sullivan,  James,  Captain  Rowe's  Company,  Knox’s  Artillery  Corps. 
Sullivan,  James,  Colonel  Flower’s  Corps,  Mass.  Artillery  Artificers. 
Sulivan,  John,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Sulivan,  Oliver,  Fourth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sulivan,  Timothy,  First  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sillivan,  John,  Fifth  Regiment,  Connecticut  Line. 

Sullivin,  John,  Maryland  Line  (regiment  unknown). 

Sollovin,  Daniel,  Chester  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Soleven,  John,  Colonel  Pawling’s  Regiment  of  New  York  Levies. 

Sullivin,  John,  Bueks  County,  Penna.  Militia. 

Sullivin,  Murty,  Sixteenth  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

Sullifin,  John,  Colonel  Read’s  Massachusetts  Regiment, 

Sullivant,  Timothy,  First  Massachusetts  Brigade. 


526 


APPENDIX 


Sullivant,  William,  Maryland  Line,  (regiment  unknown). 

Sullervan,  Timothy,  Colonel  Patterson’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Sullovan,  Timothy,  Colonel  Vose’s  Massachusetts  Regiment. 
Sulavin,  John,  Colonel  Haslet’s  Delaware  Regiment. 

Sulavant,  John,  Henry  County,  Virginia  Militia. 

Swillivan,  Daniel,  Henry  County,  Virginia  Militia. 

O’Sullivan,  Valentine,  Third  Regiment,  New  Hampshire  Line. 


INDEX 


Adams,  John,  Letters  of,  232-934 
Allen,  Colonel  Ethan,  161 
Allison,  Dr.  Francis,  American  Ed- 
ucator, 155 

American  OflScers  in  Hibernian  So- 
ciety and  Society  of  the  Friendly 
Sons  of  Saint  Patrick,  228 
Archives  of  Maryland,  224 
Armstrong,  Colonel  John,  246 

Baltimore,  County  Cork,  Irish 
from,  349 

Bancroft,  George,  214 
Barney,  Commodore  Joshua,  Mem- 
oirs of,  347 

Barr6,  Colonel  Isaac,  159 
Barry,  Commodore  John,  229,  246 
Barrys  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

Boston,  Mass.,  Records,  312-321 
Brady,  Captain  John,  177 
Bradys  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

Brannons  and  Brennans  in  the  Rev- 
olutionary Army,  217 
Bryan,  George,  Revolutionary  pa- 
triot, 151,  247 
Burke,  Edmund,  159 
Burkes  and  Bourkes  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary Army,  217,  App. 

Burke,  Governor  Thomas,  246-247 
Burns  and  Byrnes  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary Army,  217 
Butler,  P*ierce,  246 
Butler,  General  Richard,  229,  246 

Callaghans  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 


Canes,  O’Canes  and  Kanes  in  the 
Revolutionary  Army,  217 
Carey,  Joseph,  Aide-de-Camp  to 
General  Washington,  228 
Carney,  Mark,  320-1 
Carneys  and  Kearneys  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary Army,  217 
Carroll,  Charles,  Signer  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence,  152, 
245-6,  335,  348n. 

Carroll,  Daniel,  246,  333-335 
Carroll,  Daniel,  proposes  to  settle 
Irish  on  George  Washington’s 
land,  334-5 

Carrolls  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

Carrington,  Edward,  246 
Caseys  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

Cassidys  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 

Cavanaghs  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 

Census,  First  of  the  United  States, 
373-382 

Century  of  Population  Growth, 
373-382 

Charitable  Irish  Society  of  Boston, 
315 

Chastellux,  Marquis  de,  156 
Clancys  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

Clark,  General  George  Rogers, 
340n 

Clinton,  General  George,  246-7 
Colonial  Records  of  Georgia,  363- 
368 

Conolly,  Irish  M.  P.,  159 


627 


528 


INDEX 


Connollys  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 
Connor,  John,  361 
Connors  and  O’Connors  in  the  Rev- 
olutionary Army,  317,  App. 
Copland,  Rev.  Patrick,  333 
Corbin,  Margaret,  13971 
Cork,  Maine,  310-311 
Crowleys  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

Dalys  in  the  Revolutionary  Army,  317 
Delaneys  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

Dempseys  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

Desertions  to  the  “Rebels,”  190-194 
Diaries  of  the  Moravian  Mission- 
aries, 336-7 

Dillon,  Count  Arthur,  303-4 
Dobbs,  Governor  Arthur,  347-361 
Dohertys  and  Doughertys  in  the 
Revolutionary  Army,  316,  App. 
Dongan,  Governor  Thomas,  346 
Donnellys  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

Donohoes  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

Donovans  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

Dooly,  Colonel  John,  346,  371 
Dorans  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
317 

Dowlings  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

Doyles  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
317 

Driscolls  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

Duane,  James,  145,  345,  347 
Duffys  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
317 

Dugans  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
317 

Dwyers  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 

?17 


Egle,  AVilliam  H.,  314 
Emigrations  from  Ireland,  337 
Emmet,  Dr.  Thomas  Addis,  338 

Farrells  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
317 

Father  of  the  American  Navj*, 
346 

First  Census  of  the  United  States, 
307 

Fitzgerald,  Colonel  John,  328,  346, 
364 

Fitzgeralds  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 

Fitzpatricks  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 

FitzSimmons,  Colonel  Thomas,  245 
FitzSimmons’  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 

Flanagans  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 

Flynns  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

Franco-Irish  Soldiers,  203 
Froude,  Anthony,  251 

Gallaghers  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 

Galloway,  Joseph,  Examination  of, 
before  Parliamentary  Commission, 
83-84 

Gardiner,  Hon.  Luke,  159 
Gibbons,  Lieutenant  James,  Hero 
of  Stony  Point,  177 
Gilliland,  William,  Irish  Colonizer, 
297-299 

Gormans  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 

Gradys  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

Grattan,  Henry,  159 
Graydon,  Alexander,  199 
Greaton,  General  John,  246 

Haggertys  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 


INDEX 


529 


Hand,  General  Edward,  176,  ^9, 
245-6 

Harnett,  Cornelius,  Revolutionar7 
patriot,  154,  246,  361 
Hart,  Governor  John,  247 
Haslet,  Colonel  John,  176,  246 
Hatch,  Louis  Clinton,  212-215 
Healys  and  Haleys  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary Army,  217 
Heath,  General  William,  170-1 
Hennesseys  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 

Hogan,  General  James,  246 
Hogans  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

“Hotbed  of  Rebellion,”  200 
Hotten’s  Original  Lists  of  Immi- 
grants, 324-5 

Howe,  General  Robert,  170 
Hurleys  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

Hutchinson,  Governor  Thomas,  160 

Irish  at  Bunker  Hillf  224 
Irish  Brigade,  202-3,  269 
Irish  Catholic  immigrants,  259-267 
Irish  Donation,  306-7 
Irish  flock  from  all  parts  of  the  Col- 
onies to  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
210-211 

Irish  Framers  of  the  Constitution, 
246 

Irish  Governors,  246-7 
Irish  Grantees  of  Land,  370 
Irish  in  American  Army,  194-5 
Irish  in  Georgia,  363-372 
Irish  in  King  Philip’s  War,  306-7 
Irish  in  Lord  Dunmore’s  War,  329 
Irish  in  Massachusetts,  306-321 
Irish  in  Maine,  310-311 
Irish  in  Maryland,  225,  344-349 
Irish  in  New  England,  222-3 
Irish  in  New  York  Marriage  Rec- 
ords, 299-300 

Irish  in  Pennsylvania  Line,  214-5 
Irish  in  Shenandoah  Valley,  326-8 


Irish  in  the  Carolinas,  200-1,  205, 
350-362 

Irish  in  Virginia,  225,  322-343 
Irish  in  Virginia  Regiments,  196 
Irish  in  York  and  Chester  Districts, 
S.  C.,  206-9 

Irish  Language,  Use  of,  in  Ameri- 
can Army,  159-160 
“Irish  Line,”  The,  176,  177,  182,  197 
“Irish  Line”  in  North  Carolina,  197 
Irish  Members  of  the  Continental 
Congress,  246 

Irish  Merchants  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  305 

Irish-named  plantations  in  Mary- 
land, 346-7 

Irish  Names,  Changes  in,  124-126 
Irish  Officers  in  Revolutionary  Army 
and  Navy,  225,  226-231,  246,  App. 
Irish  Officers  in  Virginia  Regiments, 
333 

Irish  Officers  in  the  French  service, 
204 

Irish  “Papists,”  268 

Irish  Regiments  in  French  service, 

204 

Irish  Settlers  in  Pennsylvania,  253- 
294 

Irish  Settlers  in  New  York,  295-305 
Irish  Settlers  in  the  Champlain  Val- 
ley, 297-8 

Irish  Shipping  with  America,  250-2, 
272-285 

Irish  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  245 

Irish  Soldiers  in  Marion’s  Brigade, 
201-2 

Irish  Soldiers  in  the  Colonial  Wars, 
292-4,  305,  328-9 

Irish  Soldiers  under  General  Lacey, 

205 

Irish  Trade  with  the  American  Col- 
onies, 300 

Irish  Traders,  267-8 
Irish  Volunteers  in  American  serv- 
ice, 194 


530 


INDEX 


Irish  Volunteers  in  Ireland,  159, 
163,  232-4 

Irish  Volunteers  in  English  service, 
186-194 

Irvine,  Colonel  William,  136 

Jasper,  Sergeant  William,  366 
Johnson,  Sir  William,  247,  268 
Jones,  Paul,  160 

Kanes  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

Kearneys  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 

Keatings  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 

Keefes  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

Kelley,  Colonel  John,  246 
Kelly,  Major  John,  177 
Kellys  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
216-8,  219,  231,  App. 

Kellys  in  the  United  States  in  1790, 
377 

Kennys  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

Kinsale,  Virginia,  332 
Knox,  General  Henry,  170 

Lacey,  General  Edward,  205 
Lafayette  toasts  Ireland,  169 
Lafayette,  Letter  from,  184 
Land  Records  of  Maryland,  344-8 
Land  Records  of  New  York,  295- 
297 

Land  Records  of  North  Carolina, 
360 

Learys  in  the  Revcdutionary  Army, 
217 

Lee,  General  Arthur,  Letters  of, 
232-3 

Lee,  General  Charles,  on  Irish  im- 
migration, 275-6 

Lee,  General  Charles,  on  the  pro- 
portion of  Irishmen  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary Army,  104 


Lee,  General  Henry,  on  "The  Irish 
Line,”  176,  182 

Lee,  General  Henry,  on  the  Irish 
in  the  Virginia  Regiments,  196 
Lewis,  General  Andrew,  229,  230, 
246 

“Line  of  Ireland,”  176 
Lodge,  Henry  Cabot,  178,  181,  222-3 
Logan,  Governor  James,  253-4 
Long,  Colonel  Pierse,  245-6 
Loudon,  Samuel,  Revolutionary  pa- 
triot, 161,  3 

Lymerick  Plantation,  352 
Lynch,  Thomas,  Signer,  245-6 
Lyon,  Matthew,  162 

Maddens  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

Magaw,  Colonel  Robert,  176,  246 
Magees  and  McGees  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary Army,  217 

Magraths,  McGraths  and  McGraws 
in  the  Revolutionary  Army,  217 
Mahonys  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

Malcom,  Captain  Daniel,  Revolu- 
tionary patriot,  153-4 
Malones  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

Maloneys  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 

Marion,  General  Francis,  200-2 
Marmion,  Anthony,  on  Irish  emigra- 
tion, 236-7 

Massachusetts,  Irish  in,  222 
Massachusetts  Soldiers  and  Sailors 
in  the  Revolutionary  War,  320 
Maxwell,  General  William,  246 
McBrides  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 

McCaffreys  and  McCaffertys  in  the 
Revolutionary  Army,  217 
McCanns  in  the  Revolutionary 

Army,  217 

McCarthys  in  the  United  States  in 
1790,  376-7 


INDEX 


531 


McCarthy’s  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  316,  331,  App. 

McCarty,  Ann,  Cousin  of  Mary  Ball 
Washington,  331 

McCarty  Family  in  Virginia,  33(K1 
McCarty,  Thaddeus,  Revolutionary 
patriot,  153 

McCloskeys  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

McConnells  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

McClure,  Captain  John,  305 
McCormack,  Thomas,  364 
McCormacks  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

McCurdy,  John,  Revolutionary  pa- 
triot, 153 

McDermotts  in  the  Revolutionagy 
Army,  317 

McDonough,  Commodore  Thomas, 
365 

McDonoughs  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

McDonnells  and  McDaniels  in  the 
Revolutionary  Army,  317 
McGahys  and  McGahans  in  the  Rev- 
olutionary Army,  317 
McGinnis’  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

McGowans  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

McGuire,  Thomas,  361 
McGuires  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,.  317 

McHenry,  Major  James,  338,  346 
McKean,  Thomas,  Signer,  345 
McKennys  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

McKinley,  Governor  John,  347 
McKinney,  Barney,  361 
McLaughlins  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

McMahons  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

McManus’  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 


McMullins,  Mullins  and  Mullens  in 
the  Revolutionary  Army,  317 
McNallys  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

McNamaras  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  31T 

McSweeneys  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  317 

Meade,  Bishop  William  H.,  330,  333 
Mitchel,  John  Purroy,  343 
Montgomery,  General  Richard,  179, 
180,  339,  346 

Mooney,  Colonel  Hercules,  946 
Moore,  General  James,  346 
Moore,  Governor  James,  946,  360 
Morans  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
917 

Morgan’s  Rifle  Corps,  141,  173-4, 
198 

Mountjoy,  Lord,  159 
Moylan,  Colonel  Stephen,  998,  946 
Mulhollands  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  917 

Mulligan,  Hercules,  Confidential 
Correspondent  to  General  Wash- 
ington, 150 

Murphy,  Timothy,  177 
Murphys  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
316-19,  931,  App. 

Murphys  in  the  United  States  in 
1790,  377 

Newberry,  S.  C.,  Annals  of,  353 
New  Connaught,  Maryland,  346 
New  England  Historical  and  Gen- 
ealogical Society,  339,  316-17,  348  j. 
New  England  troops,  178-181  I 

New  Ireland,  Maryland,  346 
New  Jersey  Journal,  163  ' 

New  Leinster,  Maryland,  346 
New  Munster,  Maryland,  346  ; 

Newspapers,  extracts  from,  977-386 
New  York  Packet,  161-3 
Nolans  in  Revolutionary  Army,  317 
North  Carolina  Genealogical  Rec- 
ords, 360 


532 


INDEX 


O’Brien  Brothers,  195 
O’Brien,  Morris,  3 
O’Brien,  Colonel,  203n 
O’Briens  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
216,  App. 

O’Briens  in  the  United  States  in 
1790,  375-6 

O’Bryan,  William,  Revolutionary 
patriot,  154 

O’Canes  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

O’Connor,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Mor- 
gan, 136 

O’Connors  and  Connors  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary Army,  216,  App. 
O’Donnells  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 

O’Haras  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

O’Kelley,  Patrick,  351 
O’Kelly,  Peter,  351 
O’Kellys  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  231 
O’Moore,  Rory,  360 
O’Neall,  John  Belton,  198,  353 
O’Neill,  Captain  William,  177 
O’Neills  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
216 

O’Sheal,  David,  364 
O’Sullivan,  Florence,  350 

Paine,  Robert  Treat,  Signer,  245 
Palfrey,  New  England  historian,  222 
“Patricks”  and  “Patts”  in  Revolu- 
tionary Army,  219 
Patton,  Colonel  John,  246 
Pennsylvania  Archives,  214,  290 
Pennsylvania  Line,  175,  182,  214-5 
Pennsylvania  Line,  Mutiny  of,  183- 
185 

Petty,  Sir  William,  English  Statis- 
tician, 338 

Population  Growth,  A Century  of, 
243 

Prendergasts  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  217 


Proctor,  Colonel  Thomas,  129n,  246 
Prominent  Irish  Families  in  Vir- 
ginia, 330-1 

Proportion  of  Irish  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary Army,  135 

Queensborough  Township,  Geo^gi^^ 
367-9 

Quigleys  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
217 

Quinns  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 

217 

Ramsay,  Dr.  David,  175,  239 
Read,  George,  Signer,  245 
Reed,  General  Joseph,  180,  228,  246 
Refutations  of  the  statements  of  the 
historians  concerning  the  Irish  in 
America,  211-218 

Regans  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 

218 

Reillys  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
216-19,  App. 

Revolutionary  Soldiers  and  Sailors 
of  Virginia,  333-4 

Roaches  and  Roches  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary Army,  218 
Robertson,  General  James,  on  the 
Irish  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
104 

Rochambeau,  Count  de,  171,  184-5 
Rocky  Creek  Irish,  205 
Roman  Catholic  Volunteers,  187-194 
Rowan,  Matthew,  247,  361 
Rourkes  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
218 

Rupp’s  tribute  to  the  Irish  in  Penn- 
sylvania, 256-9 
Rutledge,  Edward,  245,  247 
Rutledge,  John,  246-7 
Ryans  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
216-19,  App. 

Saint  Patrick’s  Day  Celebrations  in 
the  American  Army,  164-9 
Saint  Patrick’s  Day  Celebration  in 
Boston,  315 


INDEX 


533 


Saint  Patrick’s  Day  Celebrations  in 
New  York,  303-4 

“Scotch-Irish,”  215,  250,  286-290, 
336-345 

“Scotch-Irish,”  Origin  of  the  term, 
343 

Schuyler,  General  Philip,  181 
Serle,  Ambrose,  Confidential  Agent 
of  the  British  Cabinet,  107 
Shea,  or  Shee,  General  John,  176, 
246 

Shays  and  Sheas  in  the  Revolution- 
ary Army,  218 

Sheehans  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
218 

Sheridan,  Richard  Brinsley,  159 
Sheridans  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  218 

Shipping  between  Ireland  and  Amer- 
ica, 287-8,  301-3,  307,  309,  313-6 
Smiles,  Dr.  Samuel,  158 
Smith,  James,  Signer,  124,  245 
Society  of  the  Friendly  Sons  of 
Saint  Patrick,  168,  344 
Sons  of  Saint  Tammany,  170n 
Sources  of  Information,  220-1,  304- 
305,  308-313 

Spencer,  Dr.  James,  236-8 
Statistics  of  Irish  in  the  United 
States  in  1790,  373-382 
Statistics  of  Irish  Immigration, 
269-285,  286-291,  301-3 
Stewart,  Colonel  Walter,  246 
Stills,  Charles  J.,  212-215 
Sullivan,  General  John,  169,  171, 
228,  246 

Sullivan,  John,  the  Limerick  School- 
master, 153,  247-8 

Sullivans  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  216-19,  App. 


Sumter,  General,  206 
Sweeney,  Terence,  261 
Sweeneys  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  218 

Taylor,  George,  Signer,  245 
Tennent,  Rev.  William,  257 
Thomson,  Charles,  Secretary  to  the 
Continental  Congress,  151 
Thomson,  General  William,  153,  229, 
246 

Thornton,  Matthew,  Signer,  245 
Trevelyan,  Sir  George  Otto,  his 
statements  refuted,  211-215 
Trumbull,  General,  181 

Volunteers  of  Ireland,  188-194 

Waddell,  Hugh,  361 
Walsh,  Regiment  of,  203 
Walshes  and  Welshes  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary Army,  218 
Washington,  George,  Address  to,  by 
Irish  Catholics,  265 
Washington,  George,  A Member  of 
the  Society  of  the  Friendly  Sons 
of  Saint  Patrick,  168 
Washington,  George,  Attends  a 
Saint  Patrick’s  Day  Celebration, 
168 

Washington,  George,  Correspond- 
ence of,  171,  179,  180,  181, 

239n 

Washington,  George,  Letters  to, 
333-335 

Washington’s  Friendship  for  his 
Irish  Officers,  228-9 
Wayne,  General  Anthony,  215 
Williamsburg,  S.  C.,  an  Irish  Settle- 
ment, 354 


/ 


Fitafro  rilie 


flL  A ^ Mar  13 

/ ~ ^ 

[1^ 

MAR  1.3  ’41 

OCT  ^ b 

1945 

Llararjr  Bureau  Ct^T.  no>  113/ 


Duke  University  Libraries 


D00990691Y 


